J
THE
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF
NEW SOUTH WALES,
VOL. VIL,
[With ¥owiirev PLAiEg.]
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SYDNEY :
print:ed and publiseeb for tee society by
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CONTENTS OF VOL. VII.
PART I.
o^^^/^
PXOB
On the structure of the Paired Fins of Ceratodus, with remarka on the
general theory of the Vertebrate Limb. By William A.
Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. Plate 1. ... ... ... ... 2
Notes on the Pleuronectidee of Port Jackson, with descriptions of two
hitherto unobserved species. By William Macleay, F.L.S. &c. 11
Notes on the Zoology of the Solomon Islands. By E. P. Eamsay,
F.L.S., &c. Partly. ... ... ... ... ... I6
On a new species of Mus from the Island of Ugi, Solomon Q-roup. By
E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S. , &c Plate 2. ... ... ... 43
Contributions to Australian Oology. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c.
Part I., Plates 3, 4, 5. ... ... ... ... ... 45
Notes on a Cruise to the Solomon Islands. By Alsx. Moeton. ... 69
Note on Fossarina Petterdi, Brazier. By Professor F. W. Hutton,
New Zealand ... ... ... ... ... ... QQ
List of the Freshwater Shells of New Zealand. By Professor F. W.
HuTTON, New Zealand. ... ... ... ... ... 67
The Fishes of the Palmer River. By William Macleay, F.L.S., &c. 69
The Plants of New South Wales. By the Rev. Db. Woolls, D.D.,
F.L.S., «fec. No. VIII 71
Botanical Notes on Queensland. By tlie Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods.
F.a.S., F.L.S., ... 76
Remarks on some Fluviatile Shells of New South Wales. By J.
Braziek, C.M.Z.S., &c. ... ... ... ... ... 83
Notes on the Zoology of Lord Howe's Island. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S. 86
On a new species of Stomopneustes and a new variety of Hipponoe,
va/riegata. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.Q-.S., F.L.S.,
Plate 6 and 7. ... ... ... ... ... ... 93
On various deposits of Fossil Plants in Queensland. By the Rev. J.
E. Tenison- Woods, F.G-.S., F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... 95
iv. CONTENTS.
Fiax
Record of new localities of Polynesian Mosses, with descriptions of
some hitherto undefined species. By William Mittbn, P.L.S. 98
Definitions of some new Australian Fungi. By the Rev. C.
Kalchbbenneb. ... ... ... ... ... ••• 104
On a species of Galaxias found in the Australian Alps. By William
Macleat, F.L.S... ... ... ... ... ... 106
Notes on Apogon Ountheri of Castelnau, and descriptions of two new
Fishes from New South Wales. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c.... 110
Description of the Eggs of five species of Fijian Birds. By E. P.
RAM3AT, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... ... 112
Note upon the Bark of a reputed Ecbolic Plant from New Caledonia.
By De. Thoma8 Dickson. ... ... ... ... 114
Note on the Anatomy of two rare genera of Pigeons By William
A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc... ... ... ... ... 115
A list of CyprceidcB found on the Victorian Coast, collected by Mr, J.
F. Bailey. By J. Bbaziee, C.M.Z.S., &c. ... ... ... 117
'Hfote on Bulimus Gtaini. By J. Braziee, CM ZS. ... ... 121
On the edible Oysters found on the Australian and neighbouring coasts.
By J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 122
Notes and Exhibits ... ... ... ... ... 65,91,134
PART II.
Paob
Botanical Notes on Queensland. — No. II., The Tropics. Bj the Rev
J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S. . . . . . . 136
On a new species of Oohiesox from Tasmania. By E. P. Ramsay,
F.L.S,, C.M.ZS., &c. ... ... ... ... ... 148
Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Meybtck, B.A.
No. 7. ... .. ... 148
Note on a reputed Poisonous Fly of New Caledonia. By William
Macleay, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... ... 202
On a new species of ^/'opora. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods,
F.G.S., &c ... ... 207
CONTENTS. y.
On Australian Fresli-water Sponges. By William A. Haswkll,
M.A., B.Sc. ... ... ... ... 208
Note on the Brain of the Tiger Shark ( Galeocerdo Rayneri). By
William A. Haswbll, M.A., B.Sc. ... ... ... 210
Half century of Plants new to South Queensland. By the Rbv. B.
ScoBTBCHiNi, LL.B., F.L.S. ... ... ... 213
Contribution to a knowledge of the Fishes of New Guinea. By
William Maclbay, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 224
A Monograph of the Australian Aphroditea. By William A.
Haswbll, M. A., B.Sc, (Plates 6 to 11.) ... ... ... 250
Description of two new Birds from the Solomon Islands. By E. P.
Ramsay, F.L.S., «fcc. ... ... ... ... ... 299
Description of a new species of Coris from Lord Howe's Island and
New South Wales. By B. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c. ... ... 301
Notes and Exhibits ... ... .. ... ... 205,212,302
PART III.
Botanical Notes on Queensland — No. III. By the Rev. J. E
Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., &c.
Forage Plants indigenous to New South Wales. By W. Woolls
Ph. D., F.L.S
Description of three new Fishes of Queensland. By Charles. W
De Vis, B.A. ..
Description of a species of Squill from Moreton Bay. By Charles
W. De Vis, B.A.
Habitat of CyprcBa citrina of Gray. By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c
New variety of Ovulum depressum found at Lifou. By R. C
RossiTER, Corr. Mem.
On the Breeding Place of Platalea flavipes and Ardea pacifica. By
K. H. Bennett, Esq. ...
Botanical Notes on Queensland— No. IV. By the Rev. J. E
Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., &c
PAGfl
305
310
318
321
322
323
324
331
TJ. CONTENTS.
Pao«
On a Coal Plant from Queensland. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
WooDS, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... ... 342
Observations on an Insect injurious to the "Vine. By William
Macleat, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... ... 344
On Myoporum platycarpum, a Resin producing Tree of the Interior
of New South Wales. By K. H. Bennett, Esq. ... ... 349
Contribution to a knowledge of the Fishes of New Guinea — No. II.
By William Macleat, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... 351
Descriptions of two Fishes from Port Jackson. By William
Macleat, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... ... 366
Description of some new Queensland Fishes. By Charles W. De
Vis, B.A 367
Physical Structure and Geology of Australia. By the Rev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 371
On a large Mesoeoic Mytihis from the Barcoo. By the Rev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., &c. ... . ... ... 389
Occasional Notes on the Inflorescence and Habits of Plants indigen-
ous in the immediate neighbourhood of Sydney, By E. Haviland 392
Note on some points in the Anatomy of the Pigeons referred to by
Dr. Hans Gadow in a recent paper on the Anatomy of Pterocles.
By William A, Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.) ... ... 397
Notes and Exhibits ... ... ... ... ... 328,347,402
Paqx
PART IV,
Description of a new species of Solea from Port Stephens. By E.
P. Ramsat, F.L.S., &c. ... . ... ... ... 406
Contributions to Australian Oology, Part II. By E. P. Ramsat,
F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 406
Description of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Metrick, B.A. 415
Notes on the Geology of the Western Coalfields, Part I. By Prof.
Stephbns, M.A... ... ... ... ... ... 548
Oil the Edible Oysters found on the Australian Coast. By J. C.
Cox, M.D., F.L.S 555
C0NTBNT8. tit.
. . Page
Description of two new Birds of Queensland. By Charles W. De
Vis, B.A. .. ... ... ... ... ... 561
Fungi aliquot Australiae Orientalis. Reverbndo Carolo Kalch-
BEENNER, DEFINITI, |... . ... ... ... 563
Botanical Notes on Queensland. By the Eev. J. E. Tenison-
WooDs, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 565
Contribution to a knowledge of the Fishes of New Guinea, No. III.
By William Magleay, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... 585
Notes on the Geology of the Western Coalfields, Part II. By Prof.
Stephens, M.A... ... ... ... ... ... 598
Preliminary note on an Australian species of Phoronis {Gephyrea
' TulicoU:) By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. ... 606
Note on a curious instance of Symbiosis. By William A. Haswell,
M.A., B.Sc. ... ... ... ... ... ... 608
Note on the segmental organs of Aphrodita. By William A.
Haswell, M. A., B.Sc. ... ... ... ... ... 610
Occasional Notes on Plants indigenous to the immediate neighbour-
hood of Sydney, No. 2. By E. Haviland. ... ... ... 613
Description of a new Belideus from Northern Queensland. By
Charles De Vis, B.A. ... ... ... ... ... 619
Description of two new Queensland Fishes. By Charles Db Vis, B.A. 620
Species of Eucalyi)ts first known in Europe. By the Rev. Dr.
Woolls, D.D., F.L.S. ... 621
On some new Australian tubicolous Annelids. By William A.
Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. Plate 12 ... ... ... ... 633
New species of Agaricus from West Australia. By the Rev. Cael
Kalchbrbnner... ... ... ... ... ... 638
On some points in the anatomy of the urogeniial organs in females
of certain species of Kangaroos, Part I. By J. J. Fletcher,
B.A., B.Sc 640
On a species of Brachyphyllum from Mesozoic Coal Beds, Ipswich,
Queensland. By the Rev. J. E, Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., &c. 659
Note on the Coccoauut-eating habit of the Birgus in the Solomon
Group. By H. B. Gupi^Y, M.B., H.M.S. * Lark.' 661
^^ CONTENTS.
Faoe
Notes on Birds from the Solomon Islands. By E. P. Kamsat, F.L.S. 665
, ^ vv^ . ... 566, 611, 674
Notes and Exhibits ... ••• ••• » —
675
Annual Adress by the President
Title Page, Contents, Index, &c. te Vol. VII.
•♦-#-
♦ ♦ ■*
^>*VV"-
:pe.ooeeidi:ltos
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
-♦ »■
WEDNESDAY, 25tii JANUARY, 1882.
The President Dr. James C. Cox, F.L.S., in the Chair.
MEMBEES ELECTED.
"VY. Davidson, Esq., Stanthorpe, Queensland.
Bev. AY. Walsh, Townsville.
W. C. Hume, Esq., Toowoomba.
DOXATIOIS^S.
Eromthe Chief Secretary, Yictoria: "Eragmenta PhytographicT
Australia?," by Baron von Mueller, Yols. 8 and 9 ; " Introduction
to Botanic Teachings at the Schools o£ Yictoria," by Baron Eerd.
von Mueller.
Erom the Hon. William Macleay, M.L.C. : " Catalogue of the
described Coleoptera of Australia," by Greorge Masters, Parts 1
to 5, complete : " Catalogue of the described Diurnal Lepidoptera
of Australia, by George Masters."
A
2 STEUCTUEE OF IHE PAIRED FIXS OF CERATODUS,
PAPERS READ.
On the Structure of the Paired Fins of Geratodus,
WITH remarks on the GENERAL THEORY OF THE
Vertebrate Limb.
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
[Plate I.]
In his description o£ Ceratodus JForsferi,'-^ Dr. Griintlier says
respecting tlie fins :
" Tlie limbs consist of two pairs of paddles similar in appear-
ance to the termination of the tail ; viz., a longitudinal axis,
formed by the endoskeleton and muscles and covered with scales
is surrounded by a broad rayed fringe. These paddles are
structurally identical with the fins of Lepidosiren : only the axis
and also the fringe are much dilated.
"The paddle is joined to the scapular arch by an elongate
flattish, slightly curved cartilage ; its proximal end has a glenoid
cavity fitting into the humeral condyle ; the joint is simple, free,
allowing of a considerable amount of motion, its parts being held
together by a ligament fastened around its circumference. This
is the only true joint in the limb, all the other parts being fixed
to one another by connective tissue. I consider this cartilage to
be the forea-rm ; a horizontal section along its longitudinal axis
does not shew any primary division. The next following cartilage
forms the base of the paddle ; although externally it appears as
a single flat broad short piece, unevennesses of its surface indicate
that several primary pieces are coalesced in it."
" I am confirmed in this view by a horizontal section, in which
the lines of the former divisions are preserved in the shape of
tracts of a white connective tissue. Three such divisions may be
distinguished corresponding to the three carpals of most Plagios-
tomes. If this determination is correct, then the antibrachial
* Phil. Trans. 1871.
BY WILLIAM A. UASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 3
cartilage just described is not represented in that order. The
remaining framework of the paddle shews an arrangement unique
among the Yertebrata. Erom the middle of the basal cartilage
a series of about twenty-six quadrangular pieces takes its orioin
forming a longitudinal axis along the middle of the paddle to its
extremity. The pieces gradually become smaller and are scarcely
distinguishable towards the end of the paddle. On the two
posterior corners of each ]3iece a branch is inserted runnin-^
obliquely backwards towards the margin of the fin ; the branches
of the first eight or twelve pieces are three-jointed, the remainder
two- jointed, the last having no branch at all. Slight irregularities,
such as the origin of two branches from one side of a central
piece occur, as also several four-jointed branches immediately on
the basal cartilage."
On this description Huxley* makes the following comments : —
" In general, this description suits the pectoral fins of the
specimen I have described very well. Mine, however, has
only twenty median cartilages. All but the very last bear
lateral rays ; but towards the distal end of the fin these become
minute, and consist of a single piece. Moreover the distal
joints are much more slender, especially the last. A more
important point is that the second shews no trace of such
divisions as those described by Dr. Griinther. To make sure of
this I made a thin microscopic section of this cartilage on the
right side, and thereby satisfied myself of the homogeneity of
the cartilage of which it is composed."
"I find no true joint between the proximal median piece and
the scapular arch, the connection between the two being effected
by a solid fibrous mass."
Eig. 2 is copied from Huxley's figure of the pectoral fin of
Ceratodus.
P.Z.S., 1876, p. 46.
4 STKUCTTJEE OF THE PAIEED FIXS OE CERATODrS,
It will thus be seen that both Griinther and Huxley, while their
descriptions differ in various minor points connected with the
arrangement of the cartilages, agree in regarding the fin of
Ceratodus as essentially uniaxial, i. e. consisting of a single jointed
axis, with the preaxial and postaxial sides of which a series of
jointed cartilaginous rays are connected.
A similar, though simpler, arrangement had already been
described as characterising the fin of Lefidosiren, and before the
discovery of Ceratodios, Gregenbaur had come to the conclusion
from theoretical considerations that the fundamental type of the
Vertebrate limb very much resembled the fin of Lepidosiren.
This primitive limb he designated the arclilpterygium, and in
connection with it he remarks in the second edition of his
" Grrundriss der Vergleichenden Anatomic " (F. Jeffrey Bell's
Transl. 1878, p. 473) — " When simplest this (the skeleton of the
free part of the limb), is made up of cartilaginous rods (rays),
wdiich differ in their size, segmentation and relation to one another.
One of these rays is larger than the rest and has a number of
other rays attached to its sides. I have given the name of
Archipterygium to the ground form of the skeleton which extends
from the limb-bearing girdle into the free appendage. The
primary ray is the stem of this archipterygium, the character of
which enables us to follow out the lines of development of the
skeleton of the appendage. Cartilaginous arches beset with rays
form the branchial skeleton. The form of skeleton of the
appendages may be compared with them ; and we are led to the
conclusion that it is possible that they may have been derived
from such forms. In the branchial skeleton of the Selachii the
cartilaginous bars are beset with simple rays. In many, a
median one is developed to a greater size. As the surrounding
rays become smaller, and approach the larger one, we get an
intermediate step towards that arrangement in which the larger
median ray carries a few smaller ones. This differentiation of
one ray, which is thereby raised to a higher grade, may be con-
BY WILLIAM A. HAS WELL, M.A., B.S.C. 5
nected with tlie primitive form o£ the appendicular skeleton ;
and, as we compare the girdle with a branchial arch, so we may
compare the median ray and its secondary investment of rays
with the skeleton of the free appendage."
" All the varied forms which the skeleton of the free appendages
exhibits may be derived from a ground-form which persists in a
few cases only, and which represents the first, and consequently
the lowest, stages of the skeleton of the fin — the Archipterygium.
This is made up of a stem which consists of jointed pieces of
cartilage, which is articulated to the shoulder-girdle, and is beset
on either side with rays which are likewise jointed. In addition
to the rays on the stem there are others which are directly
attached to the limb-girdle."
" Ceratodus has a fin-skeleton of this form ; in it there is a
stem beset with two rows of rays. But there are no rays on the
shoulder girdle. This biserial investment of rays on the stem of
the fin may also undergo various kinds of modifications. Among
the Dipnoi, Frotopterus retains the medial row of rays only
which have the form of fine rods of cartilage ; in the SeJacldi,
on the other hand, the lateral rays are considerably developed."
Thus both Gregenbaur and Huxley regard the fin of Ceratodus
as representing or nearly representing a primitive type from
which the limbs of the Ganoids, the Holocepliali, and the Selachii
have been derived. E-easons have already been adduced by
Balfour,* Thackerand others, for dissenting from this conclusion,
and these, together with the facts which I am about to bring
forward, seem to me to place it beyond a doubt that the limb of
Ceratodus, so far from representing a primitive and generalised
type, is, as indeed we should expect from various other points in
the organisation of the animal, in reality highly specialised, and
* Comparative Embryology, Vol. ii., p. 506 ; " On the Development of the
Paired Fins of the Elasmobrauchii," etc., P.Z.S., 1881, p. 656.
j6 STErCTUEE OF THE PAIEED FIXS OE CEEATODUS,
is to be regarded as derivable from sucli simpler limb-skeletons as
those of the Selachii.
In his work on the "Development of Elasmobranch Fishes " and
in his "Comparative Embryology" F. M. Balfour gives an account
of the development of the fins of Scy Ilium, which is important as
throwing considerable light upon this question. Externally each
fin first shews itself as a ridge of epiblast, subsequently enclosing
mesoblast ; the front and hind fins of each side arc connected at
first in some JElasmohranchs by a very low ridge of epiblast cells ;
but this connecting ridge soon disappears. Its existence, however,
at this early stage would seem to render it probable, as pointed out
by Balfour, that the pectoral and pelvic fins of each side had
originally the form of a continuous fold similar in nature to the
unpaired fins. The first rudiment of the skeleton of the fin
consists of a bar of cartilage attached in front to the limb-arch
and running backwards parallel with the long axis of the body ;
and a plate which extends into the fin and very soon becomes
divided into a series of cartilaginous rods placed at right angles
to the longitudinal bar. By a series of changes which are greater
in the pectoral than in the pelvic fins, and include in the former
the rotation outwards of the basal bar or hcmpterycjium which
becomes converted into the onetapterijglum, and the introduction
of additional basal elements, the primitive longitudinal bar and
segmented plate become converted into the skeleton of the adult fin.
The most important result of these researches, as regards the
present question, was the proof that the paired fins are developed
from structures which are essentially very similar to the unpaired
fins. More recently Mivart* in a memoir entitled " On the Eins
of Elasmobranchs, with Considerations on the Nature and
Homologues of Vertebrate Limbs " (Trans. Zool. Soc, vol. x.)
has endeavoured to shew that this fundamental identity of the
* And independently J. K. Thacker in a memoir on the Median and Paired
Fins in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy
BY WILLIAM A. IIASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 7
])aired and unpaired fins might have been inferred from their
adult structure as ^vell as from their mode of development.
Both Giinther and Huxley, as already noted, found both the
pectoral and pelvic fins to be uniaxial. I was surprised, there-
fore, to find that the skeleton of the pectoral fin of the first of
two specimens very kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. Kamsay,
presented the arrangement shewn in fig. 1.
There is first an elongate basal joint attached to the shoulder-
girdle ; upon this follows a short transversely oblong joint and
to the distal border of this in turn are connected (1) a series of
five post-axial rays, (2) the main axis of the paddle consisting
of a series of cartilaginous joints to most of which are attached
a pair of jointed cartilaginous I'ays, and (3) a supplementary
axis (pre-axial fin-ray of Huxley) consisting only of four joints,
and having only two rudimentary rays, one attached to the
anterior and distal angle of the first joint, and the other to the
same point on the second. The fin of the opposite side presented
the same arrangement of the cartilaginous elements, except that
the anterior axis had only one rudimentary ray in place of t'wo.
On examining the pectoral fins of a second specimen of Ceratodiis
I found that the anterior axis of neither of them had any
rudiments of rays.
When the left pelvic fin of the first specimen was examined, a
still greater divergence from the archipterygial type of structure
presented itself. Articulating with the basal joint are (1) in
front two small cartilages of irregular shape, the anterior of
which supports a short ray, and (2) a broad, somewhat oblong
plate. This plate is seen on a closer inspection to present traces
of longitudinal division into two parts and is formed apparently
by the partial coalescence of the bases (1) of a short bifurcated
ray, (2) of a short branching anterior axis suj^porting five rays,
(3) of the basal undivided portion of the main axis, and (4) of a
short posterior axis giving off one simple and two bifurcated
branches. Of the rays attached to the distal portion of the axis
8 STRTJCTrEE OF THE PAIKED FIXS OF CEEATODFS,
several are bifurcated. The pelvic fin of the opposite side of
the same specimen (fig. 4) has a totally different structure and
very closely resembles the pectoral fins. There is a broad second
joint divided distally by a fissure, the posterior division being
connected distally with the main axis of the fin and supporting
posteriorly three short rays, while the anterior forms the base of
stout anterior ray or unbranched anterior axis. None of the
rays in this fin are branched and the arrangement approaches
very closely to that figured and described by Griinther (fig. 3.).
The pectoral fins of the second specimen are very similar to
those of the first, except that the anterior axis gives off no
branches. The left pelvic fin of this specimen (fig. G) somewhat
resembles that of the first, but there are important differences
in detail. Thus the anterior axis is much longer and more com-
plexly branched, and the main axis itself subdivides into two,
only one of which, however, is continued to the extremity of the
fin. The right fin (fig. 7), is very similar to the left fin of the
first specimen with some slight j)oints of diff'erence which hardly
require description.
As Griinther and Huxley each examined two specimens, this
branching of the cartilaginous skeleton of the fin of Ceratodus
would appear to be an exceptional arrangement ; and it is
reasonable to regard it as an instance of atavism, and as pointing
back to a pre-existing condition in which the fin-skeleton consisted
of branching jointed cartilaginous elements supporting a cutane-
ous expansion considerably broader than that of the fin of the
living Ceratodus Forsteri. The second joint seems to be formed
by the coalescence of the bases of several of the main ribs or
axes of the fin, and the first joint is to be regarded as derived
from the equivalent of the hasipterygium of the embryonic
Sci/Uium. In the absence, however, of any data on the develop-
ment of Ceratodus the homologies of these cartilages cannot be
determined with any certainty, but the varieties of arrangement
which I have described seem to point to the above conclusion.
BY WILLI.VM A. HASWELL, M.A., BSc. 9
If these cases of plurality of axes in the limb are cases of
atavism, then they may perhaps point back to a common form of
fin-skeleton whence the normal specialised fin of Ceratodios and
the clieiropterygium of the higher vertebrates may have been
derived. The speculations of Prof. Huxley (J. c, p. 56) would
however, require little modification to adapt them to such a
biaxial or multi- axial type of limb, and it would be idle, in view
of the variations which I have shewn the fin-skeleton to present,
to offer any further more detailed suggestions in this direction.
If we were to speculate as to the nature of the earliest fin-
skeleton, we should most probably, in view of the structure of
the embryonic fin in the Elasmobranchii, come to the conclusion
that at first it consisted of a series of detached nodules of
cartilage ; that, as muscular action became more definite in
direction, these nodules came to be arranged in rows so as to
assume the form of numerous parallel, jointed rods of cartilage,
which might coalesce in some cases so as to form a continuous
plate ; the coalescence of the bases of these jointed rays as the
two pairs of fins became differentiated from one another and the
proximal part of each fin became narrowed, and the inward
growth of this, probably, as Thacker has suggested, formed the
hasipterygium. As the breadth of the whole fin became decreased
to form the narrow, pointed paddle of Ceratodus^ the jointed rods
became approximated not only at their bases but throughout a
considerable portion of their length, and their partial coalescence
resulted in the formation of a branching structure, the branches
of which, as centralisation went on further, came to be arranged
on each side of a single stem — the axis of the so-called arehi-
pterijgium.
A study of the soft parts of the fin in Cemtodits points to the
same conclusion as the consideration of the skeleton. The
pectoral fin of Ceratodus as observed by Mr. E. P. Eamsay, is
capable of somewhat complex movements, and to accomplish
those the muscles, though simply arranged, are somewhat more
10 STRrCTIJEE or THE PAIEED FINS OF CERATODUS,
higtly specialised than in even the adult Dog Fish or Eaj. In
these the muscles which move the fin are flat plates made up of
coarse fasciculi radiating from the limb arch to the bases of the
fin rays.
In GeratocliLs there is a strong extensor muscle arising from the
shoulder-girdle and inserted along the dorsal surface of the basal
joint, the next joint, and the first two joints of the central axis ;
and a flexor muscle with a similar arrangement but interrupted
opposite the distal end of the basal joint, the distal portion of
its fibres chiefly having their proximal attachment with the
tubercle at the distal end of the ventral surface of the basal
cartilage. Along the axis of the fin both on the dorsal and the
ventral surfaces run a series of interrupted muscular fasciculi
which pass between adjacent joints of the axis and the basal
joints of the rays, and passing obliquely outward from those are
series of fibres connected externally with the bases of the fin-rays.
The front portion of the extensor turns round the anterior margin
so that it acts to some extent as an abductor. Beneath it are two
muscles, one arising from the shoulder girdle and inserted wholly
into the basal cartilage ; and the other arising from a prominent
tubercle near the distal end of that cartilage, its fibres passing in.
a radiating manner to be inserted into the next joint and the two
basal joints of the anterior axis ; this muscle must act as a rotator.
In Ceratoclus,ii^ in all limb-bearing vertebrates, the nerves which
supply the limbs converge from an extent of the spinal cord
which is great compared with the breadth of attachment of the
limb. In Gcratodus the pectoral fin for example is supplied by a
single nerve-trunk to which fibres from four spinal nerves con-
tribute. After passing the axil of the limb this main trunk divides
into two, one of which turns round the anterior border of the fin
to the dorsal surface, while the other runs straight onwards
along the middle of the ventral surface.
If the primordial limb consisted of a wide fold flanldug a
number of vertebral segments, as seems highly probable from
]ir WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 11
Balfour's researches, it would naturally be supplied by branches
from most of the spinal nerves belonging to those segments j
and, as the base of connection of the fin with the body became
narrowed, these nerves would be brought into closer connection
with one another, and wonld assume the appearance of converg-
ing towards the axil of the limb. The fact that the nerves which
go to supply the limbs originate from a number of spinal nerves
would thus seem to afford an additional argument in favour of
this view of the origin of limbs, and against the theory put
forward by G-egenbaur that the limbs are modified branchial
arches.
Explanation of Plate I.
Eig. 1. — Left pectoral fin of specimen 1.
,, 2. — Pectoral fin of Ceratodus, after Huxley.
„ 3. — Pelvic fin, after Griinther.
,, 4. — Right pelvic fin of specimen 1.
„ 5. — Left pelvic fin of specimen 1.
„ 6. — Left pelvic fin of specimen 2.
,, 7. — Eight pelvic fin of specimen 2.
Notes on the Plefkonectid^ of Poet Jackson, with
descriptions of two hitherto unobserved species.
By "William Macleat, P.L.S., &c.
Fishes of this family are rarely seen in the Sydney Market,
and the species most frequently seen and generally known as the
"Plounder," cannot, in point of quality as food, be compared
with the Turbot, Sole, or other Pleuronectidce of cooler seas. But
it by no means follows that, because our fishermen do not catch
them, they are really rare or of a quality inferior to the Flat Fish
of other parts of the world, indeed I believe that in this Paper I
shall be enabled to prove the contrary.
12 PLEUEONECTIDoE OF PORT JACKSON,
The Fleuronectidcd are all ground Eishes, and except in tlie
spawning season, keep in deep water, they moreover seldom,
except in the case o£ one species, (" The Flounder ") take a bait,
and the only way therefore that they can be captured in their
deep haunts, is by the use of the Trawl Net.
Nets of this kind may be said to have been hitherto untried in
these waters, for though one or two efforts in the way of experi-
ment in this mode of fishing were made some years ago, they
were far from successful, chiefly I believe from the imperfect
description of net used.
Opportunities, I am glad to say, will now soon be given, of
fairly testing the productiveness of our deep waters, and the
suitableness of our coast for the use of the Trawl. The Grovern-
ment, acting upon the recommendation of the Commissioners of
fisheries for New South A¥ales, have lately imported a variety
of Nets, Lines, and other implements of fishing of the latest and
most improved kinds from England, Norway, and America.
Among these are two descriptions of Trawl Nets — a large Grrimby
Beam Trawl, and an Otter Trawl of 42 feet width of net.
I was present at a trial of the last named net about a fortnight
ago, and it is on the results of that trial, that my present paper
is founded. The net was first put overboard off Middle Head,
and was raised in North Harbour near Manly Beach, it was
again lowered at the mouth of Middle Harbour, and raised
opposite Clontarf. On both occasions the net was quite full
when raised of a very miscellaneous mass of Ascidians, Sponges,
Alga?, Crabs, Cephalopods and other Mollusks.
The Pishes consisted of Bays — Tlroloplius testaceus, in great
number, Rliinohatus tuber culatus or Angel Bay, and Sypnos
subnifjrum or Numb Fish. Of Sharks there were a few young
specimens of Heterodontus PhilUpil, BL, and Mliina squatina or
Angel Shark. There were also specimens of Gallionymus
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 13
calcaratus milii, and Trirjla Kumu, Vinii polyommafa. Of Pleiiro-
nectidcB there were seven species taken :
1. Pseuclorliomhus RusseJUi. 5. Synaptura nigra, mihi.
2. ., multiradiatus. G. „ fasciata, n. sp.
8. Fardacliinis pavoninus. 7. Lopliorlioinhus cristatus, n. g-
4. Flagusia unicolor, mihi. and sp.
The first of these — Pseudorliomhus Bussellii was got in consider-
able number. It is the best known of our Flat Fish, taking the
hook sometimes readily, and occasionally being captured in the
ordinary Seine IN'et. It is a good fish for the table, though very
inferior to the Sole. It is found in all seas from India to Port
Jackson, and is generally called " The Flounder " by the Fisher-
men, and not unfrequently "The Sole " by the Fishmonger, who
thereby effects a ready sale. In fact it is not entitled to either
name, and of all the European Flat Fish it most approaches the
Brill fBliomhus Icevis).
The second species FseudorJiomlus onultiradiatus, Grunther, has
not I believe, been ever got except in Port Jackson, and that only
very rarely ; it may probably be found more abundant in deeper
water. Pardachirus pavoninus the next on the list was re]3resented
by two rather small specimens. It is a species of wide range,
but is chiefly met with in warmer seas than ours. Of the next
species PJagusia unicolor mihi, sometimes called " The Lemon
Sole," only two specimens were captured, one of them ten inches
in length. The edible qualities of this Fish are unknown. Of the
fifth species Sgnaptura nigra mihi, or " The Botany Bay Sole,"
one very large specimen and several small ones were obtained.
This is the best of our Flat Fish, being I think, when properly
cooked superior to the English Sole. In midsummer it visits in
considerable numbers, for the purpose of spawning, the shallow
flats in Botany Bay at the mouth of Cook's Eiver, it is then
easily speared in the early morning when the water is clear and
unruffled by any breeze. That it is also to be found within the
14 PLEUEONECTIDJE OF POET JACKSON
Heads o£ Port Jackson is evidenced by the specimens taken on
the occasion I am narrating. The remaining species met Tvith
are new and may be described as follows : —
Synaptfea fasciata.
D. + C.+A. 148.
Porm rather elongate, the height being twice and a half in the
total length ; the head is short ; the mouth small and much twisted
to the blind side ; the teeth are minute and regular ; the eyes are
in the same vertical plane, and about their vertical diameter apart ;
the dorsal fin commences over the eye, the rays are short ; the
oaudal fin is rather pointed ; the ventrals are equal in size ;
pectoral fins none ; the lateral line is straight ; the scales are
strongly denticulated on the free margin. The colour is a pale
brown, with about twenty dark brown vertical about equidistant
bars over the head and body ; the fins are blackish. Length
five inches.
One specimen only captured.
LOPHOKHOMBrS, TICW fjeiius.
Eyes on the left side and close together, the lower rather in
advance of the upper. Mouth small, dentition rather feeble,
equally developed on both sides. Vertical fins not continuous
with the caudal. Anterior rays of dorsal fin elongate. Pectoral
fins well developed. Scales large, smooth, finely ciliated, and
rather deciduous. Lateral line much curved above the pectoral
fin.
LOPHORHOMBUS CRISTATUS, 11. Sp.
D. 85. A. 72. C. 16. P. 12. V. 6.
Height of body one-half of the total length ; the eyes large,
separated only by a narrow prominent ridge ; the dorsal fin
commences near the snout, and in front of the upper eye ; the
first three rays are elongate, more than twice the length of the
BY W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 15
others ; the middle rays of the caudal fin are somewhat elongated '
the left ventral fin commences in advance of the right one ; the
pectoral fins are about, or nearly, as long as the head. The
colour is of a lightish brown, with some indistinct darker mark-
ings. All the fins are minutely speckled.
One specimen about six inches in length.
The fact of the capture in the Trawl of these seven species of
Flat Fish — two of them not previously known — in such a small
space as was traversed by the net on the occasion I mention,
seems to me to prove almost beyond a doubt that the PleuronectidcB
are sufficiently numerous on our sea bottoms, and that if we can
only find patches along our Coasts free from rocks, Trawl fishing
may become a most useful and profitable occupation.
The other species of Flat Fish w^hich have been found in Port
Jackson are Teratorliomhus excisiceps mihi, described in the sixth
volume of the Proceedings of this Society ; Rhomloidichthys
spiniceps mihi, also described in the sixth volume ; Ainmotretis
rostratus, Gunther, and Solea QnicrocephaJa, Grunther, Solea
Macleayana, E-amsay, and Sijnapiura qiiar/ga, Kaup. The last
named species is the only one I have not seen, and I give to it
the habitat of Port Jackson upon the authority of Count
Castelnau.
The apparently entire absence from Sydney waters of any
species of the genus Bhojuhosolea , w^hichis represented by several
species in Yictoria, Tasmania, and the Southern coast generally,
is a peculiarity which I previously noticed in my Catalogue of
Australian Fishes. I venture however to predict that a better
acquaintance with the deep sea Fauna which I believe the Trawl
net is destined to give us, will prove the existence, in the cool
and deep currents, of species of Bhomhosolea rivalling — like one
New Zealand species Wwmhosolea monopiis — the size and
excellence of the European Turbot,
16 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMO:^ ISLAI^'DS,
Notes oi^ the Zoolog^t oe the Solomo]N' Islands. — Part TV.
By E. p. Eamsay, E.L.S., &c.
"When I first wrote on the Ornithology of the Solomon Islands
in 1879, only about thirty-five authentic species were known
from that group, it may therefore not be out of place, to give here
a resume of all that has been done up to the present time.
As far as I can ascertain the first notice of the Birds of the
Solomon Islands is given by Hombron and Jacquinot in the
" Voyage au Pole Sud," where the following species are described:
Athene tceniata, Lorius cardinaJis,
Pachycepliala orioloides, Pionias lieteroclituSy
Lamprotornis fulvipennis, ,, cyanicejos,
Sturnoides gifjf^s, Cacatua ducorpsil,
DiccBum ceneum, Carpopliarja rufigula,
Myzomela lafargei.^ Peristera stepliani.
And MyzomeJa solltaria, which last being well known to come
from the Eigi group alone, must be omitted, reducing the number
of the then known species to 11, or 10 if we take JPionias
cyaniceps as the female of P. lieterocUtus. The next notice I
come to, is in Bonaparte's Conspectus Avium, from which may be
added Carpopliaga pristinaria, and Nycticorax manillensis. After
this little seems to have been done, imtil the voyage of the
" Eattlesnake," during which Mr. John Magillivray collected the
following, described by Mr. G-ould in the P.Z.S., 1856, pp. 136^
137:
Centropus iiiilo, Lorius clilorocercus,
TuraccBua crassirostris, lotreron (Pfilonojms) eugenice.
In Gray's Catalogue of Birds of the Tropical Islands of the
Pacific, I find five additional species mentioned :
Carpopliaga ruhracera, Halcyon leucopygia,
Halcyon cinnamonia, Triclioglossus massence.
„ sancta,
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 17
The next notice, I believe, is that of Dr. Sclater who in P.Z.S.
1865, p. 620, describes Nasitema pusio, and again in 1869, after
recapitulating what had already been written on the subject
enumerates in all 34 species, (see P.Z.S., 1869, p. 124,) 21 of
which were from a collection supposed to have been made in the
Solomon Islands, but unfortunatel}^ the localities were very
incorrect, and the following species must therefore be thrown
out :
Centropiis ateralhus, New Ireland.
ITyzomela solitaria, Fiji Islands.
Dicrurus megarhyneJms, New Ireland,
Carpophaga rubricera, New Ireland.
Fhilemoji vulturinus. New Guinea.
Todiramphiis chloris, New Guinea.
Lorius hyp(Bnochrous, New Ireland.
Athene variegata, and Nasitema pusio, both from New Ire-
land and the Duke of York Group.
Nevertheless in this important paper three new species were
recorded :
Gracula hrefftii, Rallus intactus,
Eurystomns crassirostris [This last requires confirmation.]
The species recorded as Fhilemon vuUitrinus, being a new
species afterwards described by Mr. G. E. Gray, as P. sclaterii
may be added, from the Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, p. 327 ; in
the same paper I find described also the following new species :
Accipiter alhigularis, Carpophaga Irenchleyi,
Ptilonopus solomonensis Megapodius Irenchleyi,
And six more species added to the list — two of which Eclectus
linncei, and E. intermedius, I presume are synonyms of E.
polycliorus — bring the number up to 34. In the ''Voyage of the
Curagoa," an account is given of the collections made by Julius
Brenchley, Esq., and the above new species recorded.
In the proceedings of the Zoological Soc, 1876, p, 663, Mr.
E. B. Sharpe described Ninox solomonensis^ but I believe this
B
18 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMOX ISLANDS,
bird is now considered to belong to a previously described species
and not to have come from the Solomons ; it must therefore be
omitted.
I believe these are the most important, if not the whole of the
notices of the Solomon Island birds previous to my paper on
Cockerell's collection, which was read before the Linnean Society
of N.S.W., January 29th, 1879; this contains a record of 4o
species of which eight were described as new to science, and
since six others there mentioned —
Graucalus elegans, Ptilopus lewisii,
Baza gurneyii^ Macropygia rufrocastanea,
Astur 2}i('^cheUus Halcyon tristrami,
have proved to belong to undescribed species ; one species,
Monarcha rufrocastanea however is undoubtedly the Pomarea
castaneiventris of Verreaux, and the Dicceum erythrothorax, there
mentioned is D. (Bneum, Homh. et Jacq. Fifty one species were
therefore recorded when the next notice appeared, in the Ibi.s of
1879, p. 437, where an important paper of the Eev. Canon
Tristram's on a collection made by Lieutenant Eichards, R.N.,
33 species are enumerated from the Solomons and the New
Hebrides ; unfortunately those from the Solomons are not
separated from those of the New Hebrides, and very few if any
of the localities or habitats are given. Having had access to
Lieutenant Richard's collections I feel much pleasure in
acknowledging his courtesy in giving m,e the localities by record-
ing them in the present paper (Part lY.)
Mr. Tristram describes 1 1 species as new from the Solomons,
of which seven at least will stand, the others having been previously
described.
These papers by Canon Tristram and myself were criticised by
Count Salvador! in the Ibis of 1880, p. 126, but many of the new
species, there considered doubtful, have since been proved b}'-
Canon Tristram (see Ibis 1880, p. 246) and myself elsewhere, to
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 19
be good and distinct species, notwithstanding much valuable
information may be gained by the perusal of the Count's
criticisms; this brings the number of authentic species up to 5S.
The next paper, one of my own, appeared in the P. L. S., of
N.S.W., 1881— ''Contributions to the Zoology of the Solomon
Islands, pt. II." — where I described six new species from
collections made by Lieutenant Richards, this was followed by
another paper which I sent to the Linnean Society of London, '*
on new Birds from the Solomon Islands and the Duke of York
Group, &c., in which I described from the Solomon Islands,
Fomarea ugiensis, Baza fiiirneyi, Astur indchcUaSy the two last I
had previous mentioned in my first paper, (1879) under the
nanies Baza rcimvardtii, and Astur soloensis. The next contribu-
tion to the Zoology of these Islands appeared in the P. L. S. of
N.S.W., 1881, (Aug. 31st) Vol YL, p. 718; in this paper are
described six new species, and recently in the same publication
Vol. YL, pp. 833 and 843, I have added three more —
Salci/on salamonisy Rlilpiclura tenehrosa, Eurostopodas nigripenni.s.
In the present paper I have endeavoured to give a complete
list of all the authentic species known to inhabit the Islands of
the Group which brings the number up to 99, and with a few
exceptions the whole of these are represented in the Australian
Museum. I may also add that I have discarded such as I have
reason to believe have been wrongl}? recorded.
PICARL.E.
1 . EuRosToroDUS NiGRiPEXXis, Ramsaif.
F.L.S. ofJSr.S.W., 1881, Yol. YL, p. 843.
The type of this species, the only specimen I have seen, was
obtained by Lieutenant Farie, R.N., of H.M.S. '' Miranda."
Hah. Hawthorn Sound, Pubiana f Farie. J
* Jour. Linn. Soe. Loud., ZooL, Dec. 1881.
20 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLAXDS,
2. COLLOCALIA FUCIPHAGA.
Recorded by Canon Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 438. Morton]met
^ith a species nesting under shelving rocks on the coast of *St.
Cbristoval, but failed to secure any specimens ; he describes] it
as being a very small species.
S. Dendrocheilidox mystacea, Less.
Common throughout the Group.
Sab. Ugi, Graudalcanar, St. Christoval, {jRichards, Cocherell,
Morton^)
4. Merops orxattjs. Lath.
Found througout the Group.
Sah. Ugi, St. Christoval, {Richards, Morton), Gaudalcanar
(^Coclcerell.)
5. EuRYSTOMrs CRAssiROSTRis, Sclatcr.
Common throughout the Group.
JLah. Ugi, St. Christoval, Savo. Gaudalcanar, {Richards,
Cocker ell, Stephens, Morton.)
6. Ceyx gentiana, Tristram, This, 1879,^;. 438,^;^. xi.
Hal). Makira Harbour, {Richards.)
7. Halcyon leucopygia, Verr.
Ramsay, P.L.S. of KS.W., 1\ , p. 67.
Llah. Gaudalcanar {Cocherell.)
8. Halcyon albicilla, Gav.
Hah. Ugi {Morto7i), Makira Harbour, St. Christoval {Richards.)
9. Halcyon sanctus, Vig. &f ILorsf.
Common throughout the Group.
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S# 21
Sab. Ugi, {Morton, Stephens), Gaudalcanar, Savo, {Oocherell)
St. Christoval, {Stephens.)
10. Halcyox tristrami, Layard.
? S, clitoris, var., Ramsay, ^. c., p. 67.
This is probably the species alluded to by me under the name
of H. clitoris, var., P. L. Soc. of N.S.W., IV., p. 67. Unfortu-
nately the figure given in the *'Ibis" 1880, pi. xv., does not
agree with the description, which is so meagre, that it rather
tends to confuse matters than throw any light on the subject.
11. Halcyon salamonis, Ramsay.
P. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., Vol. VI., p. 833, {mv. 1881.)
This species is the representative of JELatcyon chloris, in the
Solomon Islands, it has no superciliary stripe, no white nape
patch, the upper parts are of a much richer blue, of a rich cobalt
blue on the wings and tail ; and is a smaller bird.
Hal. Ugi, St. Christoval {Morton, Stephens.)
12. Ehytidoceros plicatus, {Penn.)
Hal. Gaudalcanar, Ysabel Islands, {CocTcerell, Morton.)
13. Cextroptjs MiLO, Gould, P.Z.S., 1856, p. 136.
Hal. Gaudalcanar, {Ooc/cerell), Florida Island (Morton.)
14. ElJDYXAMIS CYAXOCEPHALA, Zatk,
JEudynaniis taitiensis, (Sparm.,) Ramsay, P. L. S., N. S. W., Vol.
IV., p. 70.
15. Chalcites, ? PLAGOSUS {Temm.)
Ramsay, P.L.S. of JSf.S.W., 1872, i;. 70.
Hal. Savo, {Cocherell.)
16. CUCULUS (? TYMBOXOMUS, ;S^. Miill.)
Hah. Ugi, {Stephens, Morton.)
22 ZOOLOG-Y OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS,
PASSEEES.
17. HiRiJNDO TAHiTiCA, Gm. ; Trisfram, Ibis, 1880,^. 246.
Canon Tristram records this species from Lieutenant Ricliards'
collections. I have not met with any from the Solomons but I
have seen specimens of ITirundo jmianica, a closely allied species
from the Louisades and South-east end of New Guinea.
18. GEATJCALrs ELEGANS, Ramsay.
Graiicalus JiypoUucus, Eamsay, P.L.S of N.S.W., Yol. IT., p. 71.
The type of this species is from Gaudalcanar.
Hah. Ugi, (Morton, StepJiens), Gaudalcanar, {Cocherell.)
19. Graucalus SX7BLINEATUS, Schter.
From Lieutenant Eichards' collection.
Hob. Makira Harbour, St. Christoval, (Richards.)
20. Graucalus salomonensis, Ramsay.
Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., IV., p. 314, (June 2btli, 1879.)
Graiicalus pusillus, Eamsay, l.c, p. 71.
Hah. Gaudalcanar, {Cocherell.)
21. Graucalus monotonus, Tristram, 1. c, p. 441, (1879.)
22. Edoliisoma tristrami, Ramsay.
E. salomonis, Tristram, I. c, p. 440. E. tnarescottii, Eamsay,
P.L.S. of N.S.W., lY., p. 71.
I have been obliged to alter the name as above, to prevent
confusion with my G. solomonensis, (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
lY., p. 314.)
The young males resemble the females in having all the under
surface chestnut ; the adult male is of a deep bluish-slate colour,
with the under wing-coverts chestnut.
BY E. r. KAMSAY, F.L.S. 23
The species of Gyaucaliis and especially of J'Jdoliisoma of the
Solomons' and Duke of York Group require careful revision, anc?
comparison of the various types of the species, but this can only
be done where large series of eacii species have been brought
together.
2o, Symmorphus affixis, Tristram, 1. c, p. 440.
I have received several specimens of this species, but it does
not appear to be a common bird.
ITab. Ugi, (^Jforfon.)
24. EniPiDURA RUBROFRONTATA, Rmmay, 1. c, p. 82.
Ilhipidiira russata, Tristram.
Hah. Ugi, 8t. Christoval, {Morton, Richards), Gaudalcanar,
( CocJcerell. )
25. Ehipidura texebhosa, Ramnaij.
Proc. Linn. Sac, N.S.IV., Vol. YI., p. 835, 1882.
Hah. " Wannu," 8t. Christoval, {^Stephens.)
2C. Sauloprocta cockerellii, Ramsay.
Proc. Linn. Soc, ^\S.n^., 1\., p. 81, (1879.)
//ah. Ugi, {Jlortoi), Gaudalcanar, {Cocherell.)
27. Sauloprocta tricolor, Vieill.
Hah. Throughout the group, Ugi, St. Christoval, Eubiana,
Gaudalcanar, &c.
28. Pi EZORHYNCHUs VIDUA, IVistram ; Ibis, 1879, p. 439.
If this species is. distinct from the next, then I have never
seen it, but it appears to me to be only the young of P, melano-
cfi~j)halu3.
24 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS,
29. PiEZORHYNCHUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Ramsay.
Proc. Linn. Soe., JSf.S.W., IV., p. 468, {Dec. 1879.)
This is a common species, of wliicli I have received many-
specimens in different stages of plumage, one of which I think
may prove identical with the P. vidua of Mr. Tristram.
Hal. Ugi, {Richards, Morfoti), Makiri Harbour, {Richards.)
30. PiEZORHYNCHUS RiCHARDSii, Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., VI., p. 177.
Hah. Ugi, {Richards, Morton.)
31. PiEZORTiYNCHUS BRODiEi, Romsay.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., IV., p. 80.
Hah. Gaudalcanar, {CocJcerell.)
32. Myiagha PALLIDA, Ramsay.
Proc. Linfi. Soc, N.S.W., IV., p. 70.
Hah. G-audalcanar, {Cockerell.)
33. Myiagra ferrocyanea, Ramsay, 1. c, p. 78.
Hah. Gaudalcanar, {CocJcerell.)
34. Myiagra cervinicaxjda, Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 439.
Ramsay, Proc Limi. Soc, N.S.W., Vol. IV., p. 726, (1881.)
Mr. Tristram's description has evidently been taken from a
female, or from a young male, which in this species resembles in
plumage the female.
Hah, Ugi, {Morton.)
35. Pomarea CASTANEivENTRiS, Vcrr.
Monarcha rufocastanea, Eamsay, P.L.S., N.S.W., IV., p. 79.
This species is rare on Ugi, but was found plentiful on
Gaudalcanar.
13y E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 25
Sah. Ugi, (Eiehards), Gaudalcanar, {Cockerell), Florida
Island, {Morton.)
36. PoMAREA UGiExsis, Ramsaij.
Jouni, of Linn. Soc, Lond., Zool., 1881.
This is a glossy, jet black species, with large bluish^black
bill, whitish at the base of lower mandible in some specimens.
Sexes alike in plumage.
I believe this species is confined to the Island of Ugi, where
it is not rare.
Hah. Ugi, (Richards, Jlorton, Rev. George Brown)
37. PACHYCErnALA CHRiSTOPHORi, Tristram, 1. c, p. 441.
This is apparently a common species, the female is like the
male but has no black tliroat-band ; all the under surface being
yellow.
Hah. Ugi, [Richards, Morton, Stephens.)
38. Pachycephala orioloides (Feale.)
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.y N.S. JF., IV., p. 70.
I have received this fine species only from Cockerell's collection.
Hah. Gaudalcanar, {Cockerell.)
39. Gracula krefftii, Sclater ; Ramsay, 1. c, p. 70.
Hah. Ysabel Island, {Morton), Savo, Gaudalcanar, St.
Christoval, {Cockerell, Stephens.)
It is probably common throughout the group.
40. Calornis metallica, Temm.
Ramsay, I, <?., p, 77.
Common throughout the group.
Hah. Ugi, {Morton), St. Christoval, {Richards, Stephens),
Gaudalcanar, {Cockerell), Florida, {Lieut. Farie.)
fe
V
26 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMOX ISLANDS,
41. Calornis CANTOnoiDES, G. R. Grag.
Hah. Savo, {Cocherell.)
42. Sturxoides fulvipexnis, Honih. et Jacq.
Hah. Gaudalcanar, {CochereU.)
43. Sturxoides mixor, Ramsay.
Proc. Linn. Soc, JSf.SJV., \1 , ^. 726, 1881.
This species may be easily distinguished by all the quills and
tail-feathers being brown.
Hah. St. Christoval, {Morton.)
4i. Philemox scLxiTERi, G. R. Gray.
This species appears to be very plentiful throughout the group
and is found feeding on the flowers of the Cocoanut Palm ( Cocos
micifera.) It is known by the Traders and other residents as the
'^Cocoanut Bird." It is one of the most common birds in the
group. The sexes are alike in plumage.
The following measurements are taken from carefully sexed
specimens received in spirits, the bills vary considerably in
length
IXCHES.
Total length, about . .
. . 9-4
. 9-5
. 10-2
Wing . .
. . 4-55 .
. 4-55 .
4-8
Tail
. . 4 in. .
. 4-1
. 1-2
4-55
Tarsus
.. 1-35 .
1-35
Bill from forehead . .
1-3 .
. 1-32 .
1-5
Bill from nostril
.. 0-75 .
. 0-76 .
0-8
Sex
.. ? .
. ? .
. S
Hah. Ugi, {Richards, Morton) St. Christoval, {Stephens).
45. Myzomela tristrami, Ramsay.
Journ. Linn. Soc., Lond., Zool., (1881.)
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 27
This species appears to be rare, no other specimens than the
types having as yet come under m^- notice, the specimens obtained
by Lieutenant Eichards, E..N., and mentioned by Canon Tristram
(Ibis, 1879, p. 409) may probably belong to the next mentioned
species, which was obtained by Morton on Ugi ; my reason for
thinking them the same as the birds I named M. fn'strami, was,
that I believed we both obtained our specimens from exactly the
same source, and that the}^ were all shot at the same time and
place.
By some oversight the measurement of the bill in my descrip-
tion of this species were omitted, they are as follows : bill from
forehead, 0-85 ; from nostril, 0-54 ; width at base of nostril, 0*1 in.
46. Myzomela rAMMEL.EXA, Sclatcr.
One specimen of a jet black Myzomela, adult male ; the entire
plumage black a little shining, the whole of the bill and the legs
black, under wing-coverts along the ulna and on the edge of the
shoulders black, the remainder brownish with some portions of
the webs whitish, margins of the inner webs of the quills towards
the base white. Length from the forehead 4*2 in. ; bill from the
forehead, 0*8, from nostril 0-55 ; wing 2-65 ; tail TO; tarsus 0'75.
This species was observed both on Ugi and St. Christoval,
(^Morton.)
47. Myzomela pulckerima, Ramsay.
Proc, Linn. Sac, JV.S.IF., YL, p. 179, (Feb. 1881.)
Numerous specimens, some having the crimson of the helly and
flanhs extending on to the under tail-coverts.
A young bird which probably belongs to this species may be
thus described : ''All the plumage of the body and head dull brown
washed with brownish-red ; on the forehead, sides of the head,
throat, chest, back and upper tail-coverts the feathers are tipped
with brighter red ; tail and wings blackish-brown the outer webs
28 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLiJN'DS,
of the feathers and of the scapulars margined with olive, wing-
coverts above margined with brownish-red, under tail-coverts
reddish-brown ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of the
quills towards the base white ; bill blackish-brown, gape yellow,
legs and feet lead-brown. Length from forehead 3-9 in., wing
2*4, tail I'D, tarsus 0*7, bill from forehead 0-7.
Hah. Ugi, {Richards, Morton, Stephens.)
48. Tephras {Zosterops) ugiensis, Ramsay.
Tephras oUvacea, Eamsay, P. L. S., N.S.W., YI., p. 180, 1881.
I find in Gray's Handlist, Vol. I., p. 163, sp. 3153, that there
is already a Zosterops olivacea, I have therefore to prevent any
mistake changed the name as above.
49. Dic.EUM .T.XEUM, Homl. et Jacq.
D.erythrothorax, Homb. et Jacq., Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. of
N.S.W., IV., p. 77, 78.
Hah. Gaudalcanar, {Cocherell.)
50. ClXXYRIS FREXATA, Jfull.
The following measurements of a male shot at Ugi by Morton
may be useful. Length 4*2, wing 1*95, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*6, bill
from forehead, 0'7.
Hah. Gaudalcanar, {Gocherell), Ugi, {Morton, Richards.)
5 1 . CiXNYRis MELAXOCEPHALUS, Ramsay.
G. duhia, Eamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., IV., p. 83.
Hah, Savo, {Cocherell.)
ACOIPITRES.
52. Pakdiox leucocephalus, Gould,
Specimens attained at Mandeleana, common throughout the
group.
Hah. Mandeleana, Florida Islands.
BY E. P. EAMSAY, F.L.S.
29-
53. Haliaetus leucogaster,
One specimen obtained in the brown mottled plumage of youtb
from the Island of TJgi, the small feathers along the margins of
the ulna, are the first to show white markings ; the feathers on
the hind neck, interscapular region, and those from the chest
downwards to the under tail-coverts, are tipped with very pale
fawn colour.
Hah. Ugi, {3£orton.)
54. Haliastur gikrexera, Vieill.
Found throughout the group. For the sake of comparison^
the following are the measurements of a pair obtained by Mr,
Alex. Morton.
Sex
Total length.. .
Wing ,
Tail
Tarsus
Mid toe {s.iL.)
Hind toe {s.u.J
Bill from forehead
,, nostril . ,
„ gape
,, culmen from posterior
margin of the cere
s
$
21 in.
. . 21 in.
14-3
15-6
8-6
2-3
2-4
1-55
1-5
1 in.
1 in.
1-45
1-6
0-9
1 in.
1-45
1-53
1-55
1-8
55. AsTUR VERSICOLOR, Ramsaij .
Proc, Linn. Soc, of I\\S.W., YL, pp. 718 to 720, (1881.)
The types of the species were obtained by Morton on Ugi.
56. AsTUR ALBiGULARis, Gray.
Mr. John Stephens obtained a fine series of this species in
various stages of plumage, the young show the same changes
:30 ZOOLOGY OF THE S0L0:M0N ISLANDS,
towards maturity as described in A. versicolor. A young bird as
will be hereafter noticed, becoming white below. The specimen
mentioned and figured by Mr. J. H. Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 2.39
is probably a female, but I have seen one specimen said to be a
male, with white under surface and much smaller than the
others.
A 3'oung bird (No. 10) is similar to the young of A. versicolor
No. 3, but is very much smaller and is older than No. 2,
having the crown, nape and a portion of the interscapular region
already black, the throat is white and there are large patches of
white on the breast, but the bars on the rufous feathers below
are hastate or bracket-shaped, and narrower, much the same as
those on the young female No. 3. ; this bird is marked a male
and if the determination is correct then there are two distinct
species, and Nos. 1, 2, and 3, must retain the name of ^4. versicolor.
Morton's notes state, that the eggs were well developed in No.
1, and Nos. 2, and 3 ; both females were shot together.
A. VERSICOLOR, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., p. 718, 1881.
o
1. Adult slate-black, under sur- s "s a
face of the wings and tail ashy-
white at base, with remains of
black bars.— '' Ugi." 16-8 9-8 7-7 2b 07 ?
2. Nearly adult, with broad
bands across the under surface
which is deep rufous, all the
feathers margined with rufous
above, tail with 15 bars, the
last subterminal and broadest 1<3-G.3 9-2 7 in. 2-5 0-7 $
•5. A younger bird with hastate
and sagittate black markings
on the under surface, tail bars
10 to 18 narrower, and closer
together IG 2 9*6 7-.5 2-5 0-7 ?
tc
CO
H
o h
16-8
9-8
7-7
2-5
0-7
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S.
31
A. .VLBiGULAiiis, Gray
4. Adult, hlaclc, Ugi
16 in.
15-3
15-4
1.5-3
16 in. 9-6
16 in. 9-7
5. Adult, hlach,
6. Adult, hlach,
7. Adult, tvldte heloiv
8. Adult, tvhite leloiv
9. Adult, t^7i/^6 lelow
10. Young, with liastate bars on
under surface, which, is partly-
white and partly rufous, head
and neck black above, chest and
throat white, wings above and
below like No. 3 14 in
9-0
9-5
9-4
9-6
7-2
7-4
7-5
7*o
7-4
o o
2-5 0-7
2-o5 0-7
2-55 0-69
2-65 0-7
2-55 0-7
2-5 0-7
?
?
?
8 G-3 2-2 0-6 ^
o7. AsTUE, puLCiiELLUs, Rayiisajj.
Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zool., Bee, 1881.
This species so closely resembles the figure of A. soloensis in
Sharpe's Catalogue, Yol. I., that at firsti believed it to be identical.
Professor Salvadori, however assures me that this cannot be the
case, and Dr. Finsch who has examined the type believes it to be
a good species. The bird is evidently very rare, only one other
specimen having since been obtained, of which I give the follow-
ing measurements :
Total length 15-5 ; wing 9*3 ; tail 8 in. ; tarsus 2'3 ; bill from
forehead i in. ; from gape 1-05 ; the culmen from base of cere
1-2 ' ' Sex female, bill and claws black, feet, legs, and cere,
yellow." {A.JL) The female differs slightly from the male in
plumage being darker on the head and throat, the thighs under
tail- and under wing-coverts like the breast and abdomen. In
the male these parts are almost white.
JTah. Cape Pitt, Gaudalcanar, {Cocherell), Florida Island,
about ten miles inland, [Morton. J
32
ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS,
58. Baza orRNEYi, Ramsay,
Baza reinwardtif Eamsay, I. c, p. 66.*
I have examined a large series of this fine hawk, but find no
differences in the plumage among them. Morton has been
fortunate enough to obtain several fine specimens from which I
take the following measurements ; in all the bill is black, cere
lead color, legs brown :
Sex
?
?
9
$
S
c?
Total length .. ..15 to 16
15 to 16
15
16
15-5
16-5
Wing
12-2
13
12-2
12-2
12
12
Tail
8-3
8-5
8
8
7-6
8
Tarsus
1-45
1-45
1-4
1-45
1-45
1-5
Mid toe {sM.) . .
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-5
Hind toe {s.u.) . .
0-9
0-85
0-85
0-33
0-85
0-9
Bill from forehead . .
1-3
1-25
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
Bill from nostril
0-9
0-85
0-83
1-8
0-8
0-9
Bill from gape . .
1-25
1-22
1-2
M5
1-2
1-25
Bill along the culmen
from base of cere . .
1-4
1-32
1-3
1-4
1-35
1-4
Hah. Ugi.
STEIGES.
59. Nixox ruNCTULATA, Quoij et Gaim.
With all due respect to so high an authority as Count Salvadori
I cannot see why a Celebes bird should not be found on the
Solomon Group, I have again compared my specimen with the
description of N. pimctulata, in Sharpe's Catalogue (Vol. I.) and
it agrees better with that than any other. I have not met with
other specimens since Cockerell brought his in 1879, from
* I regret to say that the specimen I first recorded from the Solomon Islands
was a New Guinea bird, I did not discover the mistake until recently over-
hauling our Collections.
BY E. r. EAMSAY, F.L.S. 33
Graiiclalcanar, but I have several specimens of iV". odiosa, a near
ally from New Britain.
Hah. Graudalcanar, CoclccreW).
60. Xixox T.EXIATA, Ilouil). ef Jacq.
Many of tlie species of this genus are so closely allied, that
it requires very m'inute and careful descriptions to enable any
one without actually seeing the types, to distinguish them.
One specimen of a small owl seen by Morton on Ugi may
belong to this species. . >'/*)/
PSITTACID.E.
61. Cacatua ducorpsii, Ilomh. ef Jacq.
A very local species.
Hah. Savo. (Cockerel!). . ,
62. Cacatua goffixt, O. Finscli, die Papar/. I., p. 308.
Three specimens of a small white Cockatoo with a much larger
crest than the preceding, appear to belong to this species.
Hal). Graudalcanar, (Morton).
63. EcLECTUs POLYCHLORUs, Scop. ; Eamsav, /. c, p. 69.
Common on most of the islands of the group.
Hal). Ugi, (J/orfo«),Savo, (Cockeaell), St. Christoval, (Sfejjhens)
61. Geoffeoyus iiecteeoclitus, Homh ef Jacq.
E-amsay, /. c, p. 68.
Hah. Savo, (CockereJl), Ugi, (Richards, SfepJiens), Malayta,
f Morton).
Go. LoRius CHLOEOCERCus, Gould ; Eauisay, /. c. p. 68.
This species appears to be very plentiful on several of the
Islands of the group.
Hah. Savo, (Cockerell), Ugi, St. Christoval, {Stephens, Morton)-
34 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMOX ISLANDS,
GG. Loiirus caedixalts, Ilomh. ef Jacr/. • Eiiinsay, /. c, p. G8.
Numerous specimens.
J£ah. Savo, (Oockerell), l"gi, St. Christoval, (Richards, StejyJieiiH
MortonJ.
G7. Trtchoglossus zsiassexje, Bp.
Common throughout the group, it ranges from the S.E. coast
of New Gruinea throughout the South Pacific Islands to New
Caledonia.
GS. CuAEMOSYXA MARCrAEiTH.E, Tristram, I. c.,p. 4^4i2,2)J. xii., ? .
Specimens of this beautiful species in Mr. Stephens' col-
lection were obtained at " Wanna " on St. Christoval ; the male
differs from the female in having the sides of the rump crimson
like the belly, in the female there is a patch of bright yellow on
each side of the rump ; the upper tail-coverts are green in both
sexes. In all the specimens I have examined I find that the black
of the occiput and narrow line bordering the yellow collar and
chest band, has a violet tinge in certain lights. Across the breast,
below the yellow band, is another of violet- black, much broader
than the upper, and in some specimens joining the yellow breast
band, in others it is separated by a narrow broken line of crimson.
In immature birds the violet-black bands are very indistinct, and
the under wiug- coverts mixed with orange. The centre two tail
feathers crimson tipped with orange-yellow, all the others are
crimson in the centre, tipj^ed with yellow, which increases
in size towards the outermost, they have a broad margin of black
on the inner webs extending to the base, and a narrow line of
green on the outer webs reaching, on the outermost feather only
to the base. Bill orange-red, legs and feet 3'cllow.
Sex ^ ?
Total length ...7'5 7'8 varying according to length of tail.
Wing 4:2 415
BY E. r. :iAMSAY, F.L.S. 35
Sex S o
Tail 3"i SG varies from 3'1 to 1 in.
Tarsus 0*5 O'.j
Bill from nostril O'G 3'.j3
The culmen ...0-G5 OGl
JIah. Malviri Harbour, St. Cliristoval, {Richards, Ste_pliens).
CD. Xasiterxa Fiyscini, Bc.msa)/.
Froc. Linn. Soc, X.S.W., VI., ]). 180.
The adult males have a line of blue feathers round the loner
mandible and an orange-red stripe down the abdomen ; the
young, or what I believe to be the young of this species have a
rosy tint round the lower mandible, each of the feathers havinf^ a
rose spot on either side of the shaft. In the adults of both
sexes, the blue round the lower mandible does not extend to the
cheeks, but is confined to two or three rows of feathers only, but
is more defined on the eliin ; the males alone as far as is at
present known have the orange-red stripe on the abdomen.
It is not unlikely that the birds with the rose tint on the
feathers round tlie lower mandihle may belong to indistinct specie;^ ^
specimens lately received tend to prove this, in which case I
propose to distinguish these birds under the name of Xasiterr.a
mortoni.
COLUMB.E.
70. CaRPOPIIAGA EREXCHLEVr, Grajf.
Xumerous at times, *• found feeding in flocks on the fruit of a
species of I'icus," {Morton).
The iris of a young one in confinement is of a rich red, almost
blood red in certain lights ; legs and feet j^ed.
Rah. Ugi, {2IortonJ, St. Christoval {Stephens).
71. CARPt^PUAClA PRIST IXAIUA, Bp.
JRainsaij, 1. c, pp. 72, 73.
OO ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMOX ISLANDS,
Ecpiallj plentiful witli the last species, and found breeding
during July, 1880. J
JIah. TJgi, {Morton), Graudalcanar, {CocJcereU) , St. Christoval
(Stephens). j
72. Caepophaga {Glohicem) rufegula, SaJvadori.
Bamsay, 1. c, p. 72.
Aj)parentlj plentiful.
Rah. Ugi, {Morton), Savo, {CochereJJ), Makiri Harbour,
{Richards), St. Christoval, {Stephens).
73. Tlieac-'exa CTiASsmosTEis, Gould, P.Z.S., 1856, p. 13G-7.
Morton informs me that this fine S2:)ecies is not scarce on L"gi,
and although it may readily be detected by its clear, rather
mournful whistle-like note it is difficult to obtain ; it appears to
be strictly a ground pigeon with habits resembling a Macropygia;
it frequents the dense parts of the scrub, and when flushed
takes to the low boughs of the nearest tree ; there is no difference
in the plumage of the sexes, but the males have the crest a little
more developed and frequently two or three of the longest feathers
reach three inches in length, and are curved np at the ends,
the feathers on the nape and hindpart of the head are more or
less elongated, but on the whole the crest takes the form of that
of Ocyphaps lophotes.
In the original description, no crest is mentioned and in the
plate in the "Voyage of the Curacoa " this ornament is not
correctly figured. " The bare skin round the eye is of a rich
carmine, the iris bright yellow, the bill reddish carmine, the legs
deep flesh-red."— (.4.J/.;
Individuals vary in size, but a fully adult male of Morton's
collecting reaches in total length 10 inches ; wing S'l in. ; tail 9
ill. ; tarsus I'O.j ; mid toe {s.n.J 1-5, its nail 0-35 in. ; bill from
BY E. l\ RAMSAY, F.L.S. 67
forehead 1 in,, from nostril 0"5, from gape 1*1 ; ^Yidth of the tip
in front 0"2.
Hah. Ugi and St. Christoval, (Jforfon).
74. Macropyqia rufooastanea, Bamsai/.
Froc. L'uui. Soc, ofX.S.W., Vol. IV., p. 311, {June, 1879.)
Macropycjia arossi, Tristram, L c, p. M3.
Macropi/fjfia sp. E-amsay, Proc. Linn. Soc, jS'.S.W., IV., p. 73.
I have met with this species in four collections, but it appears
to be scarce or difficult to obtain.
Hah. Ugi, (Mbrfoii), Graudalcanar, (Cocherell), St. Christoval,
{Stephens, Richards).
75. CiiALCOPHAPS MORTO^s^r, Bamsay.
Proc. Linn. Soc. af iV.S.W., VI., p. 725, (1881).
Chalcop>haps chrysochlora, jiov, Hamsay, J. c. Vol. IV., p. 73.
I believe now, that certain young specimens which at different
times I had determined as the 3'oung of C. chrysochlora of Grould
were the immature birds of the present species, which may be
distinguished by having no ivhite shoulder hand ; when fully adult
C. mortoni is a decidedly larger bird and has other differences as
pointed out in my description. (I. c.)
I have only seen five adult specimens besides the type,
one of which is i]i the Macleay Museum, and probably from
Cockerell's collection.*
76. Chalcophaps sxEPHAisfi, Ilomh. et Jacg.
Hah. Graudalcanar. ?
I am not quite sure as to the authenticity of this locality,
having forgotten to give the authority in my note book.
* It is quite possible that the Olialcopha'ps I described as G. chrysochlora var
satidtvicliensis, is the young of this species, and is not as some collectors have
asserted it to be the young of C. chri/soc7dor:t.
3S ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMOX ISLANDS,
77. Call.i::n'as nicobakica, Linn.
Ilcib. Tgi, {Morton).
78. Iaxth.-enas phtltppaX-E, Eamsa//.
Proc. Linn. Soc, X.S.JF., XL, p. 721, 1881.
Morton obtained this fine Pigeon on tlie Island of Ugi, and
since I have observed several specimens m iMr. Stephen's collec-
tion, obtained both on Ugi and St. Christoval ; in a recent letter
from Mr. Stephens, he notes that some of his specimens have
the throat alone white, and the legs of a dark red instead of yellow,
these are donbtless the young of the present species.
Hai. Ugi, {Morton, Stephens).
7P. PiELOGJ^i^AS joirAxx.T^, Sclater.
Tristram, ]. c, p. 41i.
Canon Tristram enumerates this bird in his " Xotes on a
collection of Birds from Solomon Islands and New Hebrides,"
but does not state from which of these Groups it came. In all
probability it is not found in either, but was obtained at Blanche
Bay, Xew Britain, from whence I saw several specimens in
Lieutenant Eichards' collection.
80. Ptilopl's supeeba, Temm.
Ramsay, 1. c, p. 7-1.
ILib. Gaudalcanar, {CoclcerclJJ, Ugi, {Morton).
81. Ptiloptjs Eugex-T, Gould.
Ramsay, Journ. Linn. Soc, Lon., Zool., ISSl, $ ; Proc. Linn. Soc,
N.S.W., Vol. YI., p. 72i.
Hal). Ugi, {Eichards, Morton, SteplicnsJ.
82. Ptilopus Lewisii, Bamsay.
Proc. Linn. Sec, JV.S.W., YI., p. 72 i, {Auy. 1881.)
I5V E. r. ILVMSAY, F.L.S. 39
Ftiloiis eugenice, ? Eainsay, Jourii. Linn. Soc, Lon., Zool., 18S1.
r Ptilopus viridis var., KaiusaT, Proe. Linn. Soc, X.8.AV., 1879,
p. 73.
Hal). L^gi, Florida, and INLilatta, {Morton), L'gi, {RicJiarda.)
8*). Ptilopus Kicir.vitnsrr, Ihimsai/.
Proc. Linn. Soc, X.S.IF., XL. p. 722, (Anr/. IS.Sl.)
Hah. Ugi, {Morton. lUchanls.)
M'. Ptiloih's Joii.vxxis, Schiter.
FtUopus ccrassf'ipcctns. Tristram, Ptilopus soJomoncnsis, Grray.
It is? most probable that the Ptilopia solo nio am sis o£ Clray iv-^
the female of this species, the description certainly answers
very well, but then it might equally well have been taken from
the female of P. rirotii, or P. sfropJiimn.
Hal). l"gi, St. Christoval, {Morton, Picltardt.)
IMEGAPODID.F..
85. MEdAPODius p,RE>'cuLErr, G. B. Grai/.
Pamsni/, 1. c, p. 75 ; JJrazirr, Proc. Linn. Soc, X.S.AV., Vol. YI.
pt. 1, p. 150.
Ifah. Savo, {Cocl'rreJl), I'gi. St. Christoval, {Morton, Stephens.)
PvALLlD.E.
80. HYPOT.iixinrA australis,
Pound throughout the group.
Hah. Ugi, St. Christoval, Plorida, Gaudalcanar, {Mbrton,
Pichards, Cocl-eretJ)
HEKODIOXES.
87 Xycticoeax maxille]ssis, Vif/ors.
I have no doubt that this is the species referred to in
Bonaparte's Conspectus Avium, II., p. 140, as a young of
40 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS,
Nycticorax maniUensis, Vigors, (also see P.Z.S., Lond., 1831, p.
98, for the original description by Vigors'), but I do not tbink it
altogether agrees with X. manillensis of Mr. Vigors ; the black of
the head and nape extends far down the neck almost on to the
interscapular region in some specimens ; the white feathers from
the occiput are tipped with black, and with rufous subterminally,
these are preceded by a pair of elongated black feathers slightly
decomposed at the ends, in form much the same as the rest of
the occipital plumes but elongated beyond them, there is no
superciliary stripe as is found in J\^. caledonicus, (Grm.) I have
received the same species from Xcw Britain and the Duke of
York Islands, the young undergo the same changes in plumage as
those of iV". caledonicus. (Gmelin.)
An egg sent by Mr. Stephens from Ugi is of a pale bluish-
green, and measures 2*1 in. x 1'15. The eggs of iV caledomciis
taken at Port Stephens on Schnapper Island measure 2'1 x 1'55
and 2'1 x 1*47, and are of the same tint.
Hah. Ugi, St. Christoval, {Morton, Stephens.)
88. BUTOEOIDES .TAA^ANICA, Kovsf.
One young specimen.
Hah. Savo, {Cockerel!.)
89. BUTOBOIDES STAGNATILIS, Gould.
One young specimen in Morton's collection.
Il^h. Plorida Island, {Morton.)
LIMICOL^.
90. ^SACUS MAGNIEOSTRIS, Geojjf.
One specimen only.
Hah. Island of Mandeylana, {Morton.)
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 41
91. ACTITIS HVPOLEUCOS, Llnii.
One specimen only, but the species is common on all the
Islands of the Group and is found also on the 8. E. Coast of
Xcw Guinea, the Louisades, Duke of York Group, and Xew
Britain, &q..
Hah. Ugi, (StepJiciis.)
92. TOTAXUS 15REYIPES, ClCl'.
Hah, St. Christoval, {Stephens.)
93. Ltmosa BAUER r, Xaum.
Tristram, 1. c, p. J^44.
Canon Tristram records this species, of which I have no
specimen before me, but examples from the Louisades which I
examined some time ago, appeared to me to be the same as our
Australian species, Limosa uropygialis of Gould.
ANATID.E.
91. AXAS SUPERCILIOSA.
Several specimens, but all much smaller than the Australian
examples ; it is considered rare at the Solomon Islands, no other
species was found there. Total length 18 inches ; wing, 8-3 ;
tail 3-7 ; tarsus 1*4, mid toe {s.u.) 1"95 ; bill from forehead r9,
width at tip 0'8, wddth at base above 06. length from the gape 0"8.
Hah. Ugi and St. Christoval, {Hichanh, Morton, StepliensJ
GAVI^.
95. SfERXA GRACILIS, Gould.
Hah. Eobinson Island, {Morton.)
96. Sterna burgert, Llclit.
Hah. Savo, {Cockerell).
42 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMOX ISLANDS,
97. Pn-ETOX FLATiEOSTurs, Brandt.
Hal. 8avo, (^CocherelT) .
9*^. Sl'la. eusca, Goitlil.
Ilah. 8avo, {Cocl-erell).
99. 8l:la pkrsoxata.
Hah. Savo {CockereU).
100. SuLA FiiJER, Linn.
Hah. Savo.
Since the foregoiDg was in print I have received an advance
copy of a paper by Canon Tristram on a collection of Birds sent
to England by Lieutenant Kichards, nearly twelve months ago ;
from this collection Canon Tristram describes the following four
species which may be added to our list, bringing the number of
authentic species up to 104 :
(101). CAPiiTMUL(iUS xoBiLTs, Trisfvam, Ibis, pt. 1, p. V^\, 1882.
Hah. Rendova Island. (RicJ/arJs).
(102). Alcyone lucjrARusTT, Tristram, Ibis, 1882, p. Hi I.
ZosTEROPS RENUOViE, a name substituted for m}^ Tq)hra,s
ollvaceus on the supposition that the genus will not hold good.
PiEZORHyycitus sc^'A^ri'i^YTUs, previously described by me as
P. mclanocepliaJus, ssee antea.
(108). Geoefroyus AG rest is, Tristram.
This appears to be only the young of G. ci/aniccps.
(104). i\.RDEA SACRA, Grai/.
Hah. St. Christoval {Richards).
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 43
PriLOPUS RiroDOSTicTi'S, TrisfrriDL Previously described by
ine under the name of P. ricliardsi, see antea.
Tlien follows a list of 1)8 species recorded from the Solomon
Group, of these however the following 7 species must be thrown
out : Dicrums mei/arhj/ncltm^ Crntropus nfer-albus, y^asiferna
pm-f'o, Lorms InjpcDiiochrous, Cnrj^opliar/rt flns'cltii, JPhlof/cEnrfs
joJuouuv, Chalcopliaps clwi/soclilorn. All of which (except the
last) are from Xew Ireland, Xew Britain, or the Duke of York
G-roup. Rallusintacfm, also, requires confirmation. Ornithologists
may with advantage compare this paper with my list given in the
foregoing pages where certain errors will be found corrected.
Ox A XEW sPEcrES or 3Iu.s from the Island of Ugt, Solomox
Group.
By E. p. Eamsay, P.L.S., &c.
[Plate v.]
Mus SALAMOxrs, Hp. nov.
General colour of the fur, of a light ashy grey, somewhat
grizzly, and pencilled with black, the base of the hair mouse
colour, the tips almost white : long black hairs extending about
half an inch beyond the fur, which is slightly harsh to the touch ;
the tail bare, scaly ; the whiskers long, blackish ; the ears small,
inside grey, on the outside covered with minute hairs.
AduJt male, described from specimen preserved in alcohol.
Total length to tip of tail IT'S ; length from snout to vent 8"5,
from snout to centre of eye 1 in., from snout to base of ear 1*7 ;
length of ear 0"5, breadth at base 0'3 ; from nostril to upper
incisors 0'^ ; width of snout at point 0-2 : length of wdiiskers 2'5
reaching to the shoulders ; length of forearm and hand 2'3 ^
width of hand 0"1, length 5 (without fingers) ; length of first
finger 0'38, second O'-iG, third 0*45, fourth 0".3 ; thumb (a horny
41 ON A XEW SPECIES OF'MUS FROM Utir,
tubercle) 0"05 ; hind foot and toes {s.u.) l'7o, breadth of foot
between outer toes 055. Hallux 0*35 ; first toe (s.a.) 0'52, its
nail 0-25 ; second toe 0*6, its nail 0*26 ; third toe 0-59, nail 0*25 ;
fourth toe 0*5, nail 0"21.
>S7t7^//— Length 1'95, greatest breadth 07, the auditor bulla) are
small, slightly rounded above, compressed laterally ; the range of
the three molars 0"4; the first 0'2, second 0*15, third i ; width
of first molar 01, of the second O'll ; width of palate between
the teeth 0'2 ; length of the anterior palatal foramina 0'2 ; width
upart in the centre 0"11, from their hinder edge to the posterior
palatal foramina 0"i, from the inner side of the incisors to tubercle
in the angle of the posterior margin of the palate 0"9 ; there is a
slight ridge extending down the palate between the foramina ;
length of zygoma 0*9, width of the arch 0*6 ; occipital foramen,
height 0'31, width 0'3. Interorbital space flat, slightly elevated
in a narrow ridge on the margin of the orbits.
Ilab. Island of "Ugi," Solomon Grroup.
Expla:n'ation of Plate Y.
Fig. 1. — -Under surface of foot.
2. — Upper surface of foot.
3. — Skull from below.
4. — Outside view of ramus of lower jaw.
5. — Side view of skull.
G. — Teeth of right lower jaw, (enlarged).
7.— Teeth of right side of upper jaw, (enlarged).
The working surface of the teeth in the upper jaw shows a
well defined central ridge fitting into a corresjjonding depression
in the series of the lower jaw.
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 45
CovrRTurTioxs to Austhaltax Oology. — Part I.
Er E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S., &c.
[Plates II., III., IV.]
rinding, from numerous enquiries I have lately received from
England and the Continent, respecting the Eggs of our Australian
Birds, that Oolorjy is becoming of greater interest among Orni-
thologists, I considered that descriptions of some of our Australian
Birds' Eggs may prove of interest to Oologists at the antipodes.
I have accordingly selected such as appear to me to be either
altogether undescribed or imperfectly known, and beg to lay
before the Society descriptions of 42 species ; many of these have
been for years in the Dobroyde Collection, others are to be found
in the Australian Museum and in the collections of the various
gentlemen whose names are mentioned in connection therewith,
I need scarcely state that no Eggs of doubtful authenticity have
been described. Descriptions of some rare eggs of Australian
Birds will be found in previous numbers of our Society's
publications.
PICAEI.E.
1. Halcyox pyrrhopygia. Gold J.
This species breeds in the Bourke and Cobar districts during
October and Xovember, it nests in hollow boughs of trees, but
on one occasion Mr. James Eamsay took five eggs from the end
of a tunnel in the bank of a recently made dam or tank ; these
specimens, accompanied by a skin of the parent bird, were sent
to me, and measure as follows ; 1-02 x O'SS ; 1-02 x O'SS ; 1-02 x
0-88 ; 1-02 X 078 ; 1-04 x 0-87 In. ; they are of a pure glossy
white colour. — (Miis. Dohr.)
2. Dacelo Leachii.
Eggs four in number for a sitting, placed in a hollow bough or
at the end oc tunnels excavated in the nests of the Termites.
46 COXTRIBUTIOXS TO AUSTRAL LAX OOLOGY,
Colour of a pure pearly white. Leugtli A. 172 x 1'3 iu., ovcJ in
shape : 11 I'G x l'8i rather round. — (Ifu-s. Dohr.}
8. EUETSTOMUS PACIFIC US, Lath.
I found this bird nesting in the hollow Eucalyptus boughs on
the Kichmond E/iver in 1SG7 ; they malvc no nest but lay their
eggs on the dust formed by decayed wood— not unfrequently
they fight with, and dispossess the DaceJo gigns, and I have seen
them take the young of this bird and throw them out of the nest.
The eggs are two to three in number, of a dull white, rather glossy,
and sometimes variable in form, some being oval and pointed,
others almost round. Length (A.) l*4-5 x 1*05, oblong ; (B.)
1*34 X I'l, roundish. — {Mus. Bohr.)
PASSEEES.
4. Pomatosto:nlus rubeculus, Gould.
]S'est flask shaped, of thin sticks and twigs interwoven, lined
with fine grasses, shreds of bark and sometimes a few feathers ;
it is placed at the end of some bushy branch, or among thick
upright twigs ; and is very similar to that of P. temporalis., as
described by Mr. Grould (Handbk., I., ]). 479). The eggs three
to five in number, are of a yellowisli brown tint, some with the
ground colour of a somewhat saturnine hue, almost obscured by
hair lines and veins of blackish sienna or of a blackish chocolate
colour ; they vary considerably in tint, some have fleecy cloud like
markings and but few hair lines, some are pointed in form,
others oblong with both ends almost ocjual. Length 1"05 x 075
inch, oJjJong ; 1"07 x 074 inch, pointed ; 1"02 x 07 inch, rounded.
(Jlr. l^arnard'.^ Collect ion.)
5. Po^rATOsT()-MU.s ruficeps, Gould. V\. 3, fig. 12.
Xest similar to the foregoing. Eggs a little smaller, five i]i
number. In several the ground colour has a very faint tinge of
grceu, the blackish hair lines are liner and closer together, in
EY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 47
some nearly ouscuriug the ground colour, others have a pinkisli
chocolate tinge. Length 0'95 x 072. — (JIics. Dohr., J. A'.)
0. Paciiycepiiala OLiYAt'EA, /7y. tj* Horsf.
Eggs two or three in number, rather pointed at both ends,
length 1*05 to 1"1 by 0"75 to O'S in breadth, colour white or very
pale buff, with rather large spots of light brown, yellowish brown
or blackish brown and roundish obsolete dots of pale lilac,
sparingly scattered over the whole surface but closer together at
the larger end. — {From Mr. GamphelVs Collection.)
7. Paciiycepiiala melaxura, Gould.
The nest is a cup shaped, shallow, rather scanty structure of fine
roots and twigs lined with rootlets and grass, &c., and through
the bottom of which the eggs can be seen from below, it is about
three to four inches in diameter by two deep. The eggs are three
in number, of a pale buff, with irregular spots of dark umber
sparingly scattered over the face, but forming a zone near the
thicker end. Length, A. O'So x O'Gi in. ; B. O'Si x 0*62 in.
(J//'. Barnard's Coll.)
S. Pteropodocts phasiaxella, Gould. PL 3, fig. 1.
The nest is very similar to that of Graucalus melanops, and
placed in such like situations on horizontal boughs, it is composed
of grasses and stalks of various herbs slightly interwoven and
fastened together by spiders' webs, &c., and lined with finer grass
&c., inside diameter four inches, the depth 1"4, the height of the
rim above the branch on which it is placed is one inch. The eggs
are three in number, oblong in form, the shell of a delicate thin
texture, the ground colour pale asparagus green with a dull
brownish patch of confluent markings at the thicker end, or with
freckles of the same tint thinly distributed over the surface, and
a few black irregular markings at the thick end. Length 1"3 x
0-95 ; 1-35 x 095 ; 1-33 x 092 ; 1-3 x O'S? ; 1-3.5 x 0-88.
48 CONTRIBUTIOXS TO AIJSTRALTAIN" OOLOGY.
They are about the same size or a trifle smaller than the eggs
of Graucalus meJanops from the same district, but more elongated?
of a brighter green and with fewer spots. — {Mus. Dohr.)
9. Myiagea coxcixxa, Gould.
The nest is a neat cup-shaped structure of bark, and a few fine
grasses neatlj interwoven, and placed on a horizontal bough
usually over a fork or junction of two branches, the whole is
cemented together with cobweb and scales of lichens, &c. The
eggs three in number, of a delicate bluish white when fresh, with
a strongly defined band of spots, and dots of wood brown to
sienna, or yellowish umber, here and there a dot of slaty blue
appearing as if beneath the surface. Length A. O'GA x 0*53 in. '■>
B. 0*65 X 0*52 \i\.—(^From Mr. BaniarcVs Colled ion.)
10. EPKTIirAXURA TEICOLOR, Goulil.
The nest is of fine grass, lined with fine rootlets and a few
hairs ; it is cup-shaped, two inches in diameter inside and two
inches deep, and was placed in a wind-bent tuft of coarse grass,
the sides of the nest were hidden by the tops of grasses stuck in
perpendicularly round the rim, hanging over it in some places,
and forming a more secure frame work all round. The eggs
were three in number of a pure white, with rich clear red dots
sprinkled over the surface a little closer together at the thick end,
but not forming a zone there. Length 0"63 x 0*5 ; 0'65 x 0'5 in.
(Mils. DoJjr., J. R., 1880.)
11. EniTKrAXUJiA aueifroxs, Gould.
The nest similar to that of the last species ; a round open cup-
shaped structure made of fine twigs and grasses — the one before
me has a feather of an Emu worked into the side, and is lined
with fine grass— the inside diameter two inches, depth one inch,
and was placed in a low bush. The Eggs white with small red dots,
sometimes confined to the thicker end ; length O'T x 0'52 in. ;
0'6 X 0*5. — {From Bennett^ s Collection.)
BY E. r. HAMSAY, F.L.S. 49
12. Malurus leuconotus, Gould.
The nest like that of all other members of the genus is a dome
shaped, oblong structure of fine grass, ornamented and mixed
with cobweb and wool, and lined inside with the cotton from the
native " Cotton Bush," or the silky down from the seed pods
of an Asdepiad. The length of the nest is ^o in. x 2 "3, and
was placed in a small tuft of coarse grass near the ground, others
were found among the lower branches and grass at the base of
"Cotton Bush" shrub. The eggs are three in number, pearly
wdiite with a zone of reddish spots on the thicker end, and a few
dots of the same tint sprinkled over the rest of the surface.
Length 0-6 x O'J^S.
Hah. Bourke District {Miis. Dohr., J. R.)
13. JVlALrRUS LEUCOPTEKUS, Quoy ^' Gaim.
The nest is from the same district as the above mentioned and
composed of the same materials and similarly placed ; it is a little
smaller and rather more loosely put together ; the eggs are very
similar, only a trifle smaller than those of M. Jeuconotus, and the
zone of reddish spots not so distinct, they nevertheless vary
considerably, some having the zone more defined, others which
have no zone at all, are simply sprinkled all over the thicker end,
with reddish brown or light red spots. — {Mus. Dohr., J. i?.)
11^. Pteehol-Emus BRUiS']N'EUs, Gould. PI. 3, fig. S.
This is a remarkable species, and peculiar in the colour of its
eggs, the nest is very similar to that of a Malurus, it is composed
wholly of grasses loosely thrown together, without being inter-
woven more than is necessary to keep them in their place ; the
structure would hardly bear removal ; the lining is of hair or fur
of the "Babbit-rat" Lagorcliestes, it is five inches in diameter,
by three and a quarter across outside, with no hood over the
opening ; the structure was placed on its side among the twigs
of small shi'ub with grass growing through its branches near the
D
50 CONTEIBL'TrOXS TO AUSTRALTAX OOLOGY.
ground and hidden by the grass. The eggs are of a dull olive
brown, nearly of a uniform bronze tint, usually without markings,
one specimen has an indistinct ring of minute dots on the larger end,
where it forms a patch of a darker shade, the eggs are three to
four in number; length 0'78 x 0-59 ; 078 x 0'58 ; 079 x O'dS.
Hah. Bourke District, Tyndarie — (JIics. Doh}\, J. B.)
15. SpIIENURA BRACIITPTERA, Lath. PI. 3, fig. 13.
The nest is an oval dome-shaped structure, composed of grasses
and debris, it is placed at the foot of some bushy shrub and con-
cealed among the debris and grass which usually accumulates in
such places. The eggs are three in number, the ground colour
almost white, the whole surface thickly freckled with dots of
blackish-brown and reddish-brown, with a few of a pale lilac tint
here and there, some of the dots very minute others larger and
roundish in shape, in one specimen they form a thick crowded
patch on the thicker end, wdiere some are confluent ; the egg
before me is oval, rather swollen, and the shell very thin ; length
1*02 X 075, they breed during September to December. — {Miis.
DohrJ, (from Mr. JRalph Hargrace^s Collection).
16. Mexura alberti, Goidd. PI. 5, figs. 1 and 2.
I have lately seen a fine specimen of this rare Qgg in the
Macleay Museum, and another in the Australian Museum
Collection, are all I have met with during the last twenty years ;
the egg is oval, almost equal at both ends, the ground colour is of
a rich purple-brown, the thicker end of the egg is blotched with
large irregular markings of purplish-brown, very dark and almost
forming a zone, the remainder of the surface is marked with
irregularly shaped spots of the same tint, a few of them inclining
to linear, others almost rounded ; length 2*23 x 17 in.
The specimen in the Macleayan Museum is figured on PI. 5,
fig. 2, natural size. The ground colour was a purplish-stone
colour, but has faded to light slate colour, the markings are
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 51
irregular of a dark purplisli-brown and sprinkled sparingly over
the surface.
17. Mexura victorij-, GoidJ. PL 4, figs. 1 to 4.
For a description of tlie Q^^g of Menura superha and notes of
the species see P.Z.S., 1868, p. 19 ; [PI. 5, fig. 3.]
The eggs of all three species bear a marked resemblance to
one another, although they vary considerably inter se.
Menura ciciorics, var. A.— Grrouud colour olive brown, of a
rather light tint, with spots of blackish brown and purple brown,
some confluent, others solitary, rather crowded on the top of the
thicker end, there are also a few obsolete spots of a lilac tint ;
length 2-87 x IQo. (Pig. 1.)
Yar. B, — Ground colour purplish stone-colour, or dark
brownish-purple, with obsolete spots and irregular markings of a
blackish tint, crowded towards the thick end, and forming a dark
patch at the top where they overlap, some of the spots on the
body of the egg, elongate and interspersed among freckles of ihe
same blackish tint ; length 2-11 x 173. (Fig. 2.)
IS. CLTilACTERIS LEUCOPK.EA, Lath.
This species of Cliinacteris, nests like all of the other members
of the genus, in hollow limbs of trees often at a great distance
from the ground, but occasionally low enough to admit of being
taken. On two occasions only have I seen the egg of this bird
during the last twenty years, once in 1860 when a single specimen
was obtained after considerable difficulty by my friend Ealph
Hargrave Esq., at Macquarie fields ; and more recently a pair
in the Collection of Dr. Lucas, taken July 10th, 1880, have been
brought under my notice. The only nest, is a small bed of dry
grass placed on the decayed wood found in the hollow trunks or
boughs of the aged Eucalypti, the eggs are two to three in num-
ber, Avhite, with almost round reddish spots, sprinkled over the
52 ZOOLOGY OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS,
surface, and with specks and dots o£ the same tint, here and
there ; the markings are rather closer together on the thick end.
Length 0-9 x 0-67 in.
MELIPHAaiDyE.
19. Philemon soedidl's, Gould. PI. 3, fig. IG.
The nest o£ this species is very similar to that of the members
of the genus Tropidorhynclius^ a cup-shaped structure of bark
and grass, slung by the rim between forks of the twigs at the end
of some horizontal or drooping bough. It is about half the size
of that of Troj)idorl\i]nclms corniculatus, and equal to that of
Fhilemon citreogularis of which this species is but a northern
variety. The eggs are two to three in number, of a rich salmon
red, spotted with a darker tint, some of the spots fleecy, confluent,
and distributed alike all over the surface of the shell, rather closer
near the thicker end but not forming a zone there ; in A. a few
are confluent on the thick end forming a blotch on the top of the
Qgg. In B. the spots are more scattered and obsolete markings
of pale lilac are dispersed here and there over the surface. Length
A. l-04i X 0-7 in. ; B. 1-05 x 0*75 in.— {From Mr. Barnard's Coll)
20. My Z ANT HA FLATIGULA, GouJd.
The nest is a neat round structure of fine twigs occasionally
ornamented with wool and the Qgg bags of spiders &c., giving the
outside a beautiful white appearance ; the inside is lined with
hair of different kinds and wcol, the inside diameter is three
inches^ the depth two and a quarter inches ; it is usually placed
among the branches of trees and shrubs frequently near the
ground. The eggs arc four to five for a sitting, of a rich salmon
colour with dark salmon red spot and dots all over the surface
of the shell, but larger and closer on the thicker end. Length
1-02 X 0-75 in. ; 1-02 x 0-70 in. ; 1-02 x 0-75 in. ; 1 in. x 075 in.
{Mus. Bohr., J. B.J
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 53
PSITTA.CI.
21. EoLornus koseicapilla, Vleiell.
Like all the members of this section the E-ose Cockatoo nests
in the hollow branches of large trees, laying its eggs on the
debris of decaying wood usually found in such places, they are
three to five in number, white, rather oblong in form, and slightly
granular ; length A. 1'^ x 1-05 ; B. l'^ x VOk--{Mus. Bohr.)
22. Ptatycercus pallidiceps, Gould.
The eggs of the Moreton Bay E-osella are from three to fi.\"e in
number, white, round or oblong-oval in shape ; length from 1 in.
to 1*06 by from 0*88 to 0"9 inch, they are laid in the hollow
boughs of trees during the months of August to December.
ACCIPITRES.
23. MiLYUS isuRUs, Gould. PI. 5, fig. 4.
Nest, of sticks and twigs rather loosely constructed, and lined
with a few Eucalyptus leaves, placed in a fork of some of the
higher branches of the trees, or in the interior where the trees
are stunted and low, in any suitable branch that will bear its
weight. Eggs two to three in number, the ground colour white?
on the thicker end are blotches, smudges and scattered irregular
spots of reddish brown or rusty red, with minute dots here and
there sprinkled over the surface, frequently one egg in a set is
blotched at the thin end, some are more heavily and more deeply
marked than others, one specimen is covered (more numerously
at the thin end) with irregular freckles only, in many places
superimposed; length A. 2-03 x 1-57; B. 1*97 x 1-76; C. 2-06 x
1-67 \\\.—(Mus. Bolr.)
24. ACCIPITER CIRRHOCEPHALTJS, Vieill.
The nest is a scanty structure of a few sticks generally placed
crosswise over a thick horrizontal bough, where a few twigs
^4t CO^'TRIBTJTIONS TO AUSTEALIAX OOLOGY,
Spring to support it, and is lined with a few leaves. Being often
at a considerable distance from the graund and far out on the
boughs it is difficult to get at. The eggs are usually three for a
sitting, sometimes only two, and are the smallest of any of our
Australian Hawk's eggs. The ground colour is greenish white,
with smears and specks of yellowish buff, with here and there an
irregular shaped spot of the same tint. Length A. 1*74 x 1-43 ;
B. 1-8 X 1-42 inches.— fMus, Bohr.)
COLUMB.E.
25. GrEOPELIA TRAK^QUILLA, Gould.
The nest like that of all the members of this family, is a frail
scanty structure of a few sticks and twigs placed usually near
the end of a bushy bough, or top of a broken off thick limb.
They are slightly larger than those of G. cuneata, oval in form
and of a pure white colour. Length 0*8 x 0*6 ; 0'78 x 0'58. —
(Mus. JDohr.)
2G. GrEOPELIA CUNEATA, Lath.
The nest similar to that of the last species, Mr. John S.
Itamsay found this bird breeding in numbers at Cardington
Station on the Bell River, the nests were placed on the flattened
top of the vine-stakes in the vineyord, the birds were remarkably
tame, and would allow themselves to be almost taken with the
hand. The eggs were invariably two in number, oval, pure white
length 07 x 0*55, they breed during September and the two
months following. — fDohr. Mus.)
HERODIONES.
27. Platalea elavipes, Gould.
The Australian Museum is indebted to Mr. K. H. Bennett for
a fine pair of the eggs of this Spoonbill ; they are rather limey,
long and pointed in shape, and minutely pitted all over the
151' E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 55
surface of the shell. The colour is of a bluish white, with here
and there a spot or smear of pale buff. — (Ausf. Mas., Syd.)
I have also had an opportunity of examining three other eggs
of this species in Mr. AYhittell's Collection, w^hich do not differ
from those sent by Mr. Bennett. Lengths 2"7 x I '85 ; 2'73 x
1-85 ; 3-05 X 1'8. " The nest is rather a loose structure placed on
branches of trees overhanging the borders of swamps and lagoons
but sometimes placed on the ground by a tussock of grass or
herbage."— (Tr7////r//.;
28. NlX'TICORAX CVLEDOXrCL'S, Latli.
The nest is a loose structure of a few sticks placed crosswise
over forks on the branches of trees overhanging creeks, &c. ;
the specimens under consideration were taken by Mr. Alex.
Morton, from some low bushes on Schnapper Island, near Port
Stephens, they are two in number of a pale bluish green, in
length 2*1 x 1'55, and l"i7 inch in breadth.
29. BOTAURUS AUSTRAL IS, C,
uv.
^ est made of sedges and herbage, placed like that of a Water
Hen's, near the ground on the margins of swamps and lagoons,
<fcc. The eggs in this instance were two in number of a very pale
olive brown without spots or markings ; length 2*1 x 1'5 inch. — •
(^From Mr. CampbelVs Collection).
30. BUTOROEDES FLAVICOLLTS, Lath.
The nest is a slight structure of sticks placed in a horizontal
branch over the water. Eggs three to four, they are white with
a very faint tint of greenish inside. Length 1*88 x 1*38 ; 1'72 x
1-35; 1-8 X 1-33.
I expected to find these eggs something similar to those of the
next species, B. macrorhj/ncha, taken by my brothers at Dobroyde
in 1860-1-2, but Mr. Barnard assures me there can be no mistake
about them, and sent me a skin of the bird. — {Mr. Barnard's Col.)
56 COIS'TRIBUTIONS TO ACTSTRALIAl^ OOLOGY,
31. BUTOEOIDES MACRORHTNCHA, Gould.
[Nest, of a few sticks placed on the boiiglis of a Mangrove on
the Parramatta E^iver. Eggs two andthree in number, of a pale
bluish green ; length l'G5 to 1'75 x 1'2 inch. — (Doh\ Mus.)
EULICAEI.E.
(EALLID.E).
82. Trtbonyx yextralts, Gould. PI. 3, fig. 5.
Mr. Grould has I think described the eggs of some other water
fowl, probably those of G. tenehrosa, under this name ; they are
certainly not those of the present bird, which are very distinct ;
the nest is like that of a GalUnula and similarly placed. They
breed in October and the two following months, also in January
and Pebruary. When the back country is flooded these birds
literally overrun it and breed at almost any time of the year, the
eggs are four to 5 in number of a pale greenish tint with roundish
spots of light reddish brown sprinkled all over the surface.
Length 1-85 X 1-28 ; 1-85 x IS ; 1-7G x 127 ; 17 x 1-15 ; I'SS
X 1*3 inch. These eggs are of an oblong pointed form, those of
GallinuJa are more rounded and swollen as described below. —
(From 3Ir. WhittelVs Collection.)
33. GrALLINULA TENERROSA, Gould.
Eggs white or cream colour rather rounded in form, spotted with
light reddish spots thicker on the larger end sparingly dispersed
over the rest of the surface. 1"55 to 16 x 1"2. — {Mus. Dohr.)
81. PORZANA PALUSTRIS, Gould. PI. 3, fig. 14
The nest is an irregular loose structure of dry grass and weeds
&c., rather scanty, placed on the ground among the grass and
reeds in the vicinity of water, they are plentiful on the margins
of lagoons in the neighbourhood of Lake Greorge, I also found
them breeding during October to January on the Clarence River
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 57
near Grafton ; the eggs are tliree in number of a uniform dark
olive broAvn, average length 1'07 x O'Sl. — (Ifiis. Dohr.)
LIMICOL.E.
35. ScoLOPAX AUSTRAL IS, Lath. PI. 3, fig. 15.
Ground colour of the eggs are cream white, almost completely
hidden by irregular broad lines of black wound round the thicker
end and extending longitudinally towards the thin end, the lines
are curved and twisted forming loops and blotches. The nest
was placed on the margin of a swamp. Length A. 1"4 x I'l in. ;
B. l-4i X 1-0 in. ; C. I'J-S x 1-02.— (From Mr. WhittelVs Coll)
36. ^EaiALiTis MONACHA, Geoff.
The eggs are four in number, placed with the thin end point-
ing inwards, in a slight depression in the shingle on the sea coast,
they are pale stone colour or light creamy white, some almost
white with dots of black and brownish black, some of which are
obsolete or appear beneath the surface of the shell, some of the
black dots confluent forming irregular markings of various shapes.
The birds are said to breed plentifully in the neighbourhood of
Georgetown and on various Islands in Bass Straits. Length 1*4
X 1*05, — {From Dr. Lucas' Coll.)
37. Cladorht^^chus pectoralis, Dubus.
The eggs are four in number for a sitting placed in a scanty
nest of a few dry reeds and water-grasses ; the ground colour
varies from an olive brown to creamy brown irregularly spotted
and blotched with black, in shape oval but slightly pointed.
Length 1-9 x V^ ; 1-88 x VZ.—{From Mr. WliittelVs Coll.)
38. Spatula rhyxchotis. Lath.
An egg from a set of six taken on Phillip Island, in October,
1880, measures 2*35 x 1*55, and this appears to be an average
sized specimen, the colour is of a creamy white with a shade of a
very pale greenish tint. — (Mies. Dohr.)
58 COXTEIBUTIONS TO AUSTRALIAN OOLOGY,
Some eggs taken by Mr. Wliittell vary much in size. Length
(l.)2-lxl-55; (2.)2-2xl-63; (3.) 2-25 x I'oS ; (4) 2-15 x 1-53.
(^From Mr. Camphell and Mr. JVhittelVs Collections.)
39. MaLACOEHYNCHTJS MEMBRANACErS, Lath.
Eor a member of the Anatidce, this bird certainly selects the
most unique spots imaginable in which to make its nests. The
first instance was brought under my notice by Mr. K. H. Bennett
of Yandenbah, a most enterprising naturalist, to whom the
Australian Museum is indebted for several rare specimens. Mr.
Bennett informs me having occasion to visit a nest of the White
Tronted Heron, Ardea novce-liollandice., he w^as surprised to find it
much altered in appearance, and from the mass of down which
covered the whole of the upper part of the Heron's nest, the
duck flew off, leaving two ^%^,^, which with the nest have been
transmitted to the Museum ; the eggs unfortunately were broken
in transit, this deficiency however, is supplied by specimens taken
by Mr. "Whittell from a similar mass of dark slatey grey down,
which was placed on a flattened portion of a thick horizontal
bough about ten feet from the ground, overhanging the water, on
the bank of the Darling Eiver near Wilcannia ; in this instance
the eggs w^ere six in number of a rich light cream colour, rather
pointed ovals. Length 1*85 x 1'3 in. ; 1 82 x 1*3 in.
The beautiful structure above mentioned, sent by Mr. Bennett
consisted of the platform of sticks which formed the nest of the
Heron being thickly covered with down which formed a rim four
inches in height, a large quantity of down was worked in among
the sticks and covered the greater part of the sides, it closed
over the eggs above in an elastic mass quite hiding them. —
{From Mr. K. R. JBennetfs Coll.)
40. Casarca tadorin'oides, Jard.
Mr. Whittell informs me that he found the nest of this species
placed on the ground behind a mass of Polygonum bushes, it
I
UY E. r. RA^CSAY, T.L.S. 59
was made of grass and debris with a few sticks ; the eggs were
eight in number and covered over with the lining of the nest
(grass). The colour is of a light cream, dull white, or Avhitj-
brown, rough to the touch, oval, in length 2'7 in. x 1*92 inch in
short diameter. I have never taken the eggs of this bird myself
but Mr. Faithful informed me of a nest similarly placed on the
banks of a creek near his residence near Goulburn. — (M?'.
WhittelVs Coll.)
41. ]\'rROCA AUSTRAL IS, GouJth
On the authority of Mr. Whittell who is well acquainted with
this bird, and seems to have no doubt as to the authenticity of
the eggs in question, I give the following description : — The
eggs are large for the size of the bird, have a glossy look and
feel greasy to the touch, they are of a light cream colour, rather
oval, swollen, both ends nearly alike ; in length A. 2*52 x 188
in. ; B. 2-5 X 1-8 in.— (ilfr. WhittelVs Coll.)
GAXIM.
42. Sterjs'a nereis, {Gould.)
Eggs slightly pyriform, length (A.) 1-39 to (B.) 1-43 ; breadth
(A. and B.) 1'02. The colour is of a light yellowish brown stone
colour, or creamy buff ; one (A.) thickly sprinkled all over with
black dots and irregular shaped spots, the other (B.) has large
black blotches on the thicker end. These eggs were sent as those
of the " minute tern " from Tasmania, where the bird is common.
{From Mr. CamphelVs Coll.)
Notes on a Cruise to the Solomon Islands.
Bx Alex. Morton, Assistant Taxidermist, Australian
Museum, Sydney.
Having recently returned from a collecting trip to the Solomon
Islands it has been suggested to me that a short account of my
tour might be of interest to the Society.
60 ON A CRUISE TO THE SOLOMON ISLANDS,
Our naval authorities having thought it expedient to investigate
the cause of some recent murders committed there, H.M.S.
Cormorant was despatched on the service, and an opportunity-
being afforded the Trustees of the Museum of sending a Collector,
I left in the " Cormorant " on the 16th of April 1881, and
arrived at the Solomons on the 26th. Crossing a narrow strait
between the islands of St. Christoval and Ugi we anchored near
the latter in a well sheltered roadstead. On the afternoon of
the same day we landed and were hospitably received by Mr.
John Stephens, after which we set out for a small native village
situated on the shores of the Bay, about a mile from Stephen's
homestead. Our route lay through exteusive groves of Cocoanut
trees, thickly interspersed with various kinds of Palms among
which I recognised two species of Betle Nut, an Areca, and a
Ptychosperma besides the Ivory Nut Palm common throughout
the South Seas ; a very large and beautiful species of Ficus was
abundant on the trunk and larger stems on which grew great
quantities of fruit ; a large species of a very beautiful Tree Pern
was plentiful. In the gorges and on the hill sides several species
of Lycopodiums and mosses completely covered the ground with
a dense undergrowth.
On arriving at the village we found it to consist of about thirty
houses, almost uniform in size and design ; they were constructed
for the most part of split bamboos, and neatly thatched with the
leaves of the Cocoanut and Ivory Palms.
While here we noticed that the greater number of the children
differed strongly in many typical characters from the majority of
the adults, this anomaly we afterwards ascertained was due to
the strange custom of many of the inhabitants of Ugi, who in
order to avoid the trouble of rearing their own offspring, usually
destroy them at birth without respect to sex ; preferring to
adopt at a more mature age, the purchased children of another
tribe, inhabiting the neighbouriug Island. Even on the death of
their Chief or head-man, in place of electing a successor from
I
I
I
BY ALEX. MOllTOX. 61
among liis own kindred or people, a youth thus obtained is
frequently chosen and invested with the name, honors, privileges
and power of the deceased, the last named attribute being, except
on the occasion of some great feast or in time of war, merely
nominal.
Polygamy is sanctioned, but is not very prevalent, the men as
a rule, finding that they have quite enough to do to maintain one
famih'. Yams, Taro, Sweet Potatoes, Bananas, and other tropical
fruits and vegetables are carefully cultivated in neatly fenced
enclosures of from two to five acres in extent throughout the
whole of the Grroup. Pigs are highly prized and cared for, the
Ugi women having been known to suckle the young ones.
A miserable lot of half-starved and mang}- dogs are to be found
in all the villages, and are much esteemed by their savage masters.
As far as we could understand any form of religion is decidedly
at a discount among the Solomon Islanders, vague ideas as to the
existence of evil spirits or devils being the only definite form it
assumed, and among the animated objects that are regarded as
supernatural are Fire Plies. Cannibalism is still practised but
only the flesh of enemies, slain either by themselves or some
friendly tribe, is eaten.
I must not forget to mention a very beautiful species of dwarf
Cocoanut Palm which I noticed planted on a low mound and
held in great reverence, it was surrounded with Crotons, and
Dracaenas, and the mound on which it was growing was ornamented
with Coral boulders and large shells ; the nuts were small, about
four inches in diameter and the leaves were remarkable for their
beautiful golden yellow tinge.
Sexual morality is certainly at a low ebb among these people,
and promiscuous intercourse with the unmarried females is
permitted ; once married however a woman is obliged to lead a
chaste and virtuous life, however loose her conduct might have
been previously ; so strict is this law that the penalty of death
62 ox A CRUISE TO THE SOLOMON ISLANDS,
is often inflicted on those commitiing adultery. An instance of
this occurred while we were cruising among these islands, a
woman who had been previously caught, detected, and cautioned,
having again been found in the act, was beheaded on the beach ;
the execution being witnessed by the Captain and crew of one of
the trading schooners.
A peculiar and perhaps unique custom in connection with their
marriage is worth relating ; the bride being taken on trial for
"one Yam," (a term corresponding with our year), and at the
end of this period if she has given satisfaction to her husband,
he pays whatever was agreed upon to her father or guardian, if
not, as in several instances pointed out to us, the marriage is not
consummated and the girl returns to her parents. Syphilis in a
more or less virulent form is very prevalent in both sexes, but
they appear to have no idea of curing or in any way mitigating
this wretched disease. Honesty is one of the few virtues that
can be placed to the credit of these savages, petty theft being of
rare occurrence ; this was exemplified by the careless manner in
which articles of value were left about the Traders' dwelling.
Besides the produce of their gardens and plantations, their
food consists principally of fish and several kinds of Mollusks
that abound on the coral reefs surrounding the islands. .Feasts
are of frequent occurrence and often occasion serious disturb-
ances. But not the least peculiar of their customs, is their
method of disposing of their dead ; the corpses of people of no
rank or importance are simply wrapped in grass mats with heavy
stones at their feet and buried ; but the remains of a chief, or
any one of note is placed on a platform erected for that purpose
jn the woods ; two men being appointed to attend to it every
day, washing it down until the bones are quite clean ; the skull
is then taken and hung up in the house of one of the deceased's
relatives or friends, and the rest of the skeleton buried.
Grrotesque, and rudely carved figures representing men, birds,
fishes, and reptiles embellish the door posts and other heavy
LY ALEX. MORTOX, 63
timbers of their dwellings. The Tahit house of a village I visited
contained a curious colossal sarcophagus — an immense log carved
in the form of a shark — and held the bones of a young aud
favourite chief, to whose spirit the natives offered every season
the first fruits of the soil.
Their rude stone tomahawks have long been thrown aside for the
Traders' axes ; two forms seem to have been employed, one an
elongated cone, flattened towards the base with a rounded cutting
edge, and bevelled on one side only, as in an adze, in which
manner it seems to have been principally used ; the other also
somewhat cone shaped, but spreading out wider and more
flattened on the cutting edge, which is ground on both sides, as
in an ordinary axe or tomahawk. Xot less completely have
firearms superseded the bow and spear as weapons of war, nearly
every Solomon Islander possessing some description of gun, and
occasionally breech loading rifles of modern kinds ; as they are
expert marksmen, the possession of such weapons renders them
formidable opponents.
After remaining at Ugi for two or three weeks, we sailed for
the Floridas, another portion of the Solomon G-roup, one of which
was the scene of the massacre of the late Lieut. Bower of H.M.S.
Sandfly and his boats' crew. Having under threats enforced the
assistance of the native chiefs in securing three of the principal
men implicated in this affair, they were summarily executed, two
being shot, and the third hanged in the presence of a large
number of their tribe. The " Cormorant " then returned to Usfi
aiid finding that by remaining here I should have more oppor-
tunities of collecting, I took up my quarters on shore with Mr.
Stephens, where I remained until the return of the Cormorant
from her cruise among the Islands.
During my stay here I succeeded in obtaining a fair collection
of Birds, several of them being new to science, have since been
described by the Curator of the Museum ; among these novelties
64 o:n- a cruise to the solo:mox islands,
is a very beautiful Pigeon — lantlienas 'pliili])j)an(E ; a fruit dove —
JPtUopus Jeiuisil ; a small ground pigeon whicli has been named —
ChaJcophaps mortonii ; a hawk — Astur versicolor; a starling —
Stunioides minor ; and a king-fisher — Halcyon salomonis. This
branch of my collection contained 200 specimens representing
50 species, among which were also many rare kinds not hitherto
represented in the Museum.
Mammals were very scarce, an opossum — -Cusctcs orientalis, the
species common throughout the islands, and a E-at, an undescribed
species of Iftts, being the only species obtained.
Eishes were plentiful, both fresh and salt w^ater kinds, of the
former I obtained about 20 species. Of fresh water Crustacea
I only obtained two species. The reptiles collected consist of a
common species of Python, one species of tree snake Dendropliis
one venomous species, and a few Lizards common to all the
Islands.
Land shells were numerous ; I found in all 28 species, several
of them being rare kinds, which determined the localities of some
that were of doubtful origin. Presh w^ater shells were not
plentiful, but I succeeded in getting over 20 species, chiefly on
Ugi. Ethnological specimens were the most difficult to obtain, a
few stone Tomahawks similar to those described being all that I
procured worth mentioning. I secured however, an interesting
series of human skulls, and the head of a native from the Lord
Howe's Grrouj) in spirits.
On the return of the Cormorant, provisions and coal being
short, we sailed direct for Noumea, New Caledonia, and arrived
safely after a short and pleasant passage. On arriving Captain
Bruce unexpectedly determined to return to the Solomons, there
to meet H.M.S. Miranda, before proceeding to Sydney. So after
a few day's residence in the Prench colony I returned to Sydney
in the s. s. City of Melbourne with my collections.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 65
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Dr. Cox exhibited the club o£ a chief of Malanta Island,
Solomon G-roup, the handle beautifully inlaid with ' mother of
pearl,' at one end a stone encased by being worked over with
fibre and at the distal end a conventional representation of a
human boot.
Mr. E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S., exhibited drawings of the dentition,
skull, and feet of the new rat, {Miis salamonis), described in
his paper ; also, the egg of the Victorian Lyre Bird, (Memira
victoricB, Grould) from Port Phillip : drawings of a new species of
Bat Tnpliozoiis sp. ? from New South Wales, and a sketch of a
restored jaw of Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen.
]\[r. Alex. Morton exhibited the following very choice and rare
Birds from the Solomon Islands : — CJialcoJiajps mortoni, Bamsay ;
lantJiena ^liili'p'peai}ce^ Bamsay ; Adur versicolor^ Bamsay ; Astur
alhif/ularis, Grey ; JPtiJojms ricliordsi, Bamsay ; Ptilopus leivisiij
Bamsay; FtUopiis eugenice, Gould; Sfttrnoides minor, TiixinssLj ;
TrichogJossus margarettcE, Tristram ; Myzomela sjJ. ? ; Myzomela
tristrami, Bamsay.
-♦--♦-
WEDNESDAY, 22nd EEBBUABY, 1882.
The President Dr. James C. Cox, E.L.S., in the Chair.
Mr. H. Try on, from New Zealand, and Mr. A. G-. Balston,
B.A., were introduced as visitors.
MEMBEKS ELECTED.
Dr. p. H. MacGillivray, of Victoria ; Dr. Ewan, AVynyard
Square ; Mr. J. E. Bailey, Swanston Street, Melbourne.
E
66 ON FOSSARINA PETTERDI, BRAZIER.
DONATIONS.
Description of some remains o£ the Grigantic Land Lizard
{Megalania prisca, Owen) of Australia, parts II. and III., by
Prof. Owen, C.B.
From the Grovernment of Western Australia — Report on the
Forest Eesources of "Western Australia, by Baron Ferd. Von.
Mueller, K.C.M.Gr. ; Lecture on Injurious Insects, by Miss
Eleanor A. Ormerod, F.M.S.
From Prof. Ralph Tate, of Adelaide, South Australia, the
following papers : — On the Australian Tertiary Palliobranchs ;
Anniversary Address to the Royal Society of South Australia ;
the G-eology about Port Wakefield ; Supplement to a Census of
the Indigenous Flowering Plants and Ferns, 18S1 ; on the
Greographical relations of the Pulmonif erus mollusca of Victoria ;
descriptions of some new species of South Australian Pulmonif era;
description of a new species of Belemnite. from the mesozoic
strata in Central Australia.
From the Royal Microscopical Society — the Journal for
December, 1881.
Southern Science Record, January, 1882, Vol. II., Xo. 1.
papers read.
Note on Fossarina petterdi. Brazier.
By F. W. IIutton, Hon. Mem. Rot. Soc. Tas.
Some time ago I received from Mr. Petterd, among other
Tasmanian shells, several specimens labelled Fossarina petterdi,
One of these contained the animal, and I extracted it and
examined its dentition with the view of comparing it with my
Fossarina varius. I found that the Tasmanian animal has a
multispiral horny operculum, and the characteristic dentition of
the TrochidcB much like Gantharidus. It is therefore not a
Fossarina (a genus made I believe by Adams and Angas for some
BY PEOFESSOR F. W. HUTTON. 67
true Littoriiiidce) but may perhaps belong to Adeorhis, the oper-
culum of which does not seem to be known. I should like to
examine the other species of Fossarina.
List of the Peeshwateb Shells of New Zea^lxad.
By Peofessoe E. W. Huttoj^^, Hox. Mem. Eoy. Soc, Tas.
In my Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, (1880) I have
collected together the names and descriptions of all the fresh
water shells said to occur in New Zealand; I have made no
attempt in it either to revise the nomenclature, or to eliminate
species probably put down to New Zealand in error ; but it
seems to me that I might now attempt to give, what I believe to
be a true list of our fresh-water shells as at present known, as a
supplement to the Check List of Australian Presh- water Shells
by Messrs Tate and Brazier, published in Vol. VL, p. 552 of
our Proceedings.
Aplexa antipoda, Sowerhi/, in E-eeve's Conch. Icon. Physa, fig. 37.
Aplexa tabulata, Gould, Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1818, p. 214.
Aplexa variabilis, Gh'a^, in Dieffenbach's Travels in N.Z., vol. ii.,
p. 248, (l84<S).=P.ffibhosa, Sow., fig. 27, (not of Gould)
=P. guyonensis, T.-Woods, P.L.S. of N.S.W., iii., p.
138,=P. lioclisteUeri, Dunker. Described (?)
Aplexa moesta, Adams, P.Z.S., 1861, p. 144. Conch. Icon. f. 32.
Planorbis corinna. Gray, P.Z.S., 1849, p. 167.
Latia neritoides. Gray, P.Z.S., 1849, p. 168=Z. lateralis, Gould.
Melanopsis trifasciata, Gray, in DiefPenbach's Travels in N.Z.,
ii., p. 263 (1843;. Yoy. Ereb. and Terror, Moll. pi. 1,
f. 18-22 =J/. Zealandica, Gould, (1848), P.B.S., N.H.,
p. 22o.^=3I. strangei, Eeeve, Conch. Icon. f. 3.=Jf.
ovata, Dunker, Mai. Blatt. 1861, vii., p. 150.
68 LIST OF THE FEESHWATER SHELLS OF NEW ZEALAK^D.
Hydrobia (Potamopyrgus) cumingiana, Fisclier, Journ. de Concli.
1860, p. 208. Hutton, Trans. KZ., Inst , Yol. 14.=
Ilelaiiia corolla, E/eeve, fig. 366 (not of Grould.)
Hydrobia (Potamopyrgus) corolla, Gould, (Melania) Pro. Bost.
Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1847. Stimpson in Smithsonian Mis-
cellaneous Collections, vii., No. 201, p. 49. Hutton,
Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. xiv., (1881).=^. iacUa, Gould^
Pro. Bast. Soc, Nat. Hist. 1S4^S. =H.Jislieri, Dunker,
Mai. Blatt., 1861, p. 152.=^. reevei, Frauenfeld, Abli.
Zool. Bot. Ges. "Wien., 1862, p. 1024.
Hydrobia (Potamopyrgus) antipodum, G^^a?/, in Dief. Travels in
N.Z. ii., p. 241, (1843).= J. zealandice, Gray, 1. c, p. 241.
=A. egena, Gould, Pro. Bost. Soc, iii. (1841), p. 75.=:
A. c/racilis, Gould, Am. Exp. Exp. (1852), p. 127.=(?)
H. splcea, Erauenfeld, 1. c (1863) p. 1022.
Hydrobia (Potamopyrgus) pupoides, Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Inst.^
vol. xiv. (1881), p. (Brackish water.)
Pisidium lenticula, Dunher, Mai. Blatt., viii. (1861), ^. 153.
(Sphserium.) Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. xiv. p.
=P. novo-zeelandicum. Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of
New York, viii. (1867), p. 91.
I"nio menziesii. Gray, in Dief., Travels in N. Z., (1848), ii., p.
257. Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. xiv. p. =Z7.
aucklandica. Gray, 1. c, ii , p. 257.= t'. i.elehori, Dunkery
Abh. Zooi. Bot. Gesell in AVicn. 1856, p. 915.
Unio lutulenlus, Gould, Pro. Bost. Soc, Nat. Hist., iii. (1850) p.
295. Eeeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 122 (not fig. 386.)
Tnio hockstetteri, Bunler, Mai. Blatt. viii., (1861) p. 163. A
doubtful species.
by peofessor f. w. huttox. 69
The Fishes of the Palmer Eiyer.
By William Macleay, P.L.S., &c.
Tlie Hevd. J. E. Tenison-Woods procured while at the Pahuer
E-iver, in !N^orthern Queensland, a small collection of the Fishes
of that river, which he has asked me to examine and if necessary
to describe. He is indebted to Mr. Selheim, a G-erman naturalist
resident in the Palmer District, for the greater number of them.
They are all fishes of the head waters of the Palmer, cut off by
numerous falls from the lower part of the river, and therefore
fresh water fishes in the strictest sense of the term.
1. Therapon" fasciatus, Casteln.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol. 5, p. 363.
This species seems to be confined to the rivers flowing into the
Grulf of Carpentaria. A similarly marked, though very distinct
species — Therapon percoides, Gunth. — is found in the East Coast
rivers of Queensland. Therapon terrce-regince, Castelnau, I
believe to be identical with T. percoides.
2. Therapon truttaceus, Macleay.
Proc. Linn. Soc, ^. S. Wales, Vol. 5, p. 366.
I described this fish originally from a specimen sent me from
the Endeavour River. It is easily recognizable from T. unicolor
and other unicolorous species, by the broad head, fleshy lips and
smooth preorbital bones.
3. Eleotris plaxiceps, Qi. sp.
D. 6/10. A. 8.
Head broad, flat, and one third of the total length ; mouth
large and flat, the lower jaw protruding, the maxillary reaching
to below the middle of the eye. The eye rather small and more
than three diameters apart. The scales on the body are rather
large and finely ciliated, those on the head smaller, and on the fore
part of the head between the eyes there are a number of small
70 THE FISHES OF THE PALMER EITEE,
impressed nonimbricate scales. The colour is brownish with
occasional darker spots, and with a number of whitish or pearly-
spots on the under surface of the head and branchiostegals. The
fins are all more or less spotted with dark brown, the first dorsal
almost barred. The tail is rather pointed.
This species belongs to the Ophiocephalus group of JEleofris.
One specimen 91 inches in length.
4. Aeistetjs cavifrons, n. sp,
D. i, -xV. A. «V. L. lat. 34.
Very compressed ; belly trenchant ; height of body nearly one
third of the total length. Head small, about one fifth of the
length of the body, depressed and almost excavated from the
snout to behind the eyes ; eyes large and about their diameter
apart ; snout shorter than the diameter of the eye. Mouth
•wedge-shaped when closed, rounded in front, the upper lip
enlarged in the middle and fitting into a wide sinuation in the
lower — the edge of both lips covered with small hooked teeth,
the flat space on the forehead naked and uneven, and emarginated
in front with a tubercle in the middle ; the head beneath horse
shoe- shaped with three or four large pores on each side, a few
large pores also on the preorbital bones. The preoperculum is
short and scaly, the angle extending backwards subacutely;
the operculum is rounded and covered with two or three large
smooth scales. The rays of the first dorsal fin terminate in
filaments, the spine of the second dorsal is strong, but not so
long as the rays which lengthen towards the tail ; the tail is not
emarginate, the ventrals are placed much behind the line of the
origin of the pectorals, and close together ; the pectorals are small
and rather above the middle of the body. The colour is bluish
silvery, with a lighter silvery stripe along each scale ; the mem-
branes of the dorsal, anal and ventral fins are of a pinkish hue ;
a few minute spots on the root of the caudal.
Three specimens, 3| inches in length.
BY W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 7J.
5. Synaptttea Selheimt, n. sp.
D. -f C. + A. 155. p. G. L. lat. 81.
Height of body one third of the total length, eyes small, nearly
on the same plane, and nearly two diameters apart. Scales small,
strongly ciliated or toothed on both sides ; vertical fins low,
lengthening gradually to the tail, which is rather pointed ;
ventral fins small, opposite, the right one longest ; pectoral fins
very small, the right one longest. Colour brown mottled all over
with black.
Several specimens averaging four inches in length.
This is the first instance I have come across in this country of
a fresh water sole. Both this and the last described Fish —
Aristeus cavifrons — were captured by a very small hook baited
with a fragment of a blade of grass.
6. Neosilueus Hyetlii, Steind.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol. 6, p. 208.
This species seems to be found in most of the rivers of Northern
Queensland. The sj^ecimen from the Palmer Eiver is only half
grown.
7. Ch^toessus Eeebi, Eichards.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, Vol. 4, p. 368.
One specimen of small size. It is found all over the North
and West Coasts of Australia both in fresh and salt water.
On the Plants of New South Wales. — No. VIII.
By the Eet. De. Woolls, D.D., F.L.S., &c.
Class III. Acotyledones.
The only Cryptogams described in the Flo7^a Australiensis are
the higher Vascular orders, as Mr. Bentham did not think it
72 ON THE PLAIS'TS OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
advisable, at his advanced age, to enter on the Mosses, Fungi,
Lichens, Algae, and their respective allies. This great work has
now been taken up by Baron P. von Mueller, who has already
furnished in his Fragmenta Phytographice Australice, lists of all
the known lower orders of Cryptogams in Australia. As, there-
fore, he proceeds in utilizing the labours of those who have
preceded him, or in recording the species new to science which
are being collected and forwarded to European specialists, the
acotyledonous plants of Australia will become better known than
they are at present. The orders to which Mr. Bentham confined
his attention are —
1. Lycopodlacece. 2. Marsiliace(S. 3. Filices.
Of the Lycopods, Isoeles and Pliylloglossum do not extend to
New South "Wales, the former occurring in Tasmania and
Western Australia, and the latter in Victoria, Tasmania., and
West Australia. Lycopodium laterale and L. densum are found
near Sydney and also on the Blue Mountains, but Selaginolla
uliginosa (which is distinguished from Lycopodium by having two
kinds of spores as well as a different habit) has a wide range in
swampy places throughout the Colony. The same may be said
of Azolla pinnata and A. ruhra, (floating plants with branching
and rooting leaf-stems) which are common in ponds and lagoons.
Tmesiptei'is tannensis has a pendulous habit, and is found for the
most part about the caudices of Tree-ferns, whilst Fsilotum
triquetrum may be found in an erect state, or pendulous from the
crevices of rocks. There seems to be a difficulty in determining
the species of Marsilea or Nardoo, for whilst some Botanists
reckon ten species, others would reduce them all to one. The
fact is, this plant varies very much in the size of the fronds and
the length of the stipes, for it may be found growing at the edge
of lagoons or marshes with small fronds and stipes, whilst as it
occurs farther in the water, it accommodates itself to circum-
stances and becomes proportionally larger. Mr. Bentham makes
three species for New South Wales (Jf. quadrifolia^ M. hirsuta^
J
BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S. 73
and J/. Dntmmoiidu), whilst Baron Mueller is inclined to reduce
all its numberless forms to J/, quadrifolia. PiluUfe7'a r/lohidifera
which is common to the old and new world, has hitherto been
found only in Tasmania and AVest Australia.
In proceeding to the large and beautiful order of the Ferns,
it may be remarked, that, with one exception, all the genera found
in Australia are represented in other parts of the world, and even
with regard to that one fPlatyzomaJ, Mr. Baker describes it as
"a genus too nearly allied to Gleichesia,^' whilst Baron Mueller
(Frag. Yol. 5, p. 11^) reduces it to G. platyzoma. Ranging our
ferns under the six tribes of the Flora, the first (Ophiorjlossece)
has two species of Opliiglossum (one of which, O. vulgatitm, is
common in w^arm or temperate climates), and one of Botrychiiom
(B. teniafumj which occurs also in America, Asia, and New
Zealand.
The most admired of the second tribe or Marattieae do not
extend so far South as New South Wales ; but the climbing
Lygodlum and three spscies of Scliizcea (one of which S. dichotoma
spreads over Tropical Asia and Africa) are found here and there
throughout the colony, though S. hifida and S. rupestris are much
more common. Of the tribe OsmundesB, the aquatic fern
Cerijiopteris and the truly Australian Flatyzoma seem limited to
North Australia and Queensland ; but four species of Gleichenia
and one of Todea (T. harhara) have a wide range in New South
"Wales. T. Fraseri, which is certainly one of the most delicate
and beautiful of Australian Ferns, has been found in a stunted
form in a creek near Parramatta. Its favourite habitat, however,
is the deep gullies of the Blue Mountains, where it sometimes
has an erect caudex and fronds exceeding three feet in length.
The fourth tribe, Hymenophylleae, which is characterised by its
thin and almost transparent fronds, is represented by five species
of TricTiomanes and eight of Hymenophyllum. Several of these
are common to New Zealand and the islands of the Pacific,
whilst a, Tunhridgense my be regarded as cosmopolitan, for it
74 ON THE PLANTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
occurs in most of the temperate and cooler regions of the G-lobe.
The fifth tribe comprehends the much admired tree ferns, of
which one species of Cyathea and three of Alsophila, vary in
height from a few feet to 60 or 70. Cyathea is rare, but Alsopliila
australis, A. Leiclihardtiana, and A. Cooper i are plentiful in some
parts of the Blue Mountains, Illawarra, and further South. It
is difficult to distinguish the species in dried specimens, but as
they differ very much in the character of the caudex and the
scales, they can readily be determined in living plants. A.
LeicKhardtiana is a much more slender species than A. australis,
and the veins of the fronds are more forked, whilst A. Cooperi is
distinguished by the oval scars of the caudex.
Tho sixth tribe, Polypodieae, is a very large one, and divides
itself naturally into those genera which have an indusium and
those which have not. Of the first division, DicTcsonia has 3
species, Deparia 1, Davallia 2, Vittaria 1, Lindswa 4, Adiantum
5, Hypolepis 1, Cheilanthes 1, Fteris 9, Lomaria 4, JBlechnum 3,
Doodia 3, Asplenium 13, and Aspidium 12. The species of
Dichsonia are remarkable for their size and beauty, two (Z).
antarctica and D. Youngice) being Tree-ferns, and one (D.
davallioides) attaining sometimes the height of five feet and
upwards with delicate and membranous fronds. D. antarctica
flourishes on Mount Tomah and some parts of the Kurrajong.
A. Cunningham was the first to notice the fact, that the seeds of
the beautiful Quintinia Sieheri frequently germinate in the
caudices of D. antarctica, and that the curious Fieldia australis
is often seen adhering to the same Tree-fern. Deparia prol if era
has hitherto been found only at Illawarra, and Vittaria elongata
seems limited to the Northern parts of the Colony, but the species
of the other genera are widely distributed. Lindsxa triclioman-
oides occurs sparingly on the Blue Mountains and is not specifi-
cally distinct from the New Zealand plant ; whilst L. incisa,
which approaches L. onicrophylla, has recently been collected at
the Clarence B/iver. Of the species of Adiantum, A, cethiopicum
BY THE BEY. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S. 75
is the most abundant, and in some of its larger forms (especially
that found at the Macleay Eiver by Mr. K. D. Fitzgerald) it
resembles the European A. capillus-veneris, but the sori are not on
the apices of the lobes as in that species. Many Pteridologists
doubt whether llypolepis tenuifolia is distinct from Polypodmm
punctatum, and whether JPteris paradoxa and P. rotundifolia are
distinct from F.falcata.
The same remark is applicable to the species of Doodia
which seem to pass insensibly into each other, and also to some
species of Asplenmm^ which Baron F. von. Mueller reduces to the
European^. wmrM?w?«; Aspleniumjlahellifolium, Lomaria discolor
and L. JPatersoni are sometimes very sportive in their growth
and deviate considerably from the typical forms. The tendency to
produce bipinnatifid fronds in L. discolor, has been noticed not
only near Sydney, but beyond the Dividing Bange. In the genu&
Aspidium, there is great difficulty with the species A. decompositum
and A. fenericaule, for some forms which have no indusium are
referred to these plants. Besides the ordinary forms of A. decom-
positwn (of which ^. tenerum seems only a variety), A. acuminatum
or A. glahellum is also joined with it. This last has a short root and
different habit, and, in the opinion of Mr. Bailey, E.L.S. of
Brisbane, must be regarded as a distinct species. From specimens
procured at the Kurrajong, I am disposed to agree with him, and
also that A. tenericaide and Folypodium. ^pallidum are identical.
Mr. Bailey would, likewise, separate from Aspidium, under the
name of Folypodium aspidioides, a fern very similar to A. acumin-
atuon, but apparently without indusium. This fern occurs in the
northern parts of the colony and in Queensland. There is yet
one form remaining for consideration, and that is the fern which
Mr. Baker refers to A. lancilohum, but which, from the absence
of indusia, more closely resembles Polypodium riifescens. When
Mr. Bentham had before him large numbers of specimens from
all parts of Australia, he was led to unite several forms under A.
76 BOTANICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
decompositum, but the amalgamation is not in all respects
satisfactory.
In the second division of Polypodieae, we have of Polypodium
11 species, of Notlioclcena 2, of Grammitis 2, of Acrostichum 1,
and of Platycerlum 2. Whilst in the former section, Asplenium
trichomanes is common to Australia and many parts of the old
and new World, we have, in the second division, Grammitis
rutifolia common to the South West of Europe, Chili and New
Zealand, and G. leptopliylla common to the old world and the
Andes of the new. From a review of the species of ferns, it
seems that of the 200 known to flourish in Australia, New South
Wales has about 108 ; whilst " of the 38 Australian genera, of
which 29 are represented in this colony, no less than 29 have a
general range over the New and Old World." — (Bentham.)
Botanical Notes on Queensland. — No. T.
By the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Wood s, E.Gr.S., E.L.S., Vice-
President of Linnean Society.
In the course of many visits to Queensland during the last
four years I have noted several peculiarities in the flora of that
colony which will be of interest to botanists generally. Up to
this time the labours of collectors have been directed to the
discovery of new species, while the range or the abundance of the
same has been little noticed. Now that the grand work of
describing and cataloguing has been accomplished by the illustri-
ous botanists Bentham and Mueller, humbler laborers may step
in to add to the account of knowledge : This is the purpose of
the present notes. I have found for instance that the spread of
tropical plants south of the tropical line occurs to an extent
which is hardly realized by those who have not visited the place.
I shall begin to illustrate this by observations made upon the
Burnett River, Lat. about 25°. My travels extended to about
BY THE RET. J. E. TENISOX- WOODS, E.G.S. 77
35 miles from the mouth of the stream which is all occupied by
a generally level country of gravel or volcanic soil. The latter
is wooded with thick forest, known here by the local name of
scrub, but as it is formed by high trees closely matted by vines
and creepers, it must not be confounded with what is termed
scrub in other colonies or even other places in the colony. The
mouth of the river is bordered by boulders of doleritic lava, not
very vesicular and but little decomposed. To the south there is
a small conical hill, three miles distant, which is entirely basaltic
and may be the source of the lava. All round the light house
there is a dense growth of Sorglium fulv7nn, Beauv., and it extends
over the open ground to the edge of the forest. It is a tall not
very stout gi-ass attaining sometimes six to eight feet high and
here makes the ground appear like a dried marsh. The panicles
are of a rich brown colour and very ornamental. The species
has not been hitherto recorded south of Keppel Bay. It is also
found in tropical Asia, from Ceylon to the Archipelago and in
South China and Japan. A closely allied genus — Cliriisopogon,
covers all the alluvial flats further up the river, this is Clirysopogon
parvifloincs, Benth., a species very widely distributed from
Carpentaria to Victoria. It is called here "scented grass" on
account of the peculiar smell emitted by the young flower heads
when rubbed between the hands. It is not esteemed as a fodder
plant. Bentham and Mueller say that it is probably found in
India and New Caledonia.
Another marked feature of the banks of the Burnett on the
cleared ground is the abundance of Fhytolacca octandra, Linn.,
this is closely allied to an American plant which has long been
cultivated in Europe and is known as the Mexican Yerbachina.
It has established itself pretty extensively in the neighbourhood
of Sydney and Melbourne, but I do not know that it has been
recorded from any part of Queensland. On the sides of the
Burnett it covers the cleared volcanic ground very thickly in
erect herbaceous plants from four to six feet high. It may be as
78 BOTANICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
well to mention that the dark purple berries o£ a kindred species
or variety are used for a tincture which is much valued in
America as a remedy for rheumatism, and was once a celebrated
remedy for cancer. The root is an emetic and cathartic, and
the young shoots when well boiled are eaten as a vegetable. In
the "West Indies the leaves are used like washing soap.
Another weed which literally covers the land in fallow as
closely as grass, but growing up into a tall straight thicket five
or six feet high is a species of Tlrigeron {canadensis or linifolms)»
It goes by the name of cobbler's peg, from the ready way in
which the erect fragments of old stems penetrate the shoes.
The agricultural land is nearly always the cleared forest on the
banks of the rivers and this is not upon the alluvial banks of the
river so much as the red volcanic soil which follows the south
bank of the Burnett in a belt varying in width from a few
hundred yards to a mile. It has evidently come from a small
rounded hill near the sea coast which is surrounded with frag-
ments of scoriaceous lava. Usually the red soil is quite free from
stone or scoriae, from which I suppose that the deposit is a thick
flow of the volcanic mud which is always connected with eruptions
the forest is very dense and of the kind usually called scrub in
Queensland near the coast. This scrub is mainly distinguished
by the absence of that Australian aspect which the presence of
Eucalypts, Acacias, and Proteacese would give it. They are almost
totally wanting in these forests which are composed of several
species of Ficus, Har^ndlia Hilli, S. penJula, Diploglottis Cun-
ninghami, Cupania anacardioides, C. semiglauca, Dysoxylon
Muelleriy D. rufum, with here and there immense trees of
Flindersla Ocsleyana. Underneath these trees there is a tangled
growth of brushwood, at least near the edge of the forest, but
when one penetrates any distance where the growth of tall trees
is very thick and the light obscure, the ground is encumbered
with dead logs and the humus from decayed leaves which only
BY THE EEV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S. 79
supports fungi, lichens, mosses, and a few scattered ferns of
which the most common are Fteris tremula and Adiantum
hispidiiliim. The common grass is Oplismenus compositus. This
I have found, I may say, universally diffused through these and
similar forests.
Many of the tallest trees are bound together by certain creepers
which form vines or masses of leaves and flowers. The principal
of these are Tecoma atcstraUs, and T. jasminoides, Clematis
ghjcinoides, Bhipogonum alhum (a thorny climber of the lily tribe)
Flagellaria indica, EustrepTius latifolius (the bulbs o£ this are
excellent eating), Geitonoplesmm cymosum, Jasminum didymium^
J. racemosum, J. linear e. Other trees more or less common in
the forests of the Burnett, are Marlea vitiensis the only species
of the genns and order in Australia, but one which is found in all
the forests of the coast and extending to ]^ew South Wales.
Gardenia cliartacea, Castanospermum australe, ApnantJie pJiilip-
pinensis, Canthium lii,cidum, C. citriobatuSy C multiflorus, Kihara
macropliylla, are interspersed with many other species which were
not in flower or otherwise indeterminable by me. The edge of
the scrub has a thick growth of Ruhus roscefolius which produces
a small tasteless raspberry, and the growth of the weed Verlena
honariensis is also very thick. I do not attempt to give an
exhaustive list of species, as these forests are so rich, but I may
remark that they are nearly tropical in character as the river is
not more than 100 miles south of the tropical line. Sterculias
or bottle-trees are not common.
In those parts of the river from which the scrub recedes the
usual Australian vegetation reappears. The banks are thickly
lined with Melaleuca genistifolia, a species very extensively dis-
tributed through marshy places in New South "Wales and
Queensland. It sometimes forms a dense brushwood as most
species of tea-tree do in marshy situations. There is a brush of
this kind on the north side of the river a little to the east of the
80 BOTANICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
town. It is principally formed of the tea- tree and stunted trees
of Ficiis aspera.
Near the ford on the north bank are some fine specimens of
Hibiscus sphndens a species not often met with out of the tropics
though it appears occasionally in river scrubs on the east side of
the range as far south as the Hastings Eiver. It is a tall shrub
about 25 feet high, with flowers of a beautiful rose colour. The
anthers are arranged in a pyramidal form of dark crimson. There
are five deep red round stigmas which produce a splendid effect.
Mr. Erazer the botanist who introduced it into England says of
it, " I consider this the king of all known Australian plants. I
have seen it 22| feet high. The flowers measured nine inches
across and were of a most delicate colour, literally covering the
whole plant wdth pink and crimson." How strange it is that we
scarcely ever meet with this species in private cultivation in
Australia.
Near this Hihis-cus there is rather a close growth of that
singular Euphorbiaceous plant FhyllantJms Ferdinandi, a species
which extends from Carpentaria to Port Jackson. It grows to a
small tree and in flowering time the blossoms though small have
a pretty effect. This is in the neighbourhood of where the forest
has been cleared and its place is being rapidly filled up by a dense
growth of Castanospermum australe, 3Iacaranga tanarius, and
Cudrania javanensis, all of which tend to form a dense thicket.
Two introduced plants are also extremely common and thick.
They are Asclepias curassavica, and Taqetes ffJcmduJifera. The
latter grows here to a height which I have never seen attained
anywhere else. There are large thick succulent plants to be
found ten feet in height. The species is of South American
origin, thoiigh generally called the African Marigold. It is
spread as a weed also in New South Wales along the Hunter
and Nepean Rivers.
A few sections of cleared ground on the west side of the north
township are now covered with a large Solamim which I supposed
BY THE EEV. J. E. TENISOX- WOODS, F.O.S. 81
to be S. verlascifolium. It grows to a tall slenderly branched
sbrub with large leaves. It is indigenous in the neighbourhood,
so that its spread is remarkable.
In the more open gum forests on the bank of the river Eucalyptus
teriticornis is the most abundant. It is called the red gum here
and is exactly like the red gum {U. rostrata) which lines all the
rivers and creeks of South Australia and Victoria, and grows in
so many inundated plains that it bears the name of flooded gum.
The wood is of the same quality, and held in equal esteem. The
only difference seems to be in the operculum or cap of the bud,
which in E. rostrata has a small point or hollow beak on the top,
and this in E. tereticornis becomes enormously prolonged into a
curved horn. But on the banks of the Nogoa in Central Queens-
and I gathered from the same tree buds which were like E.
rostrata and E. tereticornis. Baron v. Mueller thinks that they
are closely allied. E. acuminata, Hook., was suppressed by
Bentham as a species because of its being an intermediate variety ;
that is a form of E. rostrata, which approached E. tereticornis in
the shape of the operculum.
In the same locality we have rather numerous specimens of
Cdreya arhorea, I am not aware that this tree has ever been
recorded so far to the south before. It is a very common tree in
the open forests of the tropics. Bentham has doubts if this
species can be considered as the same as C. arhorea of the Coro-
mandel coast, the flowers of which are sessile and the fruit
globular. The Australian species are all ovoid and the flower
with a long pedicel. The blossom is seldom seen on the tree for
as the bvd opens the ring of stamens becomes detached and falls
off as a graceful fringe to the ground. The blacks eat the seeds
aid I have heard it said that they roast and eat the fruit as well.
One peculiarity has not been noticed in this tree, and that is the
colour of ;the leaves. They are very often a brilliant crimson
with every intermediate shade of yellow, orange, and red, a few
of the older leaves being a pale grey green.
F
82 BOTANICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
I noticed here and there a few species of that beautiful member
of the Boraginece, viz. Corda myxa. It has dense clusters of a
pale yellow or pink fruit which is as viscid as birdlime, but eaten
sometimes by the children ; the flavour is not unpleasant.
In the gum forests on the more open banks of the Burnett the
trees are principally E. teriticornis, Petalostigma quadriloculare.
Tristania conferta, JacJcsonia scoparia, and Melaleuca leucodendron,
All these are very abundant. Eucalyptus corymlom is in thick
sandy places when the undergrowth is of shrubby young plants
or stunted plants of all the preceding species. Here also are
found small species of Hahea rohusta, a most valuable as well as
beautiful timber tree, which has been with the exception of the
saplings entirely cleared off the ground.
Wherever gravel from the river bed has been used along the
railway as ballast, there is a rather thick growth of Seshania
aculeata. The seeds of this plant are eaten by the natives. It
grows in all warm marshy places in Queensland. By many it is
thought that this'was the Nardoo which Burke and Wills thought
came from the spores of a Maisilea. It is hard to suppose that
any nourishment would be obtained from the spore-cases of the
latter plant or that the natives would use it. Besides this the
spore-cases are so few in number.
The Fungi noticed by me on the Burnett were not numerous,
but I may mention having found very fine specimens of Hexagon
crinigera, Fr., on a dead trunk of a tree in the forest. The pileus
is covered with a coarse growth of branched bristles. It was
considered rare in Queenslani^ and the specimens small, but I
found 20 or 30 together all over four inches in diameter. The
ground in the neighbourhood was as thickly strewn as it could
be with dead shells of Helix CunningTiami and S. Incei.
A tree held in great estimation here and not uncommon in the
forests, is the Myrtus gonoclada. The only drawback to it is that
the timber is so small, and the wood too hard to be worked with
BT THE REV. J. E. TENISOIs'-WOODS, F.G.S. 83
ordinary tools. But where small tough wood is required there is
nothing like it. It seems to me excellently adapted for wood
engraving.
I must not pass over the occurrence of one little plant, if it
were only to warn collectors to avoid it, and that is Tragia Nov(i&
Hollandi^, which like most species of the genus has very
annoying stinging properties like the common nettle. I mention
this as its stinging has been called in question by Dallachy. It
belongs to the Uiqjhorliaceoi and is a twining herb with small
leaves not easily noticed until its sting is felt. The species is
widely spread and very abundant in the scrubs. With it is
associated another Euphorbiaceous plant Ifallotus daoxyloides,
which gives such a peculiar smell to all the forests of the eastern
waters, from the endeavour Eiver in North Queensland to the
Richmond Eiver in New South Wales. Mallotus philipinnensis
is as abundant and extends to South China. The latter however
extends a good distance into the interior and far from forest scrubs.
Entada scandens or the large Queensland bean does not come
so far south as the Burnett river, nor Ahrus precatorins with its
beautiful scarlet seeds. But in place of them we have a twiner with
beautiful blue seeds, RJujncosia CunnmgTiamis This plant only
differs from the South American, M. phaseoloides in having a large
blue instead of a scarlet spot round the hilum. It is often seen
twining round Zantlwxylum hrachjacantlmm. I mention with
regard to this latter species that it is described as a slender tree,
but on the Burnett the trunk is thick and the tree large, being
very conspicuous for the stout conical thorns with which it is
covered.
Eemarks on some Fluviatile Shells of New South Wales.
By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.
A few days ago I received a small parcel of Fluviatile SheUs
from Mr. 0. S. Wilkinson, Government Geologist for identifica-
84 REMARKS ON SOME FLTJVIATILE SHELLS OF N. S. W.,
tion, the specimens having been collected by Mr. E. G-. Yickery,
District Surveyor of the Mining Department ; below I append
list of species.
1. Melania oncoides.
Melania oncoides, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. W.,
Vol. III., p. 5, 1878.
Mah. Starts Depot, Glen River, County Evelyn, also Darling
River near Wilcannia (U. G. Vichery.) Creeks near Bourke,
Darling River (James Ramsay.)
Owing to the very dried up state of the rivers and creeks for
some monthz past, many of the specimens have become quite
denuded of the periostracum ; the specimens that have lain in
the baked mud and not exposed to the sun's rays retain the
periostracum ; it is evidently a very common species in the wet
season. The type specimens in the Australian Museum are dead.
2. PaLUDINA subline ATA.
Paludina suUineata, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Philad., p.
11, 1850, American Journ. Conch., Yol. II., p. 79, pi. 1, fig. 8,
1866.
Hah. Darling River, near Wilcannia, Sturt's Depot, Glen
River, County Evelyn {E. G. Viclcery.) . Darling River, Australia
(Conrad.)
This species is easily determined by its very fine revolving lines
being closely arranged, but so minute as to be invisible without the
aid of a lens, very large specimens scarcely show it even with the
lens.
Specimens from Sturt's Depot, Glen River, measure in Alt.
28 ; breadth, greatest, 22 ; least 20 mill. ; small specimens from
same place, Alt. 10 ; breadth, greatest, 9 ; least 7 mill. Darling
River specimens, largest Alt. 23^; breadth, greatest, 19; least
15 mill ; next size specimens, Alt. 16; dreadth, greatest 15;
BY J. BEAZIER, C.M.Z.S. 85
least 12 mill. ; smallest specimens, Alt. 14 ; breadth, greatest 12 ;
least 10 mill.
3. Physa Newcombi.
Physa newcomhi, Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 416,
1863; Eeeve, Conch.. Icon., pi. iii., sp. 21.
Sal. Start's Depot, Glen Eiver, County of Evelyn, New
South Wales {E. G. Vichery). Mount Margaret, Central
Australia {F. G. Waterhouse).
The type specimens were obtained during Stuart's Exploration
of Australia in 1861—1862.
4. Unio NoviE Holland:^. ?
Unio Novm Hollandi(B, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 57, 1834.
Sah. Darling Eiver, New South Wales {E. G. Vicherij).
What I have before me for identification is three-quarters of
a valve of a very thick species bleached perfectly white, scaling
off in flakes with the point of a knife and showing nothing but a
pearly nacre ; until a few good examples turn up my identification
is doubtful.
5. Alasmodon Stuartii.
Unio {Alasmodon) stuarti, Adams and Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc,
p. 417, 1863. Eeeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 54, sp. 279, 1866. Anodon
Sttiarti, Sowbery in Eeeve's Conch. Icon., pi. 34, sp. 136, 1870.
Hah. Wittabrinna Creek, Sturt No. 7 Eiver, County Tongo-
woke, Albert District, New South Wales {K G, Vichery).
Lagoons, Mount Margaret, Central Australia {F. G. TFaterhotise) .
6. CORBICULA NePEANENSIS,
Cyclas Ne^eanensiSf Lesson, Yoy. Coq., Vol, 2, p. 428, pL 13,
fig. 14, 1830.
86 ON THE ZOOLOGY OF LOED HOWE's ISLAND,
Sal, Darling River near Wilcannia {E. G. Vickery). Nepean
Eiver {Lesson).
This is about one of the commonest Eresh Water bivalves we
have, it is found in nearly every river and small stream in New
South Wales. One specimen and two valves were obtained by
Mr. Yickery.
Notes on the Zoology of Lord Howe's Island.
By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., Curator of the Australian
Museum.
The Zoology of Lord Howe's Island has always been looked
upon with considerable interest by Naturalists. The fauna
blending as it were, types of two distinct Zoological Provinces,
the Australian and New Zealand Eegions. The attention of
some of our early Naturalists was drawn to this Island by finding
there, the now extinct "White Gallinule," then called (i^eJ^V^
alha), but which proves to be a species of Notornis. This bird
appears to have been first mentioned by Callam in 1783 and
afterwards in " Philipp's Voyage to Botany Bay," 1789, p. 160,
and again under the name of Gullinula alba, by White, in his
'' Voyage to New South Wales," 1790, p. 238. Furrher notices
of this bird will be found in Herr von Pelzeln's Paper, in the
" Ibis " 1871, p. 44 ; where its relation to the genus JVofortiis was
first pointed out, a good figure of it also will be found, in the
**Ibis," 1873, pi. X.
During the last three years I have made every exertion through
the settlers on the island, to ascertain if this bird still exists
there, but without effect. On one occasion ''Bed bills" were
reported to me by Capt. Armstrong as having been seen on the
hill side, but on my correspondent sending there nothing was
heard or seen of them. The only other largo land bird known,
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 87
and which still exists on the Island is the '' Wood Hen "
Ocydromics stjlvestris and of which I have recently seen specimens,
but this species also is fast becoming extinct, being easily
captured or killed. One pigeon only is now found — Chalcohaps
chrysochlora. Although numerous large birds of this family were
formerly said to exist there.
There seem to be no indigenous four footed Mammals. I
have heard of a Mus, but as yet none have come to hand ; and
two small Bats of the genus Scotophillus are all I have seen of the
order Cheiroptera.
Among some Geological specimens received from Mr, Berry,
who has, I believe, recently returned from the Island ; I found
a portion of the pelvis of a Turtle, the fossil was much water-
worn and encrusted with carbonate of lime, upon my making
this known, further search was made by other parties and I
believe other bones found, which I regret I did not see before
they left the colony. I believe the bone above referred to WiU
prove to belong to a large sea turtle, but from the only fragment
I have seen it would be very risky to draw any definite conclusions
respecting its genus. One Gecko, Gehyra oceanica, is all I have
seen of the Eeptilia.
I append a list of the Birds of the Island from which it will
be seen how closely its avifauna approaches that of New South
Wales on the one hand, and in two important particulars, that
of the New Zealand Eegion on the other. The genera found in the
New Zealand Eegion and not in the Australian, are JVbtorms,
Ocydromus, Aphnis, Merula ; all the other genera are represented
in New South Wales by the same or allied species ; there being
of the whole avifauna only 9 species as far as is at present known,
peculiar to the Island, the names of these are printed in larger
type.
88 ox THE ZOOLOGY OF LORD HOWE's ISLAND,
. ^ New
" ^ Zealand.
•s g
I- List of Birds found on Lord Howe's Isld. t
c^ <S m 9
O .*0 2 *«3
0) n a>
1. Merula vinitincta, Gould . . . . v-^
2. Aplonis fusctjs, Gould ii.
3. Myiagra plumbea, r«>. Sf Horsf
4. Ehipidura cervina, Ramsay -;;, ^.-^
5. Gerygone insularis, Ramsay . . . . ,y; :,.
6. Paclij^cepliala rufiventris, X«;^7i.
7. Pachycepliala gutturalis, Lath.
8. ZOSTEROPS STRENUUS, Gould v\4 *
9. ZosTEROPS tephropleurus, Gould. . . #
10. Cuculus flabelliformis, Lath .... *
IL Chalcites lucidus, (?>«? * *
12. Eurystomus pacificus ^^ *
13. Strepera crissalis, Sharpe ^
14. Halcyon vagans, Less -y^ ^
15. Ninox boobook, Z«^/i ^>
*16. Haliaster spbenurus, F«WZ/
*17. Haliaetus leucogaster, i«f/^
18. Chalcophaps chrysochlora
1 9. Hypotsenidia australis, PehlnX . . . . * v^
20. OcYDROMUs sYLVESTRis, Sclatcr . . . . # #
*21. Porpbyrio, melanotus # ^
22. NoTORXis alba, White. . . * ' ' * * *
23. Nycticorax caledonicus, Lath * *
24. Ardetta minuta, Linn h- ^
*25. Anas superciliosa, Gmel * #
26. Cinclus interpres, Linn * v-^
27. .^gialitis (bicinctus ?) y^U' * #
28. Charadrius xantbocbeilus, Gould. . . ~:^ ^
29. Limosa uropygialis, Gould * *
X This is Eallus pectoralis, of Gould's Bds. Aust,
N.S.
Wales.
#
*
*
*
*
*
#
*B"
*
;;:
*
#
*
#
•H-
*
*
*
*
*
V'?
^v;
*
*
*
* *
*
*
if-
'*
*
*
i{.
#
vVi
*
*
is-
s'^
*
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 89
m I New N. S.
•S ^ Zealand. Wales.
02
O
List of Birds found on Lord Howe's Isld. t.
« 2 '" 2 '«
0) ^ <D 9 <D
5^ 02 O 02 O CQ
30. Anous cinereus, Gould # sv^
31. Anous stolidus. Lath # *
32. Onyclioprion fuliginosa, Gmel # *
33. Phfeton phoenicurus, Gml * *
34. Procellaria sp .v; * *
On consulting the table it will be seen tbat, as I remarked
before, 9 species only are peculiar to the Island ; and when we
know more about the adjacent islands, Norfolk and Philipp
Islands, it will probably be found that some of these inhabit also
those Islands. Of the New Zealand region, although there is
only one species represented, of the important New Zealand
genera Notornis and Ocydromus, these, being birds of most limited
flight form a very important link. Some stress might be laid on
the occurrence of an Aplonis {A. fusctis), for it is only in the
most northern part of Australia that the allied genus — Calornis
is found, and that species (C. metalica) has evidently migrated
from the Malayan region, so that the genus Aplonis can hardly
be said to be Australian, the great stronghold of the genus being
the Fiji, and New Hebrides Islands, but it is also found on the
Fead Islands, [Aplonis feadensis), the Solomons and-South East
portion of New Gruinea [A. Cantoroides) besides other islands in
the Pacific.
The genus Merula is found throughout most of the islands of
the Pacific, each group having one or more peculiar species or
varieties, it extends from New Caledonia over the Fiji, Sandwich
and New Hebrides Islands, and recently I have received infor-
mation of a Jferula inhabiting the Solomon Islands. It is some-
what remarkable that while the genus Aferula is found so close
to Australia as on Lord Howe's Island, no species of the genus
has been recorded from the mainland, and from the close affinity
90 ON THE ZOOLOGY OF LORD HOWE's ISLAND,
of its fauna to that of New South Wales one would certainly
expect to find some trace of the genus left, but in all probability
the islands are the remains of a sunken Continent which had
never been connected with Australia.
It may be worthy of notice that 21 out of the 32 genera found
on Lord Howe's Island have also representatives in New Zealand
and there is not one genus peculiar to the Island ; moreover it
must be remembered that, Norfolk and Philipp Islands, not so
far off, were inhabited by a genus of Parrot {Nestor) now strictly
New Zealand.*
Of New South Wales species we find no less than 24 out of
34, and some of these are birds of weak flight, such as Pacliy-
cephala rujiventis, P. gutturalis, Myiagra ^lumlea. The occurrence
of a Strepera there, a strictly Australian genus is important.
The genera Gerygone and Pseiidogerygone are found in New
Caledonia, New Zealand, and as far north as New Guinea, the
great stronghold of the genus is New Guinea and Australia.
Rhipidara, Pachycephala and Zosterops are found all through the
S. S. Islands and New Guinea as well as Australia, the genera
Cuculus, Chalcites, Eurystomus, Halcyon, JSfinox, Haliastur,
Haliaetus, HypotcBnidea, JSfycticorax, Ardetta, Cinches, Zimosa,
Anous, Phceton, and Procellaria, are found throughout the greater
portion of the Southern, and some of them also in the Northern
Hemisphere-!
Since the above was written, one of the employees of the
Museum has returned from a visit to Lord Howe's Island made
on behalf of the Trustees, bringing with him a most interesting
collection on which I shall offer a few remarks in an early number
of this journal.
* I am glad to say we have still ia the Museum a specimen of the now-
extinct Philipp Island Parrot, Nestor productus^
t Reported only, as ytt I have not any specimens of them.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 91
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Dr. Cox exhibited specimens of a moth of the family Lithosiadae,
which he stated had made its appearance on the 20th February,
in enormous numbers, at his residence in Hunter Street.
The Hon. "William Macleay exhibited a very peculiar species
of fungus, which had been found growing in a tank at A.shfield,
pendent from dry bricks.
Dr. Cox exhibited copies of " White's Voyage to New South
AVales, 1790," and ^'Philipps' Voyage."
Mr. Brazier exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Bailey, of Melbourne,
Victoria, a reversed specimen of Triton quoyi, Keeve ; also
JBuUmus loyaltyensis, from Mare, Loyalty Islands.
Mr. E-amsay exhibited specimens of silicified rock with tertiary
leaves and porphyritic granite, received from Mr. Steel. The
specimens were found near the mouth of the Richmond Eiver.
Professor Stephens exhibited two species of fossil land shells,
a Bulimus and Helix from Kent's Group, Bass' Straits.
-♦ ♦»
WEDNESDAY, 29th MARCH, 1882.
The President J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., &c., in the Chair.
MEMBERS ELECTED,
The Rev. James Kennedy, St. Leonards.
Alex. Q-. Ralston, B.A., Ashfield.
D. H. Campbell, Esq., Cunningham Plains.
John Clark, Esq., Murrumbidgee.
The Rev. C. Kalchbrenner, of Wallendorf, Hungar}-, and
William Mitten, A.L.S., Sussex, England, were elected Corres-
ponding Members.
\'-
92 DONATIONS.
DONATIONS.
From the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria, ''Southern
Science Kecord," Nos. 1 to 13, and vol. ii., No. 2.
" Memoires de la Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et
Mathematiques de Cherbourg, Tome xxii., et Catalogue de la
Bibliotheque, Premiere Partie." From the Society.
From the Linnean Society, London — "Journal of Botany,
Nos. 109 to 113: Zoology, Nos. 84 and 85: List of Members
and Council.
From the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,
Cambridge Mass., " Bulletin, vol. ix., Nos. 1 to 5 ; also " Annual
Beport of the Curator."
'' Jahresbericht des Vereins fiir Naturwissenschaft zu
Braunschweig fiir das Geschaftsjahr, 1880-81." From the Society.
''Annual Peport of the School of Mines, Ballarat, for the
year 1881." From the Directors.
Journal and Proceedings of the Poyal Society of Tasmania
for 1880. From the Society.
New Catalogue of the Public Library of Victoria, vols. 1 and 2
complete. From the Trustees.
Proceedings and Peport of the Poyal Society of London,
Nos. 206 to 213. From the Society.
Transactions, Proceeding, and Peport of the Poyal Society of
South Australia, vol. iv., 1880-82. From the Society.
From the Pev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., &c. : " (Euvres
d' Histoire Naturelle et de Philosophile de Charles Bonnet,"
tomes 1 a 8, 4to, 1879a 1783; "Astronomical and Meteoro-
logical Observations made during the year 1874, at the United
States Naval Observatory " ; " Donnegan's Greek Lexicon."
93
PAPEBS READ.
Ox A NEW Species of Stomopneustes and a new Variety of
HiPPONOE yariegata.
By the Eey. J. E. Tenison-Wgods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
[Plates YI. and YII.]
Hitherto there has been only one species o£ Stomopneustes
known, and I formerly believed our Australian species to be
identical with it. Under this impression I classifiod the only
specimen I had ever seen as Stomopneustes variolaris, Lamark.
See Proceedings Linnean Society, N. S. Wales, Vol. 2 (1877-78),
p. 156. In Vol. 5 of the same Proceedings I gave my reasons
for regarding the species as distinct (see p. 198), and distinguished
it by the name of 8. atrapurpurea. I there stated that it is very
common on the N. E. coast within the tropics. I now figure the
species and give the following diagnosis : —
Stomopneustes atrapurpurea, n, s., Plate 6.
Test circular or obscurely pentangular, in large and old
specimens eccentric, of a pale brownish pink colour with darker
purple stains. Poriferous zone slightly undulating, rather
narrow, the inner or third row on each line separated by a line
of secondary tubercles. Ambulacral and interambulacral areas
thickly covered with primary, secondary, and miliary tubercles,
the latter arranged in rings around the primaries. Ambulacral
area with two rows of primary tubercles, bordered on each side
by a row of secondaries, which alternate in size, being larger
^vhen they are opposite spaces between the primaries, and smaller
when they are beside them. In the middle of the area there is a
deep undulating groove bordered bj a line of miliaries. This
groove is continuous from the anal system to the actinosome.
Interambulacral area with two rows of primary tubercles with
irregularly scattered secondaries, the primaries heiiig slightly
smaller than those of the A. areas. Mammary bosses hemispherical
94 ON A NEW SPECIES OF STOMOPNEUSTES, ETC.
and somewliat depressed, enamelled. Scrobicular area large
elevated. Actinal surface flattening suddenly and conspicuously
from tlie ambitus, and the tubercles thereon nearly uniform and
gradually diminishing in size and number to the actinosome,
which is of medium size, with the notches hroad and rather deep.
Auricles small, arch complete with a square summit and a
somewhat oval or perfectly round foramen. Lantern tall, arches
stout, and solid, teeth narrow, rather long, acute. Anal system
small pentagonal. Genital plates, large, irregularly quadrate,
with the pore large, subcentral or a tendency towards the outer
edge. Ocular plates small subquadrate. Both kind of plates
with secondary and miliary tubercles. Madreporic body large,
somewhat elevated, broadly heart-shaped, pore quite on the outer
edge, with scattered miliaries. Inner plates numerous, decreasing
in size to an eccentric depression. Spines numerous ; of almost
hlach purple color, blunt, slender, but somewhat swollen in the
centre, very finely grooved longitudinally. Miliary ring con-
spicuous but of uniform color. The secondary and miliary spines
cylindrical.
The diflerence between this species and S, variolaris are :
1. The size, it being twice and a half times larger. 2. The color.
3. The disposition of the tubercles. 4. The size of the anal
system. 5. The form of the genital, ocular, and madreform
plates. 6. Actinal cuts. 7. The groove, which is less waved.
I have in this diagnosis marked the special differences in italics.
In page 198, Yol. v., Lin. Soc. N. S. Wales Proc, the specific
name is misspelt atropurpurea.
HiPPONOE VARIEGATA, Leshc, var. alha noh's, Plate 7.
I here figure a small and very interesting variety of this most
variable species, in which the spines are small and slender, and
the color white, with the test a rose pink. Usually in the tropics
the color is pale violet almost approaching blue. In Sydney,
if we are to regard the species as the same, the size is very much
larger, and the test a deep purple brown.
BY THE EEY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., 95
On YAEIOTIS DEPOSITS OF POSSIL PlANTS IN QUEENSLAND.
By the Key. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., P.L.S., &c.
Attention has been called at various times and by different
Geologists to the carbonaceous deposits and the included plant
remains in Queensland. They have generally been referred to
two horizons, namely the Newcastle series and those of the so-
called Mesozoic carbonaceous formations as seen in the Ipswich
coal beds, the Clarence Biver series, and those of Jerusalem in
Tasmania. The Newcastle series arc found at the Bowen Biver
coal beds in Queensland in the upper or freshwater series. The
middle or marine series are also found at Bowen, and in the coal
beds of the Dawson Eiver. These are in Lat 23^ and were in
1844, discovered by Leichhardt. All these formations are
characterized by certain fossils, such as Glossopteris JBrowniana
in the lower formation and Thinnfeldia odontopteroicles in the
upper or Mesozoic.
In addition to these deposits I have to chronicle the following :
1 . Coal beds in Cooktown with plant remains the only ones of
which I could be certain were leaves of Phyllotheca [indica ?).
This plant which is referred to the Equisetse is found in both the
upper and lower formations. It has also a wide range, being
found in the Coal formation of India, Africa, and Europe.
2. Coal beds on the Central Eailway about 130 miles west of
Bockhampton. The coal is bad and full of sulphur. None of
the plant remains could be identified.
3. Coal beds on the Burnett Eiver. Five seams of very jet-
like coal have been discovered on the Burnett at about 24 miles
from the coast. I visited them shortly after their discovery. I
venture to think that other valuable seams will be found in the
neighbourhood. The plant remains were leaves of Fhyllotheca
{indica ^), Zeugophjllites elongatiiSy and probably Thinnfeldia
odontopteroides.. Further down the river there is an exposed section
96 ON YARIOUS DEPOSITS OP FOSSIL FLANTS IN QUEENSLAND,
which I did not see. But fossil plants were brought to me with
impressions of a Sphenopteris which I do not think has been
described. The whole of these beds and those of Ipswich are
distinguished by fossil impressions of a very broad and long leaf
with parallel veins and no distinct mid rib. At present I do not
attempt to refer it to any order.
4. Burrum Eiver coal beds. These are about 30 miles south
of those on the Burnett Eiver or half way between Bundaberg
and Maryborough. There are several seams. The coal is much
like that of the Burnett and inclined at the same angle, but their
relative positions have not been ascertained. I recognised some
long narrow leaves with parallel veins amongst the plant im-
pressions, and something like Zeugophyllites elongatus.. Mr. A.
C. Gregory informs me that he found Glossopteris amongst the
plant impressions, but the shale was so friable that it fell to
pieces and the impressions were destroyed.
5. Eosewood Station about 25 miles west of EockhamjJton.
This is a formntion of sandstone and a grit of fine waterworn
gravel. There is no trace of coal or even dark coloured shale
yet every fragment of stone is covered with plant impressions in
the most beautiful state of preservation. There seems to be but
one or two species amongst them all. One is the broad leaved
plant with parallel veins already referred to. The other a fern
much like one found in abundance in the Clifton coal seam on
the Darling Downs. All the fossils are more or less stained with
per-oxide of iron. A more detailed account of this interesting
formation will be given on a future occasion.
6. The Clifton coal seam, on the Darling Downs, about half-
way between Toowoomba and "Warwick. I have never seen a
good collection of fossils from this place, and as the workings
are now abandoned I could not obtain any on the spot. The
only ferns I saw were as just mentioned, a form which is very
like the one so common at Eosewood.
BY THE REV. J. E. TENISOX-WOODS, F.G.S. 97
7. Coal beds near Peak Mountain, near tlie Fassifern line of
railway, and about 20 miles from Ipswich. This is an outcrop,
which has been cut through by a volcanic dyke and destroyed.
There are many remains of fossil plants and much Siderite. The
fossils are of a dark ferruginous color without any carbonaceous
matter. The ferns were extremely like Rhacopteris, but await
examination. If they belong to that genus, this would indicate
a much lower horizon than any beds hitherto found in Queensland.
8. Plant beds in the Eosewood Scrub, about 10 miles from
Ipswich. These appear to be quite unconnected with any coal
formation, and I should say are of tertiary age. They consist
of fragments of palms, and other endogenous plants, with a few
ferns. They are imbedded in an extremely hard silico-f erruginous
cement. I have not visited the locality, but from the abundance
of the fossils brought to me, it must be an extensive and rich
deposit.
9. Plant beds on the Darling Downs, near Toowoomba. This
deposit is somewhat like that last mentioned, except that ferns
are more abundant. I should think it was older. The cement
is much mere ferruginous and of a darker color, probably
including a good deal of carbonaceous matter. I have not
visited this locality. The specimens came from some portions
of the volcanic rocks of the Darling Downs, and probably they
have been entombed under some ash bed or basaltic overflow.
The whole of these different deposits have afforded me an
extremely rich collection of vegetable remains, which are now
under examination. I have refrained from speaking positively
of the character of any species until the specimens have
undergone the most careful comparisons and revision. As far
as I have gone I am inclined to the belief that no very clear line
of separation can be made between the coal beds of Newcastle
and Queensland. They are I believe the lower and upper
members of one immense formation, extending over a long period
98 EECOEDS OF XEW LOCALITIES OF POLYNESIA:!! MOSSES,
of geologic time. At present the Newcastle beds are regarded
as Paleozoic, and the Ipswich beds as mesozoic. I cannot find
any such clearly marked distinction. Many fossils are common
to both deposits. The Ipswich coals are very rich in fossils,
more rich and in better preservation than those of Newcastle.
Yet strangely enough only seven species are recorded. On such
slender materials it was hardly to be expected that satisfactory
and final conclusions could be arrived at. Dr. Feistmantel's
careful work has cleared the wa}-, and made the work much more
easy to local paleontologists. His complete figures and the
number of them leaves nothing ambiguous or unsatisfactory.
All Australian geologists will owe him a debt of gratitude, for
his industry and zeal in the cause of our coal floras.
Record of xew localities of Polynesian Mosses, with
descriptions of some hitherto undefined species.
By William: Mitten, F.L.S.
[When lately, on my request, the leading British Bryologist,
Mr. W. Mitten, was induced to write a list of all known
Australian Mosses, he noted also a number of Polynesian
species, new either for science or for localities. These valuable
manuscripts being placed unreservedly at my disposal, I beg now
on his behalf to offer the Polynesian portion of his notes to the
Linnean Society of New South Wales. As Port Jackson is that
harbour in Australia from which communications with the South
Sea Islands most extensively proceed, it will be easier for the
Sydney Naturalists than for others, to see these searches for
mosses followed up. The large bryologic collections formed by
the Pev. Th. Powell in Samoa, and elaborated likewise by Mr.
Mitten, lead us to anticipate that great riches of these kinds
might also be gathered yet in many others of the island groups
of the Pacific Ocean. The several mosses now recorded from
1;Y WILLI A.M MITTEN, F.L S. 99
the collections of Mr. Sti'ange, have a melancholy interest, as
emanating from a Naturalist, whose home was in the metropolis
of New South Wales, and whose last exploit terminated in the
greatest of sadness. — Ferd. vox Mueller.]
OcTOBLEPnARUM, Hedioig.
0. sanctum, Hampe.
Aneitum, Milne.
SYRRHoroDON, Schcegrichen. ,
S. tenellum, 0. Muell, in Bot. Zeist., 1S57, 777.
Isle of Pines, Cuming.
S. alho-vaginatum, Schw.
Isle of Pines, Strange.
Thyridium. Mitten.
TJi. suhfasciculatiim, Hampe, (Codonoblepharum) in Linnsea,
1876, 303.
Tuo-Kuro Island.
Calymperes, Bridel.
G. Taitensis, Sullivant, in Amer. Expl. Exp , t. 4 (Syrrhopodon).
Aneitum, Milne.
Leiostoma, Mitten.
L. hr achy podium^ C. Mueller.
Isle of Pines.
L. Tongeme, Sull., in Amer. Expl. Exp. t. 5.
Isle of Pines (also Howe's Island).
Ehizogoxixtm, Bridel,
{Pyrrholryum, Mitt.)
100 RECORD OF NEW LOCALITIES OF POLYNESIAN MOSSES,
Rh. setosum, Mitt., in Seem. Fl. Vict., 384.
Aneitum.
Ehacopilum, Bridel.
Rh. spedahile, Heinward and Hornsetuch.
Ovven Stanley's Eange, New Guinea ; Eev. J. Chalmers.
Rh. convolutaceum, C. Muell.
Isle of Pines ; Strange (also Australia).
DisTiCHOPHYLLUM, Dozij ^ Molkmleer.
{Miniadelphus, C. Mueller.)
J), capillatum, Mitten.
Caulis gracilis ruber; folia lateralia patula oblongo-ovalia,
intermedia breviora. omnia flexuosa et apice in pilum tenuem
acuminata, nervo tenui medio evanido ad marginem anguste
limbata, integerrima, cellulis parvis rotundis pellucidis areolata
Aneitum, Strange.
D. cuspidato simile.
Spiridens, Nees ah Esenheck.
Sp. flagellosus, Scbimper, in Nov. Act. 33, t. 4.
Aneitum, Milne ; Isle of Pines, Strange.
Oedicladium, Mitten.
0. purpuratiim, Mitt., in Seem. Fl. Yit. 393.
Aneitum, Milne.
Endotrichella, C. Mueller.
E. Camplelliana, Hampe.
Aneitum, F. A. Campbell.
Br WILLIAM MITTEN, F.L.S. 101
E. pulchra, Mitten.
Eami simplices ; folia dense inserta, compressii lateralia
patentia, oblongo-lanceolata, concava, pluries plicata, apice
excavata, acumine curvato terminata, ad margines superiores
serrulata, nervis binis brevibusprcedita, cellulis augustis elongatis
areolata ; pericliajtialia parva, erecta, ad apicem subito brevi-
apiculata; theca in pedunculo a3quilongo inclinata, ovali-
cylinrlracea, operculum brevi-rostratum.
Owen Stanley's Eange, New Guinea, Eev. J. Chalmers.
. Bami 4-8 centim. longi cum foliis 7 mm. lati. Folia nitida.
Braithwaitea, Linclherg.
{Bendro-Leslcea, Hampe.)
By. ariorescens, Mitten.
Aneitum, Milne.
PoROTRiciiUM, Bridel.
[Leiopliyllum, C. Muell.)
P. dendroides, Hook, Musci exot. t. Ixix., sub Neckera. P. inter-
medium, Augstroem in Hedwigia, 1875, 61 (Omalia).
Isle of Pines, Strange.
Thamnium, Schimper.
Th. Aneitense, Mitt, in Seem. Fl. Vit., 397.
Aneitum, Milne.
Ehaphidorrhynchum, Schimper.
Rh. contiguum, J. Hook. & Wils. in Fl. Tasm., ii., 213. Rh. sub-
homomallum, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit., 1857, 781.
Isle of Pines, Milne, Strange.
Rh. Borhonictim, Belanger.
Isle of Pines, Strange.
102 EECOED OF NEW LOCALITIES OF POLTNESIAN MOSSES,
AcANTHOCLADiuM, Mitten.
{Acanthodium, Mitt., olim.)
Ac. Stravgei, Mitt. & F. v. M.
Folia (e medio caulis primaris) ovata, subulato-acuminata ;
ramea ovato-lanceolata, margine superne serrulata, cellulis
oblongis areolata ; seta biuncialis ; theca arcuata, inclinata,
oblonga, subborizontalis.
Isle of Pines, Strange.
A. frimegisto similis. Color stramineus, hand nitens.
Ac. pedimculatum. Mitten.
Folia (e caulis primaris medio) ovato-lanceolata ; subulato-
angustata, subintegerrima ; ramea compressa, nitida, oblongo-
lanceolata, apice obtusiuscula, marginibus superioribus acute
denticulata, cellulis elongatis areolata ; pericha3tium subbasilare,
foliis erectis longe angustissimeque attenuatis formatum ;
pedunculus fere triuncialis ; theca ovalis, subsequalis, nutans.
Aneitum, Milne.
A. rigido simillimum.
Entodox, C. Mueller.
E. pallidum, Mitt., in Seem. Fl. Yit. 398.
Isle of Pines ; Milne, Strange.
E. Aneitense, Mitten.
Folia ovata vel ovato-lanceolata in apicibus ramorum apertis.
Aneitum ; Milne.
IsoPTERYoiUM, Mittcn.
Is. suhmicrothecuni, C. Muell., in Bot. Zeit., 1857, 781.
Isle of Pines ; Cuming.
BY WILLIAM MITTEN", F.L.S. 103
EcTnoroTiiECiUM, Mitten.
E. Sandwichense, Hooker.
Isle of Pines, Strange.
Hypxodexdrox, C. Mueller.
H. Ifihrn, Mitt., in Seem. Fl. Yit. 401.
Aneitum, Milne.
jff". rigidum, Mitt., in Seem. Fl. Yit. 401.
Aneitum, Milne.
S. ijolmeum, Mitten.
Stipes radicellis fuscis brevibus obtectus, ramis approximatis
pinnato divisis comam rotundatam f ormans ; folia stipitis ad
basim auriculata, bastata, sensim lanciformi acuminata, nervo
tenui excurrente praedita, margine auricularum crenulata, apicem
versus subintegerrima ; folia ramea ovato-lanceolata, nervo tenui
percursa, margine serrulata, cellulis elongatis angustis areolata.
Statura adspertuque ^, fasco-mucronati, (C. Muell. in Bot.
Zeit. 1862). Stipes uncialis. Diametrus comse circiter f— 1
uncialis.
S. Chalmersii, Mitten.
Stipes eradiculosus, foliis appressis lanceolate subulatis tenui
nervatis, margine remote serrulatis obtectus ; rami recti curvati
que simplices divisive in comam densamdispositi ; folia compressa ;
lateralia patentia, parum majora ovata, acuta, nervo dorso dentato
percursa, margine denticulata, cellulis elongatis areolata.
Owen Stanley's Eange, New Guinea ; Eev. J. Chalmers.
Stipes biuncialis ; coma unciam sesque unciamve lata. Color
pallide fusco-viridis.
104 DEFINITIONS OF SOME NEW AUSTEALIAN FUNGI,
Thuidium, Schmper.
Th. Cainphellianum, Hampe.
New Hebrides, F. A. Campbell.
Dawsonia, jS. Brown.
D. superha, Greville.
Owen Stanley's Eange, New Gruinea, Eev. J. Chalmers.
rThese have not yet been obtained in fruit ; the foHage seems
slightly different from that of the typical Australian species ;
hence I had distributed this grand moss as JD. Papucma. —
F.v.M.]
Definitions of some new Australian Fungi.
By the Rev. C. Kalchbrenner.
Agaricus {Lepiota) rJiytipelta, F. v. Mueller.
Pileo carnoso, ovato-campanulato, primum umbrino, in umbone
glabro, dein peripheriam versus in squamas validas dissumpente
subquibus albo sericeo-striato ; stipite subaequali basi bulbiformi
dilatato, glabro, albo, deorsum fuscescente ; annulo mobili
membraneo, persistente ; lamellis liberis, ventricosis, latis, sub-
confertis.
Lake Muir, Thomas Muir ; Muellersville, near Eockhampton,
Madame Thozet ; Western Port, Miss M. Lewellin. Habitus
Ag. -^ypeslaris (Bulliard), sed major et annulus mobilis. Pile us
1-1^ uncias latus; stipes 3-4 uncias longus, 2-3 lineas crassus.
Agaricus {Mycena) acutatus, Kalchbr. & F. v. M.
Ab. A. filopede (Bulliard) cui proximus, conspicue differt pileo
atro-cinereo, conico, acuto, 3 lineas alto, 2 lineas lato, stipite
filiformi ad 4-5 pollices elongato, pallido.
Western Port, Miss M. Lewellin.
BY THE REA'. C. KALCHliRENNER. 105-
Agaricus ( Omphalia) glaucescens Kalchbrenner.
Pusillus, pileo infundibulari ; margine parum reflexo, 2-3-
lineas lato, glauco (grey sagegreen) ; stipite filifornii laxo^-1
pollicem longo. cum lamellis decurrentibus angustis siibconfertis
flavo-virente.
AVestern Port, Miss M. Lewellin.
Hygropliorus gilvus, Kalchbrenner.
Statura Hygr. Yirginei (Fries), and totus fungus aurantio-
gilvus, ultra pollicem longus, pileo umbilicato, dein infundibulari,
3-4 lineas lato, stipite pallidiore sursum incrassato cum lamellis in
conum decurrente.
Western Port, Miss M. Tjewellin.
Cum H. coccineo (Fries) ob lamellas longe decurrentes non
conjugendus.
Hygropliorus {Hijgrooghe) LewelliMce, Kalchbrenner.
Totus lilacinus, ad pilei umbilicum saturatior, ad stipitis basim
dilutior ; pileo convexo leviter umbilicato, demum revoluto et
fissili, sesqui-unciam et ultra lato ; stipite fistuloso, a3quali, nudo,
\h uncias longo, 2-3 lineas crasso ; lamellis adnexis ventricosis,
latiusculis, subdistantibus.
Western Port, Miss M. Lewellin. Fungus perelegans.
Clavaria Kaldihrenneri, F. v. Mueller.
Tenuis, pallide luteo-aurantia, subcsespitosa ; trunco tenui,
nudo ; ramis brevibus, acutis, dichotomis aut fasciculatis.
Western Port, Miss M. Lewellin.
Inter CI. flaccidam et CI. croceam media.
Clavaria lurida, Kalchbrenner.
V^
100 SPECIES OF GALAXIAS FOUND IN THE AUSTRALIAN ALPS,
Caespitosa, ramosissima, sordide albida : trunco tenui ; ramis
ramulisque congestis, elongatis, acutis, siccitate fuscescentibus
et subfiliformibus.
Western Port, Miss M. Lewellin.
Polyporus [Pleuropus) Strajigerii, F. v. Mueller.
Pileo suberoso-coriaceo, eumorpho, reniformi, convexo, sub-
umbilicato, azono, impolite, unbrino-nigrescente ; stipite brevi
cylindrico incurvo incrustato undique nigro ; poris minimis,
rotundis, obtusis, cum substantia pilei niveis.
E-iverina, C. F. Stranger, Esq.
Pol. melanopodi (Fries) proximus. Pileus 1-1-^- pollices latus,
1-2 lineas crassus, margin e acuto incurvus. Stipes vix 3 lineas
longus, 2 lineas crassus, basi in discum dilatatus.
Wallendorf, December, 1881.
On A Species of Galaxim found in the Australian Alps.
By William Macleat, F.L.S., &c.
I received from Baron von Mueller a few days ago, two
specimens of a small fish which inhabits the icy ponds of the
snowy range in the neighbourhood of Mt. Kosciusko. The
Baron writes as follows: ''I saw the same little creature in
several of the waters high up in the Al^os, during my exploration
of the Snowy Mountains in 1853-4, and 1855, and again in later
years when travelling, but I was in the then pathless alpine
regions, unable to preserve zoological specimens. When in
1874, I for the second time ascended Mt. Kosciusco, I saw this
species of fish again in the little glacier ponds, but missed
catching any, my time being so much occupied, during my brief
stay on the snowy summit, in the pursuit of plants."
BY W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 107
The two specimens hot sent me were captured by S. Findlay,
Esq., J. P., on Mt. Kosciusko a short time ago, and in accordance
with the learned Baron's expressed wish, I dedicate the species
to its finder.
Galaxias Fixdlaa'i, n. sp.
D. 9, A. 12, P. 14, V. 7, C. 16.
The height of the body is about one-tenth of the total length,
and the length of the head about one-fifth of the same. Head
blunt and rounded in front, the space between the eyes broad
and nearlj'- flat; eyes small ; the cleft of the mouth reaching to
beneath the front margin of the eye ; teeth minute in the jaws,
and two rows of similar small teeth on each side of the vomerine
ridge. There are numerous pores on the head. The length of
the pectoral fin is less than the distance between its extremity
and the ventral fin, and the length of the ventrals is less than
their distance from the vent ; the dorsal fin is situated almost
entirely in front of the anal ; the caudal is rather long and
emarginate, a fold of skin joining it above and below to the
body — the upper fold largest, but in neither case extending to
the vertical fins, which are distant from the tail. A distinct
anal papilla. Colour in sprits yellowish brown, the back densely
speckled with very minute brownish dots, taking the form of
very indistinct fasciae.
Both specimens are small — the largest not exceeding three
inches in length, —and are evidently immature. In a paper
contributed by me to our Proceedings, Yol. v , p. 45, in describing
another species of this genus from the head waters of the Colo
Eiver at Mt. Wilson, I point out the probability of fishes of
this kind being abundant and probably of considerably size in
the cold streams of the Snowy Mountains. In the same paper I
gave a list of all the genus then known, with remarks on the
peculiarities of the family. These consist of, first, the perfect
108 SPECTES or GALAXTAS FOUND IX THE AUSTEALIAT^" ALPS,
isolation of the group, there seemingly being no relationship with
any other family of fishes, unless the remarkable Mud Fish of
New Zealand [NeochanncC) forms an exception. The species are
numerous, but so much alike, that it is, looking at their distribu-
tion, more than probable that they are one and all only per-
manent local varieties of the same fish.
But the chief interest attached to these fishes is in their
distribution. They are found only in the rivers of Southern
Chili, Magellan Straits, the Falkland Islands, Tasmania, New
Zealand, and those parts of Australia where the rivers take
their rise in the Snowy Mountains or in cold elevated table lands.
So that in fact we find this singular fish in all the lands which
extend into the colder regions of the Southern Pacific and
nowhere else. The deduction from this singular fact is very
plain. At one period, — probabl}^ very remote even in a geological
sense, — the area of land above the sea in the antarctic regions
must have been very much in excess of what it is at present, at
all events sufficiently extended to admit of some kind of
continuity across the whole width of the Pacific between the
southern extremity of South America and Australia. There is
no other way of accounting for the appearance of these fishes in
such widely difiterent localities.
There are other instances of similarity in the Fauna of South
America and Australia, and Professor Hutton several years ago
in an essay, '' On the Geographical relations of the New Zealand
Fauna," (N. Z. Instit. Trans., vol. 5.) showed from the distribu-
tion of the Struthious birds in the Southern Hemisphere that
there must formerly have existed a huge Antarctic Continent,
connecting South America, South Africa and Australia. What
has become of this gigantic continent ? The Geologist's answer
will of course be that it has sunk, and such a theory is a most
convenient one, as it at once gets rid of all troublesome questions
as to the How and the Why. I think it however, more likely and
BY W. MACLEAT, P L.S. 109
mucli more intelligent, that it has been submerged by the gradual
filling up of the sea during the break up of the glacial period.
Mr. Belt, the author of '' The Naturalist in Nicaragua," was I
believe, the first to suggest the melting of the ice at the end of the
glacial period as accounting for the disappearance of large masses
of land beneath the sea. He pointed out that the gradual accumul-
ation of the waters of the earth during the long glacial period, on
the land in the shape of glaciers, must have to that amount
decreased the volume of the sea, and consequently increased the
extent of dry land. He calculates, the addition to the depth of
the sea, by the break up of the glacial period at 2,000 feet, and
he shows, the very considerable area of the present Atlantic
Ocean which must have been dry land up to that time.
A mere rise in the ocean of 2,000 feet would not, however,
account for the submergence of such a vast continent as has
disappeared in the South Pacific, but if we suppose a difference
of level of 1,000 fathoms, the result would be very different.
Is the estimate of 1,000 fathoms as the increased depth of the
sea at the end of the glacial period excessive or impossible ? I
think not. Of course if we take the proportions of land and
water as they appear at present, it would seem impossible that
such a mass of ice as this supposition would involve could ever
have been heaped up on the land as it is now, but the lowering
of the level of the sea by even a few hundred feet would largely
increase the area of dry land, and a lowering of, as I suppose,
1,000 fathoms would reduce the sea to very small limits, and
leave a very preponderating extent of dry land for the storage
of ice. It strikes me that Mr. Belt's theory is worthy of more
consideration than has been generally given to it. It gives a
probable and intelligible reason for the submersion of whole
continents, whereas the subsidence theory gives none.
110 ' ox APOGON GUNTHERI OF CASTELNAV,
Notes ox Apogo7i Guntheri, of Castelxau, axd descriptioxs
OF T'^o New Fishes from NS.W.
By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., &c.
Finding that this species has been very meagrely described, I
beg to offer a few detail notes on the subject.
Apogox i^Apogonicthys) Gijxtheri, Casteln.
D. 7-i. A. n. P. 12-19. V. i.
Lat. line 26 ; the last scale elongated and with a row of 5 pores
on either side and one large pore at apex.
Z. Transverse, 3 above, 8 below lateral line between soft dorsal
and anal ; on the tail 2 above, 3 below the lateral line.
First dorsal spine small, the third and fourth about equal and
longest, much curved backwards, situated in a line with the
pectoral and the ventrals.
Teeth on both jaws, and in a narrow band on either side of the
palate, minute, viliform ; the maxillary reaches past the centre
of the eye, the mouth very wide, preoperculum serrated, no
serrations on the operculum, the length of the head equals the
height between the root of the pectoral and the first ventral
spine (a little less in the female distended with eggs}, and is three
times in the total length, the length of the pectoral is a little
longer than half the length of the head ; the length of the snout
about two-thirds the diameter of the eye ; eye large, greater than
the interorbital space which is slightly elevated and rounded.
Colour uniform dark or light olive brown, golden brown on the
head. From a specimen dredged off Ball's Head, 17 fathoms,
mud bottom. Port Jackson.
Mr. Macleay is of opinion that this Apogon Gimthcrl of
Castelnau, will prove to be A. novcd-hollancUcB of Valenciennes,
(seeP.L.S. of N.S.W., 1881).
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. Ill
Sykgnathus cixctus, sp. nov.
D. 23. Osseus rings 17 ^+ 40.
Body rings 17, withont the head. Caudal 40. Pouch extend-
ing over 14 caudal rings. Dorsal fin of 23 rays, 3 on the five
first caudal rings, anal fin distinct. The operculum without a
ridge, the snout equals the length of the head from centre of the
orbit, and 1^ diameters of the orbit; a deep narrow groove
between the orbital ridges, a narrow, short sharp ridge in front
on the forehead behind the orbits on the head but not extending
on the neck ring. A small tubercle on the orbital ridge but no
filament over the eye. The length of the head and snout is from
8*^ to 8| in the total length. The tail is 1 1 of the trunk, with
the head. Each of the dorsal and ventral ridges on the last two
osseous caudal rings, end in 3 or 4 sharp spiniform tubercles or
serrations.
The rings which support the pouch are dilated on the outer
margins, the lateral ridge ends abruptly on the third caudal ring,
the height of the dorsal rings equals their width on the ventral
surface, the width across their dorsal surface is about 1^ less.
The colour varies from light grey to dark olive brown, the body
with blackish bands, the caudal portion with spots ; round the
operculum except on its upper border is a white line margined
with black, and there are a few white streaks on the throat, and
six transverse white marks on the lower surface of the snout.
In a young female the lateral margins are not serrated on the
last two osseous rings, as in the male.
Dredged in 17 fathoms. Port Jackson.
SOLEA ELUYIATILIS, S^) . IIOV.
D. 65 to 66. A. 50 to 52. Y. 5. C. 18.
Eyes small, on the right side, the upper very slightly in advance
of the lower ; the straight portion of the lateral line commences
112 DESCRIPTIOJT OF FIJIAX BIRDS EGGS,
at about three rows of scales beliind the eye, its upper branch at
1 1 scales, and the lower branch at about 8 scales from the lower
«ye ; the lateral line extends over 120 scales from the upper
branch to the tail; no pectoral fins; body scales with 8 to 10
spines ; width of the interorbital space less than the diameter of
the eye ; mouth very small, opening to below the centre of the
orbit. The greatest height is about the centre of the body, and
is 2i in the total length, without caudal ; the head is five times
in the same, without caudal, and 2^ times in the height. The
breadth of the tail at the base is 1 j times in its length. Colour
light brown, covered with irregular wavy narrow transverse bands
of a dark tint, 35 or more in number, with irregular interspaces,
some of the lines confluent, others in regular waves. Length of
specimen 3 inches, without caudal; tail 0"6 inch.
Sab. Freshwater, Hunter Eiver.
This specimen was presented to the Museum by His Honor
Judge Windeyer, in 1875. Type in the Australian Museum.
Description of the Eggs of Five Species of Fijian Birds.
By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.
My friend. Mr. A. Boyd, has forwarded me some rare eggs of
Fijian birds, which I believe have not hitherto been described.
1. ViTiA RXJFiCAPALLA, Ramsay.
(Drymochsera badiceps, Finsch.)
The Qg^ of this interesting species is of a rich chocolate red,
uniform in tint, and a little brighter than those of Ghthonicola
sagittata, which they resemble. Length, 0-75 in. ; breadth, 0'55
in. The form is of a long oval. The nest is a dome-shaped
structure of grasses, &c., not unlike that of some of the Sericortiis,
of the section to which S. pontalis belongs. The eggs are two
in number.
EY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 113
2. Procellaria aleogularis, Finsch.
I think if tlie adults of Procellaria CooJcii be compared with
the P. (dhogularis of Dr. Finsch, they will be found to be
identical. Mr. A. Boyd, of Waidau, Fiji, informs me " that this
species breeds during the months of May and June, in the thick
forests in high mountain tops, digging a hole in the earth in a
slanting direction, about two feet in length, and lay one, but
sometimes two eggs at the end of the burrow, without making
any other preparation for their reception, I found them common
on Miiani vatu, the highest peak in the interior of Viti-levu, and
they are also found breeding on Ovalau. The males assist in
incubating. Out of two dozen taken from their holes, the
majority were of that sex (c^). Their note is a low mournful
cry." The eggs are ovate, rather pointed, of a dull white, with
a few yellowish brown stains, probably from the earth on which
they were laid. Average length, 1-9 ; breadth, 1-4.
3. Artamtjs mentalis.
Eggs light cream color, almost white, with dots and spots of
reddish brown, and larger irregular obsolete markings of a pale
lilac, sometimes forming a zone on the thicker end. Length,
1 in. ; breadth, 0'7.
4. Merula titiexsis, Layard.
{Toula of the natives.)
Eggs pale green, with reddish brown spots and freckles all
over the surface, crowded on the thicker end. Form oval, the
thin end rounded. Length 1*1 x 0*83 in.
5. Merula rueiceps, Ramsay.
(M. bicolor, Layard, MSS.)
Eggs very light green, with freckles of reddish brown, sprinkled
sparingly over the surface, crowded into a blotch on the thick
n
114 02f THE BAEK OF A EEPUTED ECBOLIC PLANT,
end ; the thinner end pointed. Length, ri5 in by 0-8 in. The
nest is similar to that of others of the genus, — a round cup-
shaped structure of sticks, lined with finer material and grass, &c.
[To he continued.^
Note uP02f the Baek of a reputed Ecbolic Plant from
New Caledonia.
By Dr. Thomas Dixox, Sydney.
Some two months ago I received from this Society about (2J)
two and a half ounces of bark, sent by Mr. Layard, of New
Caledonia ; it was in pieces apparently from an undershrub —
inside it was fibrous and brown, outside it had a corky layer
oV inch thick, with a grey-brown surface more or less tuberculated.
On tasting it had a slightly astringent barky flavor only.
Perchloride of iron gave a black infusion, caustic potash solution
darkened it, shewing presence of tannic acid. Having so little
to work with I made a cold infusion of some, then spirituous
etherial extract from the rest, and finally I made a decoction of
the already used bark. The result was three very light brown
clear fluids, very slightly astringent in the case of the infusions.
I added all three together, carefully dried at a temperature of
120o Ft., and made thus an extract weighing some nine grains,
which was chiefly fine powder from the bark. I gave a cat (in
kitten) three grains as a pill, — no effect of any kind visible, even
on the pupil of the eje. I gave her a week later the remaining
six grains in milk, which she devoured greedily, though it made
the milk quite brown, — no effect resulted. A kitten three months
old took a little left in the milk dish, with no visible effect. The
cat littered four mature kittens two days after.
Now, be it remembered that here was six grains of extract
from \\ oz. of bark given to an animal 6 lbs. weight, which should
be a powerful dose if the medicine had any potency of con-
BT DR. THOMAS DIXON. 115
sequence. Eeputed Ecbolics are numerous, but the only good
ones known are Claviceps purpurea (Ergot of rye), and Ustilago
maidis (smut of corn). These are low vegetable growths ;
investigation would probably show that this Ecbolic property is
a characteristic of this coniomycetous group, as are the
physiological jjroperties of other plants and groups.
The bark probably is an astringent of little value, since we
have many such of much more pronounced qualities, — and,
moreover, mere astringency is a property less and less estimated
in medicine as science advances.
Note ox the Anatomy of two rare genera of Pigeons
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
JEdirhinus insolitus.
The genus JEdirhinus is distinguished among the fruit-eating
pigeons by the possession of a bony excrescence on the nasal and
frontal regions of the skull, very much resembling that occurring
in certain varieties of the domestic fowl. An examination of its
anatomy, however, shews that in all other respects this rare
pigeon is a very near ally of the genus Ptilopus. As in the latter
genus there is no gall-bladder the amhiens muscle is absent and
the gizzard has a cruciform lumen in transverse section owing to
the development of four muscular masses. One point hitherto
unnoticed in the myology of Ptilopus is likewise shared by
u^dirliinus. In a previous note on the myological characters of
the Columhce published in the proceedings of this Society, (Vol.
iv., p. 306, 1879), I gave as one of the peculiarities of the
muscular system in the Pigeons the absence of a posterior belly
of the latissimus dorsi. At that time I had only had the
opportunity of examining members of the subfamilies Columhince
and Phapince of Garrod, and in these this modification of the
116 o:n" the ats'atomy of two eaee geneba of pigeons,
muscle seems to be universal. In ^dirh'mis, however, and in
Ptilopus, I find that, as in all other birds except the Columhince
and Phapince, the posterior belly of the muscle is well developed.*
The TreroninoG may thus be defined myologically as Columbidee
wanting the amhiens muscle, but possessing a posterior belly of
the latissimus dorsi.
TUE.AC.'EXA CRASSIROSTEIS.
The genus Turaccena of Gould is a granivorous pigeon resem-
bling Ilacropygia in most respects, but distinguished from it by
the possession of a very large and powerful bill, rivalliug that of
Pidunculus in size. As in Macropygia and the rest of the
Columhince, there are twelve long rectrices and the gall bladder is
absent. The gizzard has a squarish outline on a front view, con-
trasting with the oval shape of that of Macropygia ; in length it
is an inch and a quarter, and the breadth is nearly equal to the
length. The cavity is wide and somewhat oblique, the mass of
the muscular fibres being aggregated at the anterior and right,
and posterior and left angles. The intestine is about 30 inches
in length and is devoid of cceca. As in the rest of the Columlinc&
and PhapincB, there is an amhiens muscle and the posterior belly
of the latissimus dorsi is absent.
The form of the bill aud the shape of the gizzard remove
Turaccena somewhat widely from Macropygia, and the absence of
intestinal ceeca seems to favour this genus being placed in the
subfamily Pliapincc rather than the Columhince.
*In this as in various other points Diduncich s strigirostris approximates
rather to the Treroninae than to the Columhince or Phajyince.
117
A List of CrpR^iDiE, FouifD on the Victorian Coast,
Collected by Mr. J. F. Bailey.
By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S.
Our new and energetic Victorian Fellow, Mr. J. F. Bailey,
has sent me, to exhibit on his behalf, eight species of Cyprcea,
collected by him on various parts of the Victorian coast. I
herewith append a list of all the species, with references where
described, and other remarks on some of them.
1. LrPONIA tjmbilicata.
Cijprma umhilicata, Sowerby, Tankerville Catalogue, p. 30,
1825 ; Zoological Journal, Vol. ii., p. 495, (1826) ; Woods, Index
Test. SuppL, pi. 3, fig. 13, (1828); Gray, Zoological Journal,
Vol. iv., p, 77, (1828); Sowerby, Zoological Journal, Vol. iv.,
p. 221. Cyprovula umhilicata, Grray, P.Z.S., p. 124, (1848) ; Angas,
P.Z.S., p. 205, (1867). Cyprcea umhilicata, Sowerby, Thes. Conch.
pi, 7, figs. 42, 43, 44. Cyprmovula umhilicata, Brazier, P.Z.S.,
1872, p. 85.
Sah. Cape Schank and Portland {Bailey).
Examples of this once very rare shell have been dredged ofP
the coast of New South Wales. Peeve, in Conch. Icon., 1845?
termed the only specimen he had seen a monstrosity of Cyprcea
pantherina, Solander, from the Bed Sea. Dr. Gray, in 1849, says,
*' To give some idea of the extraordinary price which is now
sometimes required for shells, I may state that the second
specimen of this Cowrie, sent home by Mr. Gunn to a London
collector, was offered by him to Miss Saul for £30, and eventually
realized that price. ' ' At the present day the shell is quite common ,
being found on the beaches at Circular Head, Tasmania, during
winter gales.
2. LUPONIA angustata.
Cyprcea angustata, Gmelin (non Gray), Syst. Nat., p. 3421 ;
Wood, Index Test., pi. 17, fig. 52 ; Eeeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 17,
sp. 91 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch.; pi. 28, fig. 296-297.
118 LIST OF CTPE^IDE FOUITD ON THE YICTOKIAN COAST,
Hob. Jan Jue, about 18 miles on the coast below Geelong,
QueeDScliife {Bailey).
The sj)ecimens obtained are in the very best condition, the
back is of a very dark chocolate brown, sides marked with very
large chestnut brown dots, some of the dots are jet black ; one
specimen was on the card with C. Comptoni.
3. LiTPONIA OOMPTONI.
Cyprcea Co7nptom,(}ray, Voyage of H.M.S. "Fly," Appendix.
Vol. ii., p. 356, pi. 1, fig. 3 (1847) ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pi. 28,
figs. 292, 293, 294, 295.
Sab. QueensclifiPe, Victoria (Bailey).
This species runs into angustata. Mr. Angas, in P.Z.S., p. 170,
1865, says, ''that the animal of Comptoni is of a bright orange
color, whilst that of hicolor of Gaskoin is of a pale lemon." I
should like our southern friends to look after the animal of
angustata. Gray's locality. Port Essington, as given by him
either on the authority of Jukes or Cuming, in the Voyage of
the '' Fly," is wrong.
4. LUPONIA DECLIYIS.
Cyprcsa declivis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch., p. 31, pi. 28, fig. 287,
pi. 30, fig. 328, 329, (1879.)
Hal. Portland, Victoria {Bailey).
Two specimens Mr. Bailey had on the same card with piperitay
Sol. As that species it was well figured by Mr. Sowerby in
1870. It is a much more solid shell than angustata, with the
whole dorsal surface covered with small light chestnut specks,
giving it the appearance of being dusted over with capsicum
pepper. The sides are less spotted than any of the species
mentioned in this paper. It is also found in the northern parts
of Tasmania.
BY J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S. 119
5. LUPOXIA PIPERITA.
Cyprcea piperita, Solander MSS. ; Gray, Zoological Journal,
Vol. i., p. 498 (1824); Eeeve, Conch. Icon., x^l- 17, sp. 87;
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pi. 28, figs. 285, 286.
Kah. Jan Jue and Hobson's Bay {Bailey).
The specimens from the above localities are in splendid
condition, and of yqvv large size.
6. LUPOXIA BICOLOR.
Cyprcea hieolor, Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 92, (1848);
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pi. 26, figs. 252, 253.
Hah. Jan Jue, very rare {Bailey),
7. Aricta axxulus.
Cyprcea annulm, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 1179; Reeve, Conch.
Icon., pi. 15, sp. 71 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pi. 26, fig. 252, 253;
Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 83, (1872).
Hah. Portland, Victoria {Bailey).
This is quite a new home for this species, the most southern
record we have of it is Botany Bay, New South AVales, along
with moneta mentioned in my paper on the Cyprceidce published
in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1872. The
species appears to extend from Portland in the south all along
the eastern, northern, and western coast of Australia. Some of
Mr. Bailey's examples are in splendid condition, others again
are very poor and beach-worn. It is very strange that we should
get so many of the Indo-Pacific species in southern waters. He
also found a large quantity of Stromhus Jloridus, Lam., at the same
time and place ; it is also common to East, North, and North-east
Australia and Solomon Islands, &c.
120 list of cypb^id^ found on the yictoeian coast,
8. Teivia austealis.
Cyproea Australis, Lam., (non Grray) An sans Vert., Vol. 7, p.
404. Eeeve, Conch. Icon,, pi. 24, sp. 138. Sowerby, Thes.
Concli., pi. 34, fig. 439, 444.
Hah. Western Port, Victoria ; very common {Bailey).
Some of the specimens are very fine ; the largest measure 1 9
millimetres long ; the smallest 10 mill. ; it is very common on the
coast of New South "Wales, washed up on the outer beaches
after gales. I have obtained living specimens from 10-15
fathoms in Port Jackson, and under stones during low spring
tides.
9. Trivia oryza.
Gyprcea oryza, Lam., Anim. sans Vert., Vol. 7., p. 403. Gray,
Zoological Journal, Vol. 3, p. 369, 1827. Forbes, in Voyage of
H.M.S. Eattlesnake, appendix, Vol. 2, p. 365. Sowerby, Thes.
Conch., pi. 35, fig. 474, 475, 476. Cyproea nivea, Peeve, Conch.
Icon., pi. 24, sp. 136. Trivia candidula, Angas (non Gaskoin),
Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 94, 1871. Brazier, I c, p. 86, 1872.
Hah. Jan Jue, Victoria, not common [Bailey).
I have seen a great many specimens some good in condition,
others very much sea-worn. I obtained living examples under
stones, one specimen I sent to Mr. Angas some years ago and
he recorded it as Trivia candidula, Gaskoin. I was led into the
same error with it ; since then I have large numbers of the true
Trivia oryza found on various parts of the coast of New South
Wales, Queensland, Torres Straits, Northern Australia, New
Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Caroline Island, Kingsmill Group,
and Marshall Group. T. candidula is quite distinct from T. ory%a.
There has been a great deal of confusion about this species in
illustrated Monographs, the shell Oyprcca nivetty figured by Peeve
Conchologia Iconica, pi. 24, species 13G, is Cjprcca oryza, Lam.
BY J. BRAZIEE, CM Z.S. 121
The CyprcBa figured by Eeeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 24, species 140,
is the Cijprosa scahriuscida, Gray. The same error occurs in
Sowerby's Conch. Illust. The true Ci/prcea nivea, Gray,
Zoological Journal, Vol. i., p. 511, 1824, is a white variety of
Cyprcca churnea, Barnes. Gray's shell was pierced with two holes,
and was supposed to have been worn by some savage islander.
Gaskoin, in Proc, Zool. Soc, p. 98, 1848, says that the specimen
before him is a white variety of Cyprcea turdus. Gray's descrip-
tion of 7iivea answers in every respect to ehurnea, Barnes.
Dr. Gray was a rather acute observer, and I don't think for one
moment he would call a Cyprcea turdiis an ehurnea, even if it was
a white variety. The Gyprcea nivea figured in Wood, Index
Test. Suppl., pi. 3, fig. 12, 1828, is Cyprcea lutea, Gronovius,
Humphrey ii, Gray. Oryza was dredged at Port Philip in five
fathoms by Mr, John Macgillivray, Naturalist to H.M.S.
'' Pattlesnake," in 1848, so it is a very old southern record.
Notes on Bulimus Gunni.
By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S.
Professor W. J. Stephens handed to me some weeks ago a
fossil BuUmus from Kent's Group, Bass' Straits, found in the
Travertine of that Group. I have identified it with JBidinnis
Gunjii, described by G. B. Sowerby from a cast in Strelitzki's,
New South Wales and Van Diemens Land, p. 298, I notice that
Mr. Eobert, M. Johnson, Proc. Royal Soc, Tasmania, 1879, p.
90, mentions it being found in the Yellow Limestone, Hobart
Town ; he says, ''that he should infer that it is closely allied to
the existing species, B. Tasv^ianicusP The whorls are striated,
irregularly transversely, as in the existing species B. Tasmanicus,
Professor Stephens' specimen corresponds exactly with Mr.
Johnson's description ; the specimen I have before me has been
fractured twice before being fossilised ; in my opinion there
122 EDIBLE OTSTEES FOUND ON THE ArSTEALIAN COAST,
does not exist the least specific difference between B. Gunni and
B. TasmanicuSj the last name will have to be laid aside.
Length of specimen 33 millemetres.
0^ THE Edible Oysters found on the Australian and
Neighbouring Coasts.
By J. C. Cox, M.D , F.L.S., &c.
Some years ago I read a paper before the Acclimatization
Society of New South Wales, on '' The Oysters and Oj^ster Beds
of New South Wales," which was published in the columns of
the Sydney Morning Herald. In it was embodied all the infor-
mation I then possessed on the different species of Oysters found
on our coasts, and it went fully into the different varities of the
same species which were found at most of the beds that were
then being worked.
Since then our knowledge of the different species found on
this and the neighbouring coasts of Tasmania, New Zealand,
Lord Howe's Island, and Queensland has so improved that it
will not be uninteresting to many scientifically, and to others
commercially, to have a condensed resume of the species as now
defined, published in our journal.
In 1867, Mr. 0. F. Angas published in the Proc. Zool. Soc,
London, a list of the species of Marine MoUusca found in Port
Jackson, in which he enumerated four species of Ostrea as having
been found there, (see page 934), namely, Ostrea purpurea, Hanly,
Ostrea mordax, Gould, Ostrea circumsuta, Gould, and Ostrea
virescens, Angas.
The same author, also in a valuable list of the Marine Fauna
of South Australia, published in the Proc Zool. Soc, London,
for 1865, mentioned that two species of Oysters were found on
BY J. C. COX, M.D., F.L S.
123
that part of our coast — Ostrea edulis, Linn., or a variety of it,
and Ostrea cucullata, of Born.
The Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, in his *' Census of the Marine
Shells of Tasmania," records four species of Oysters as found
on the Tasmanian shores, namely, Ostrea edulis, Linn., Ostrea
mordax, Gould, Ostrea rutiipina, Jeff., a variety of 0. edulis, and
Ostrea Angasi, Sowerby.
In Hutton's ''Manual of New Zealand Mollusca," (Marine
and Land Shells), published in 1880, I find recorded as found on
the New Zealand coast four species, Ostrea edulis, Linn., Ostrea
discordia, Gould, Ostrea glomerata, Gould, Ostrea reniformisy
Sowerby.
In Reeve's '' Monograph on the genus Ostrea," published in
1871, in Conch. Icon., I find that there are five species
recorded as being found on the Australian Coasts, namel}^, Ostrea
myrtiloides, Lam., Ostrea virescens, Angas, Ostrea Angasi, Sowerby,
Ostrea discordia, Gould, and Ostrea suhtrigona, Sowerby.
So that thirteen species have been recorded by these various
authors as being found on our Australian Coasts proper, Tasmania,
New Zealand, Lord Howe's and Norfolk Islands, two of
which are considered only varieties of Ostrea edulis. They are
as follows :
1. Ostrea Angasi, Sowerby.
circumsuta, Gould.
ciicallata. Born.
discordia, Gould.
edulis, Linn.
glomerata, Gould.
mordax, Gould.
9. Ostrea 'purimrea, Hanley, a
variety of 0. edulis, Linn.
10. Ostrea reniformis, Sowerby.
11. ,, rutupina, Jeff., a var.
of 0. edulis, Linn.
12. Ostrea suhtrigona, Gould.
13. ,, virescens, Angas.
myrtiloides, Sowerby.
This does not include all the species which so far have
been found on our shores, we shall have to add :
14. Ostrea Oristagalli, Linn. 15. Ostrea imhricata, Lam.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
124 EDIBLE OTSTERS FOUND ON THE AUSTEALIAN COAST,
But it must not be supposed that, because we liave bad tbese
fifteen species diagnosed and recorded as coming from our
coast, that therefore, there really are fifteen species found here,
the diagnosis made of these species has been very imperfect,
and in most instances very incorrect. I propose therefore, to
give what I consider a correct list of species which have
been more recently determined as having been found here, at the
same time to assist those who are engaged in studying our Oysters
scientifically or commercially, to give the diagnostic characters of
each species, and shall begin with those that are found on the
coast of New South Wales proper ; they are :
1 . Ostrea Angasi, Sowerby ; our Mud Oyster,
2. ,, suitrigona, Soyverhy ; our Drift Oyster.
3. ,, gIo)?ie)'ata, Gould ; our Kock Oyster.
4. ,, circumsuta, Gould ; a rare species.
5. ,, virescens, AngsiS', also a rare species.
The two last are of no commercial value, being very rare, of
small size and difiB.cult to remove perfectly from the rocks to
which they are attached.
1. Ostrea Angasi, Sowerhy.
'' Shell large, compressed, roundly subtrigonal, cinereous, a
little purple towards the margin, inequi-valve, white within ;
lower valve thick, ribbed, its margin expanded, fluted, with bluish
border ; upper valve depressed, armed with broad, thin, smooth
scales fluted towards the margin ; muscular impression large in
both valves."
The above is Sowerby's original description of this species as
given in Reeve's Conch. Icon. An excellent figure of this species
is given in Vol. xviii of Reeve's Conchologia Iconica, Mon. Ostrea
plate xiii., Sp. 27, fig. 28, by mistake, it should be fig. 27.
This is the Mud Oyster found in Port Jackson and near the
mouths of our rivers and harbours emptying themselves on the
BY J. C. COX, M.D., F L.S. 125
East Coast of New South Wales. This is the species which Angas
gave in his list of the species of Marine Mollusca, found in Port
Jackson, already referred to in the Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., for
1867, page 934, as Ostrea purpurea, Hanley, a variety of Ostrea
edulis, of Linn., and did so on Mr. Hanley 's authority — an
authority of no mean importance, and which should have great
weight in determining this vexed question. It has however, since
been created into a distinct species by Sowerby, and I am willing
to adopt this decision as final. Sowerby says that the sculpture
of it is much less coarse than in equally large specimens of Ostrea
edulis, Linn., and the upper valve is more convex than in edulis.
Angas says that it differs from edulis by the laminate scales
being much larger and more regularly filled, and the valves are
dentate at the margins.
The largest s^^ecimens of this species found in the waters of
New South Wales measure about six inches in diameter.
This species is now comparatively very rare, I say comparatively,
for judging from the masses of this shell in the old camp ovens
of the aborigines, along the shores of our river mouths and bays,
it must have yielded an abundant supply of food in former days to
those tribes which have now almost disappeared from amongst us.
I am of opinion that this is the same species of shell as is found
in Tasmania, and which is recorded in the list of Tasmanian shells
by the Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods as Ostrea edulis, Linn. ; the
specimens found in Tasmania however are much larger and more
ponderous than the shells of those found here ; some from
Tasmania exhibited at the late Universal Exhibition in Sydney,
measured over seven inches in breadth. By adopting the name
of Aiigasi we get rid of the species, 0. edulis and its varieties, 0.
purpurea, and 0. rutupinairovc\. owe li^i. It is now extremely rare
to see this species exhibited for sale in the shop windows of our
fishmongers, which is to be regretted, as it is considered by many
of superior quality to our other oysters ; it would be well worth
126 EDIBLE OYSTERS POUTfD ON THE AUSTEALIAN COAST,
while to attempt to cultivate so fine a species in its native
waters otherwise it is probable that it will soon altogether dis-
appear. The variety of it diagnosed by the Eev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods as 0. rutupina of Jeffrey's is still plentiful in some of the
Tasmanian waters.
Ostrea edulis oi Linnaeus, is not recorded by Eeeve as being
found in any other locality except Europe, but he instances five
varieties as arranged by Jeffreys of it.
1. 0. parasitica of Turton, adhering by a large part of its
under surface to shells &c.
2. 0. hippopus of Lam, not gregarious like the ordinary form
but solitary, and living in deep water.
3. 0. de for mis of Lam., including those varieties elongated
perpendicularly or laterally.
4. O. rutupina of Jeffreys, a small regularly formed, not very
flaky variety, known as ''Natives."
5. 0. tincta of Jeffreys, like the last regularly formed and flat,
but differing in having the sides coloured with purplish brown.
It is difficult to understand why so able a monographer as
Eeeve has omitted to mention in any way the variety purpurea of
Hanley, either as a synonym of this species or any other, or
has not recorded it as a distinct species, which Mr. Angas
considered it.
2. Ostrea subtrigona, Sowerhy.
Figured in Eeeve's Conch. Icon., pi. xviii., sp. 38, fig. 38, a. b.
and described as follows: — "Shell subtrigonal, oblong or sub-
quadrate, ponderous, rather narrowed towards the umbones
broad at the ventral margin, quadrate ; margin strongly plicated
lower valve deep, greenish white, edged (slightly) with purple,
without radiately plicated, concantrically banded with fawn and
BY J. C. COX, M.D., r.L.s. 127
purple ; liinge acuminated, sides crenulated near the hinge. The
sculpture of the shell is bold and large, and the square character
of the ventral margin is striking."
The habitat given by Keeve is Australia.
This undoubtedly is our drift oyster, dredged so abundantly
in beds at the mouths and in the channels of the rivers empty-
ing themselves on the East Coast, and now so valuable an article
of export from this city to the neighbouring colonies.
Ostrea sultrigona of Sowerby may justly be placed as the second
species of importance —if it should not take first position — found
in the Australian waters, it is the '' drift oyster " of the harbours
of New South Wales, the oyster in most common use as an
article of food throughout the whole of New South Wales, and
largely exported to Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane, Tasmania and
even New Zealand and Fiji.
It is difficult to account for the absence of this abundant
and valuable species in the list of Conchifera from Port
Jackson and the adjacent coasts as published by Angas in 1867,
I can only conclude that he considered it one and the same
species as our rock oyster, which he erroneously considered
Ostrea mordax of Gould, whereas it really is Ostrea glomerata of
Gould. This species has attained the name of Drift Oyster on
the supposition that the beds which it forms itself into are
shifted from one part of the bay or river to another by the
influence of tides or storms ; these so-called beds are composed
for the most part of free unattached individuals, or attached in
masses to drift matter, or to each other by slight adhesion of
the lower valve. It is always found in moderately deep water
in beds well out in the stream and is never uncovered by the
fall of the tide ; it lives in a zone considerably below the zone
occupied by the Mud Oyster and Eock Oyster.
It is popularly supposed, and believed that this and our common
Eock Oyster are one and the same species, so confident are some
128 EDIBLE OYSTERS EOUND ON THE AUSTEALIAN COAST,
that siicli is the case, that oysters are gathered off our rocky
shores in large numbers and are laid down in positions in which
it is thought a bed of oysters would thrive similarly to the beds
which are found of this species, and that they will there grow
spawn and reproduce Drift Oysters ; this is a great error, and a
want of knowledge of the true habits of this species and our
common Rock Oyster {Odrea glomerata), has led to disappoint-
ment and loss in attempts which have been made to cultivate
oysters as a commercial investment.
The spat from our Eock Oyster will never produce this species,
and if this species is placed in a position where it is uncovered by
every receding tide it wastes and dies, but if kept well immersed
it will thrive, fatten and reproduce itself, especially if it is placed
in a position where there is a good current of water. Again our
Rock Oyster has been placed in a similar position to the natural
beds of the Drift Oyster {Ostrea sultrigona) but always with
disappointment ; when our Rock Oysters are placed in such a
position they will not thrive and fatten, and in fact will not live
very long, but will live longer than if the Drift Oyster is placed
in the natural position of the Rock Oj^ster, uncovered night and
morning by the fall of the tide. This species is considerably
preyed upon by other mollusks.
3. OSTREA GLOMERATA, Goillcl.
The common Rock Oyster of this harbour. Mr. Angas has,
as I have already pointed out erroneously called this species in
his list of Port Jackson Shells, Ostrea mordax of Gould. The
Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods in his '' Census of the Marine Shells of
Tasmania," tells us of the existence of a Rock Oyster similar to
the Rock Oyster of New South Wales, which he also calls Ostrea
mordax of Gould ; and Mr. Angas in his paper on the '' Molluscan
Fauna of South Australia " speaks of the common Rock Oyster
of that locality as Ostrea cucullata, Born, and states that it extends
from King George's Sound to New South Wales, (this is also
BY J. C. COX, M.D., F.L.S. 129
an error), and it is recorded by Hutton as the Rock Oyster
of Auckland, but not found further south in New Zealand. The
fact is this species has a very wide range, from King George's
Sound along the Great Australian Bight to South Australia,
thence all along the coasts of Victoria and New South Wales as
far north as the Tweed Eiver.
This oyster occupies a zone above any of the other species
it is seldom found in the zone occupied by the Mud Oysters,
and certainly never in such deep water as that in which Ostrea
stihtrigona is found. Generally it is found adhering to the rocks
considerably above low water mark, and in places in the upper
Marine zone among the Trochocochlea and Nerita ; it varies
much in form and appearance, at times being beautifully and
delicately edged with a frill of a purple hue, at other times it is
large hooded and unfringed at the edge, the latter forms are
generally the best oysters.
If individuals of this species are placed in proper trenches or
in positions where clear fresh sea water will flow over them at
each tide, they thrive and fatten to an extent which makes them
a valuable article of food, and an important commercial product ;
and by placing low stakes of wood or other material for the
spat to adhere to when emitted from the mother shell, they are
easily and successfully propagated; but when placed in such
positions, especially on mud-flats which are uncovered by every
tide, they are liable to the attack of a number of other Mollusks,
and unless the water which flows over them is pure and free
from decomposed vegetable matter and grit, they suffer from
irritation caused by such particles, some discolor and waste,
others die, and considerable loss may occur to the Cultivator
from causes which may or may not be within his control.
The following is Eeeve's description of this species : — '' Shell
thick, irregular, sharp-ribbed with the margin dentated or lobed,
very inequivalve ; upper valve opercular, compressed, wrinkled
I
130 EDIBLE OrSTERS POUND ON THE AUSTRALIAN COAST,
with thick concentric laminso ; lower valve cucullated, purple-
white within edged with purple or black ; lateral margins denticul,
ated ; hinge generally attenuated, produced, pointed."
Having made a very careful examination of our common Eock
Oyster a,nd compared it with the description of this species and
that of others, I conclude that our Eock Oyster must be referred
to this species ; it is not Ostrea ciicullata. The only other species
which it could be referred to is the one which it was referred to
by Mr. G. F. Angas — Ostrea mordax of Gould. The latter is
acutely denticulated within between the lobes, and the border
between the denticles is of a deep purple brown ; these characters
are the most important and are not found in our common Rock
Oyster as they are in the Oyster adhering to the rocks on the
eastern shores of Queensland.
I do not concur with Eeeve in looking upon Ostrea apinosa^
Q/Uoy, as possibly a young of 0. glomerata or 0. cucullata ; the
young of these two species never approach that form.
4. OsTREA MORDAX, Gould.
This species is a Rock Oyster found adhering very firmly to
the rocks by the whole of the lower valve from Brisbane in Queens-
land to far North beyond Port Denison where probably it is found
in greatest perfection ; by consumers it is considered a great
luxury and of finer flavour than any of our Southern species, it
occupies a zone so as to be uncovered by the falling tide, which
is very great in those localities.
The habitat of this species, is given doubtfully by Reeve as
California, but it is not found there. Mr. John Brazier found it
at Samoa, and at the Fiji Islands. It is also found at Port
Denison, Queensland, and probably all along the coast north of
Moreton Bay to Cape York, and at Lord Howe's Island, &c.
It is a compressed shell deeply lobed at the margins,
between these lobes within it has acute denticles, and the border
EY J. C. COX, M.D., F.L.S. 131
between these denticles is of a deep purple brown ; the hinge
margin is straight and squared at the ends. Upper valve very-
flat, cinnamon-tinted within, variegated with purple between the
denticles and margin lobes ; lower valve thick and whitish within.
This is the species which Mr. George French Angas erroneousl}^
referred our common Eock Oyster to when he wrote his valuable
list of the Marine Mollusca of Port Jackson Harbour and the
adjacent coast.
5. OsTREA CRisTAGALLi, Linneus.
I am doubtful if this species should be included with the
edible oysters, it is said to be freely eaten in Northern Queens-
land by the natives, and also in the South Pacific Islands, but I
have not had any experience of it myself. I have specimens of
it from Port Denison and other of the Northern Queensland
Ports, and it is abundant in the Solomon and other Islands of
the Pacific. It is known as the Cock's Comb Oyster. Figured
in Eeeve's Conch. Icon., PI. xi.. Species 22, Ostrea.
6. Ostrea imbricata, Lamar ch.
Anim. sans Yert. Ostrea, No. 46. Figured in Eeeve's Conch.
Icon., PL xvii., sp. 36, a. b.
This Chinese species has recently been procured in fine con-
dition at Port Denison, Queensland. I am not aware if it is an
oyster which is used much as an article of food, but judging from
its shell the occui)ant should be a delicious morsel.
It is a large foliaceous, thin shell, loosely radiately plicated,
pinkish and ornamented with irregular purple spots, other shells
are of a pale fawn, tinted with reddish brown ; the lower valve
often foliaceous.
7. Ostrea virescens, Angas.
Described in the Pro. Zool. Soc, Lon., 1867, p. 911, pi. xliv,
fig. 13.
132 EDIBLE OYSTEES FOUND ON THE ArSTEALTAN COAST,
A suborbicular solid inequivalve shell, with the margins of the
shell crenulately frilled, of a greenish-olive colour within, paler
at the margins ; the upper valve smallest, flattened, radiately
plicate and laminately scaled, about If inches long and 1| broad.
Found attached to rocks and Madrepores at the edge of low spring-
tides at Watson's Bay, Port Jackson.
This species is also well figured in Reeve's Conch. Icon. Mon.,
Ostrea, PI. xi., sp. 23, fig. 23.
This is not a species likely ever to be of any commercial value,
it is rare, and its green internal hue is uninviting.
8. Ostrea circumsuta, Gould.
United States Expedition. Figured in Eeeve, Conch. Icon.
PI. xxvi., sp. 64, fig. 64, a. b.
The habitat given by Eeeve, with doubt, of this species, is
Massachusetts, but the fact that it is not included in the
Marine Shells cf the United States by Tryon, pretty clearly
proves that this locality is a mistake. Mr. Gr. F. Angas was the
first to point out that the species is found on those shores, he
gives Botany Bay as the exact home of this shell, which statement
I have much pleasure in endorsing ; it is found there attached to
rocks, not abundant, but specimens can easily be procured. It is
about two inches long and one broad, and derives its name from
the stitch-like appearance of the denticles in the upper valve, and
corresponding indentations in the inner surface of the margin of
the lower valve. It is whitish or purplish externally, plicated
at the margin and tinted with purple or green within.
9. Ostrea discoidea, Gould.
Figured in Peeve, Conch. Icon., PL xiii.. Fig. 26, sp. 26.
A rounded, flattened, finely striated, whitish-brown species,
rayed with pale purple; valves almost equal, the lower one
convex and the upper one much compressed ; the hinge is com-
paratively small and contracted.
BT J. C. COX, M.D., F.L.S. 133
I have never seen this species, and neither Eeeve or Hutton
mention if it is an attached species or not.
Hutton gives the habitat of this species as Pelorus Sound,
Catlin Eiver, New Zealand. " A doubtful identification ; perhaps
the same as Ostrea edulis, Linn." — Hutton.
Eeeve mentions that it is also found in Fiji.
10. OsTREA RENiFORMis, Sowerhj.
Figured in Eeeve's Conch. Icon., vcl. xviii., fig. 57.
'' The Eock Oyster of Dunedin is referred with great doubt to
this species."
Eeeve in his Monograph records it as coming from Australia,
which I think is a mistake.
11. Ostrea mytiloides, Lamarck.
Lamarch, in Animaux sans vertebres, Ostrea No. 21. Eeeve,
Conch. Icon., vol. xviii., fig. 3.
A parasitic species, solid, oblong, attenuated towards the hinge,
plicato-crenated at the sides, deep violet, obscurely rayed, about
four to five inches long, and two wide, generally attached to the
Mangrove trees, and occupies a zone above low water mark in
the baj's and mouths of the Queensland Elvers. Mr. Brazier has
a specimen of this species from Port Jackson.
12. Ostrea cucullata, Born.
Born, Mus. Ind., Cses. Tab. vi., fig. 11, 12. Eeeve, Conch.
Icon., plate xvi., sp. 34, fig. 34, a. b. c.
I do not consider this an Australian species.
Eeeve states that Hanley has referred this species, which is a
very variable one to Ostrea cormicopice, Chemn., and Ostrea
Forslcaliy Chemn., with which he agrees, but gives no habitat
for it. I have included it in this list as it is to this species that
134 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. G. F. Agnas referred the Eock Oyster of South Australia
when he wrote his paper on the * ' Marine Molluscan Fauna of
South Australia," in 1865, p. 643, part ii.
It is found Mr. Angas says, common everywhere on rocks
between tide-marks from King George's Sound to New South
Wales ; excellent eating and of a delicious flavour.
Two years after, when writing on the Marine Mollusca of Port
Jackson and the adjacent Coasts, he does not include this species
and refers our Bock Oyster in Port Jackson to Ostrea mordax of
Gould, I presume he had altered his opinion on the South
Australian species, and referred them both to Ostrea mordax, but
I include them both under one and the same species — Ostrea
glomerata, of Gould.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. Brazier exhibited the following specimens of Oi/praa for-
warded by Mr. J. F. Bailey of Melbourne — Cyprcea angustata,
hicolor, declivis, piperita, Comptoni, annulus, Australis, oryza ; also
the lower valve of a Corbula, named C. sulcata, by Mr, Bailey,
but really belonging to C. tunicata, a species of wide distribution ;
also a Glausilia, collected in the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne,
but evidently introduced with imported plants.
Mr. Ramsay exhibited the Fishes referred to in his paper, and
specimens of Rhomloidichthys pavo, from the New Hebrides ; a
species of Clupea from Broken Bay ; large specimens of Galaxias
Coxii, from Mount Wilson ; and a new species of Virgularia
from Broken Bay ; also a skull of a native of the Dawson River,
showing a remarkable width of the dentary arches.
Mr. H. Selkirk exhibited a stone axe from the Kurrajong.
Dr. Cox exhibited a large block of wood which was taken out
of a shaft which was sunk at Penrith a few weeks since. The
\.H del
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NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 135
shaft was sunk 140 feet from the edge of river water, with the
object of procuring a supply of water for the use of the Eail way-
Engines ; at the depth of 140 feet a bed of rock was reached
without finding the supply of water desired. It was then decided
to run a shaft along the surface of this bed towards the river ;
this shaft which was 8 feet below the present surface of the water
in the river, was carried 94 feet towards the river when a large
log of wood was met with, so large that it had to be cut across ;
the specimen exhibited is a section of this log. The shaft
has since been carried on towards the river within about 1 feet
of the water (I 3th March.) The drive is six feet long and four
wide, the roof and sides of the drive are composed of cemented
boulders. The trunk of this tree was about four feet in diameter.
-♦-♦-
WEDNESDAY, 26tii APEIL, 1882.
The President J. C. Oox, M.D., F.L.S., &c., in the Chair.
MEMBER ELECTED.
Dr. "William Williams, Darlinghurst Poad.
DONATIONS.
Southern Science Eecord, Vol. II., No. 3, March 1882.
Erom Baron Eerd. von. Miieller, K.C.M.Gr., Eucalyptographia,
8th Decade.
Erom the Microscopical Society of Yictoria — Journal, Vol. I.,
No. 4, Yol. II., No. I.
Erom H. C. Eussell, E.E.A.S., Eesults of Pain and Eiver
observations in New South Wales during 1881.
Erom the Australian Museum, Sydney — Catalogue of the
Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crustacea, by William A.
Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
1
136 BOTANICAL NOTES OX QUEENSLAND,
From Dr. E,. B. Eead — Figures of Molluscous Animals selected
from various authors by Maria E. Gray, 4 vols. 8vo, 18-12 — 1850.
PAPERS READ.
Botanical Notes on Queensland. — No, II., The Tropics.
By the Kev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L S.
These notes are meant to give something more than a mere list
of names and the habitats of plants, but to suppl}', as far as my
observations have extended what has not been included in any of
our published floras. This is to point out the range, and where
I know them, the economical uses of any of the Northern
Queensland plants. It must be observed however that in so
incomplete and desultory a series of observations, that any
systematic order cannot be followed.
Dilleniac.e.
Wormia alata, R. Br. This splendid tree becomes first visible
on the coast about Cairns. I did not see it at Townsville or on
any part of the more southerly tropical shores. From Cairns
right up to Cape York it is the constant and abundant ornament
of the sea coast. It grows very close to the waters edge and
sometimes in places where it must be occasionally inundated by
the sea. The leaves are of very large size, often over a foot in
length and four or five inches wide, bright green, and shining
above, with prominent midrib and side veins. This is the only
Australian representative of the true tropical Dilleniads, which
however are closely allied to the peculiarly Australian tribe
Silhertioi. A more showy or valuable tree for its shade, with
its large handsome yellow flowers could not be imagined. It has
alight brown scaly bark on which grows a new and pretty fungus
which is peculiar to Australia [Laschia Thwaitesii). There is a
prejudice amongst the northern settlers against this tree which
is supposed to be the cause of fever, but I think that the blame
should rather be laid upou the places where it grows. No
EY THE REV. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S. 137
l)eculiar properties either medicinal or otherwise are attributed
to this species, which is endemic and therefore little known, but
the order is generally astringent and the timber good. The
usual Hihherticd of southern regions are not seen on the coasts
within the tropics.
Malvaceae.
Bomlax malaharicum, De Cand. I have noticed this tree in
all the thick jungle forests on the coast side of the range from
Cairns to Cooktown. In the flora it is only recorded as from
Careening Bay on the North Coast. It is a very conspicuous tree
when in flower as the blossoms are of a brilliant crimson, of
large size, and during the time of their appearance the tree is
quite denuded oC foliage. This is the first recorded habitat on
the north-east. It is called the cotton tree from the beautiful
mass of long silk-like hairs surrounding the seed. No use is
made of this but its extremely fine silky character must give it
some value. The species has a considerable range in India,
where the fibre is used for stuffing cushions &c. It is said that
the want of adherence between the hairs prevents its use as a
cotton.
Thespesia populnea, Corr. This wide-spread species which we
share with all the tropical coasts of Eastern Africa, Asia, and the
Pacific Islands is extremely common on all the tropical coast.
It should be of much use as a shade tree on sandy places, for it
will grow on the very poorest sand and salt is its nourishment.
In consequence of this peculiarit}- 1 suppose it is that the wood
will not decay in water and therefore is in much request in India
for the under portions of boats. The rich yellow gum in the
seed vessels is like gamboge and ought to be valuable. I wish
most emphatically to draw attention to this tree. Its abundance
on the coasts where it forms a handsome object should point out
to the colonists how easily it is propagated. The inhabitants of
Townsville for instance are fond of getting their houses as near
138 BOTANICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
the beach, as possible where they try in vain to raise a shade and
shelter around them by planting trees that never can grow in
such places. If the Thespesia were used we should see the
villas on the beach soon surrounded by an agreeable shade of
healthy vegetation.
ZTrena lohata, L. This hardy shrub with rather pretty small
flowers is found on the coast right through the tropics. It forms
a thick undergrowth like Sida rhomhifolium.
Ahroma fastuosa, E. Br. I noticed this plant all through the
the forests on the rivers Mossman, Daintree, Endeavour, Mowbray
and Barron. My attention was directed to it by Mr. Stuart on
the Daintree as being a plant of great value for the length and
strength of its fibre. It is widely distributed over the Indian
Archipelago, though only hitherto recorded from the Endeavour
Kiver in Australia.
Meliace.e.
Turrcsa iml)escens, Hellen. Tery common on all the tropical
coasts where its white sweet-scented flowers make it a conspicu-
ous object.
Carapa moluccensis, Lam. The traveller can scarcely fail to be
struck with the appearance of this tree when covered with its
conspicuous fruits. The}? are like immense green apples, eight
or ten inches in diameter. I noticed it on all the north-eastern
rivers from Port Denison northwards. The nuts are also scattered
very abundantly on all the coral islets. In India an abundant
and valuable oil is obtained from these nuts.
ElIAMNE.E.
Coluhrina asiaiica, Brogn. Common on all the north-eastern
coast where it occupies the place in forming thickets, which
Pomaderri's does in Victoria and Tasmania and Aljyhitcn'a in the
interior of Queensland. These closely allied genera are both,
found within the tropics.
BY THE KEY. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S. 139
Alphitonia excelsa, Eeissek. A very widely spread and hand
some tree, equally abundant on the coast and in the interior. It
is one of the very characteristic trees of the " Brigalow " scrubs,
Pomaderris elliptica, Labill. This tree which forms dense
scrubs and thickets in Tasmanianand Victorian sub-alpine regions
and also in some portions of Southern New South Wales, was
found by me on the Herberton Eangesat a height of about 3.600
feet above the sea. This is certainty its first discovery within
the tropics, and adds an interesting fact to the peculiarities of
our alpine flora. Baron von Mueller is of opinion that P. lanigera^
ferruginea and pJiillyreoides are only varieties of this species, to
which Mr. Bentham thought P. grandis should be added. As
far as my observations go, I may say that I know of no
characteristic feature of any one of these so called species which
does not by insensible gradations merge into the others.
Ventilago viminalis, Hook. On the dry plains and ridges
about the banks of the Mitchell, Hodgkinson, and Walsh Eivers.
I did not see it on the east side of the range.
Leguminos^.
Mucuna gigantea^ De Cand. I have noticed this peculiar
climber all through the coast jungle as far as the Endeavour
Eiver. The rusty-brown hairs on the pod have the irritating
properties of cow-itch, under the microscope they are seen to
consist of twisted spindle-shaped slender spines, very sharp at
both ends and very hard. The least touch sends them into the
skin, but they are not barbed like the thorns of the Opuntia.
Entada scandens, Benth. In all the coast jungle from Port
Mackay to Endeavour River. The seeds also are abundantly
strewn on the coral islets. In the Flora it is only recorded as
from Cape York. This is the well known *' Queensland Bean,"
the large seeds of which are made into match boxes. It is not
peculiar to Queensland, but is fouud in the tropical countries of
14:0 BOTA]S"ICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
the -whole world. The long distances to which the seeds can
be carried without losing their germinating power will account
for this. The same is true of the two next species to be mentioned.
Alms 'precatorius^ L. Another world-wide tropical species
found in all the jungle close to the sea from Eockhampton to
Cape York. Every one must be familiar with the brilliant scarlet
and black seeds which are so often bought as curiosities from
the East and West Indies, and used as beads, ornaments for
boxes, &c.
Guillandina honducella, L. Another world-wide tropical plant
with remarkable grey or bluish grey seeds about half-an-inch in
diameter and extremely hard. Found close to the sea shore all
along the tropical coast and on the coral islets. The pods are
covered with thorns and the recurved spines on the branches
make it a most troublesome bush to fall in with. The seeds are
prized as ornaments. The kernel is intensely bitter, valued as a
tonic in cases of fever. Specimens have been Jcnown to be cast
upon the south coast of Ireland by the Gulf Stream.
Pithecolohium priunosum, Benth. Common in the coast jungle
from Port Mackay to the Gulf. The seed pods are a most
brilliant crimson within when open and curled up with the
attached black seeds they are like handsome flowers at a little
distance.
Pithecolohium moniliferum, Benth. This very elegant tree
which is one of the floral beauties of the Indian Archipelago is
rather common on the banks of tho Mulgrave Kiver. This is
the first recorded habitat on the eastern side of the watershed.
When in flower the tree is one mass of globular heads of yellow
or pale orange silk- like stamens. It is also very fragrant.
Castanospermtim australe, A. Cunn. This truly handsome tree
was first recorded from the Endeavour Eiver, where it was found
by Sir Joseph Banks in Cook's Expedition. Nevertheless it is
BY THE llEV. J. K. TENISOX-WOODS, F.(i.S., F.L S. 14:1
not nearly so abundant within the tropics as between Moreton
Bay and the eastern rivers as far north as the Fitzroy.
Canavallia ohtusifoliay DeC. This is a South American, African
and Asiatic species (tropics) and is known all along our eastern
coast, tropical or not. From Cairns to the Endeavour Hiver it
is more constantly met with. Its trailing habit and pretty pink
flowers making it an attractive object.
Gasirolohlum grandiflorum. F. von. Muell. This is the well
known poison plant which is so fatal to cattle and horses.
Unfortunately, it is rather common on the range between
Herberton and the Great Western Tin Fields, where in the dry
season cattle often die from its effects. It is also found on tha
Walsh Eiver.
Acacias. I have found it extremely difficult to identify some
of the numerous species of Acacia for the various kinds graduate
into one another by such insensible degrees. The genus requires
a thorough revision, and then it is not too much to say that one
third of the present species will have to be rejected. The coasts
are much overgrown with thickets of A. jidifera or A. Solandri,
A. le])tostachya, or A. glaucescens, which seem to me to be all
varieties of one. A very broad leaved Acacia with phyllodia
from four to six inches long is found everywhere along the coasts
from the Burnett Eiver to Cape Flattery. It is the Acacia of
the North Queensland Coast. I believed it to be ^. diniidiafa,
but was equally inclined to cousider it A. polystachya. It was
very commonly associated with A. aulococaypa which occurs all
along the coast from Moreton Bay to Cape Tribulation, if not
further. Acacia Bidwilli is an unmistakable species, which is
found on all the open tablelands. It is particularly common
near Charters Towers, further south its place on the tableland
appears to be taken by Albizza basalt ica which in habit it some-
what resembles. The latter though a small tree yields a valuable
wood which is prized for stock whip handles. Even when cut
112 BOTAiJflCAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
very thin and light the wood is so tough that it will bear an
enormous strain. The tree goes by the grotesque name of
''Dead Finish." A. salicina and. A. excelsa, are occasionally
seen north of the Burdekin, but the home of these species is the
basaltic tablelands, as I shall show when I come to speak of the
Queensland scrubs.
Hovea longifolia, R. B. Not uncommon on the high lands
about Herberton. It is found everywhere in Australia and its
pretty blue flowers render it an agreeable addition to the dry
vegetation.
Tephrosia purpurea, Pers., var. sericea. Almost as widely
distributed as the last. Herberton Ranges.
Flemingia lineata. Roxb. An East Indian species common on
the banks of the Mulgrave, Barron, Daintree, Mossman, and
Endeavour Rivers.
Vignea lutea, A. Gray. All along the coast. Found through-
out the maritime sands of the tropics throughout the world.
CcEsalpinia nuga, Ait. Barron, Daintree, and Endeavour
Rivers. An East Indian and Chinese species.
Berris uliginosa, Benth. Fitzroy Island, and other islands
northward, also at the mouth of the Daintree River. It had not
hitherto been recorded south of Cape York. Common in East
Indies.
Crotalaria Mitchelli, Benth. Burdekin River, C. verrucosa,
an East Indian species which is found on the lowlands of the
eastern rivers as far south as the Mulgrave, and strangely enough
on the Wilde River, 3,000 feet above the sea where the flora is
sub-alpine. C. crispata, F. v. Muell. — Hitherto only found
around Carpentaria, Endeavour River. C. trifoliastrum from
Moreton Bay to Endeavour River, and very common.
Cassia concinna, Benth. Mitchell River.
]}T THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.tJ.S., F.L S. 143
Trihulus cistoides, L. {ZygophyllecB). This covers the shore on
Fitzroy Island, and is common on all the coral islets. It is
widely distributed through the tropics all over the world, though
rare in Asia and Africa. I may mention that this plant is one
of the most annoying little pests on the sea coast. The prickles
which cover the dry carpels adhere to everything and penetrate
the flesh most painfully. It is especially dreaded by the beche-
de-mer fishers, as their avocation obliges them to go about bare-
footed. The sharp points get between the toes and cause great
pain and lameness. When on Green Island fishing, our party
had to leave several camps because of the proximity of this weed.
It would be difficult to give an idea of the various modes in which
its seeds tormented us. There was no such thing as trying to
penetrate the scrubs on the islet where it grew.
Vitis trifolia, L., {Ampelidce). This very fleshy-leaved vine
produces a grape which the settlers value. It was found by me
at Port Douglas, Cairns, and Endeavour Hiver. It was never
previously recorded from the east coast. Common in India and
the Archipelago.
ErxACE^.
Geigera salicifolia, Schott. This tree was seen by me on the
Mulgrave Hiver, and also on the table lands of the Hodgkinson
and Mitchell Rivers. It belongs more properly to the Brigalow
Scrubs of Central Queensland where with G. parviflora it is a very
common tree. The latter is found all over Australia. The first
named extends from Queensland only into the northern portions
of New South Wales.
Acronyvhia Baueri, Schott. It is already known that this
species extends all along the East coast from Wollongong to
Port Mack ay, in dense river forests ; I have traced it to the
Endeavour Piver.
Boronia ledifolia, J. Gray. A doubtful species of this genus
was submitted to Baron v. Mueller who referred it to the variety
144 BOTANICAL NOTES OX QUEENSLAND,
triphylla, (Sieb. in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 148). The flowers
were exceeclingl}^ small. It was found on the banks of the Wilde
Eiver at Herberton, The genus is peculiarly Australian, and
therefore not a common one in North-east Australia, but if ever
Australian species do manifest themselves in this part of the
continent it is only on the very high lands.
Eriostemon Banhsii, , A. Ounn. Barron and Daintree Iviver
mouths ; sandy places also on the loose sandy country between
Cape Bedford and M'lvor Hiver.
Philotheca ? australis, Budge. A species which I took to be the
above was found by me on the basaltic tablelands of Emerald
Downs. The specimen has been subsequently mislaid.
Zanthoxylon hrachyacanthum, F. v. Muell. In the scrubs near
Mackay.
Glycosmis ])Gntaphylla, Corr. Daintree River, Range near
Port Douglas. An Asiatic species of wide tropical range.
Clausena hrcvistyla, Oliv. Port Douglas, Coral Islets oS Cape
Plattery.
Atlanta glaiica, Hook. On all the volcanic table lands of the
interior, within the tropics as far as the Burdekin River. I did
not notice it further north. It is a constant ingredient in the
" Brigalow Scrubs."
Citrus australasica, F. v. Muell. The common Queensland
wild orange which in spite of its intensely acid flavour is readily
eaten by children. I have seen it on all the eastern river jungles
as far north as the Barron River.
Before I leave the Rutacece. I should mention that I collected
some species on the "Wilde River which I thought at the time
were Zieria Sniithii. This plant forms dense thickets in the sub-
alpine regions of Tasmania and it would be in keeping with the
other alpine species to find it at Herberton, rendering the flora
of that locality still more interesting. A good many specimens
BY THE REV. J. E. TEXTSOX-WOODS, F.G.S , F.L.S. 145
of my lierbarium were lost on my return to Cairns. One of my
pack horses bolted and ran into the scrub, where some of his
burden was irrevocably lost. Amongst the packages missing
were many of the alpine species of Herberton.
Geraniace.e.
Oxalis corniculata, L. Burdekin Eiver. High tablelands
about the Hodgkinson.
Meliacete.
Owenia acidida, F. v. Muell. All through the Brigalow Scrubs
as far as the Burdekin. The fruit is acid and astringent, but
grateful to the taste of a thirsty traveller in these hot arid regions.
With this species I think 0. venosa, F.v.M., should be united.
Owenia cerasifera, F. v. Muell. This is the well known
Queensland plum which bears a fine juicy red fruit with a large
stone. When fresh-gathered it is very acid, but on keeping or
better still, burying for a day or t^o in sand, it is both palatable
and refreshing.
Cedrela toona, Hoxb. This common Asiatic species extends
through all the jungles and forests whether on the coast or
tablelands, all through the tropics. It is especially abundant on
the high lands about Herberton, where the houses are all built
of red cedar ; the peculiarity of the tree here is that it is confined
to rich alluvial or volcanic soil. Granite or sand stops its spread,
thus the edges of the tropical forests are as clearly defined as
if cut with a knife.
Flindersia maculosa, F. v. Muell. A common accompaniment
of the vegetation of the high tablelands. The most northerly
station seen b}^ me was the Hodgkinson and Mitchell Itivers.
F. Oxleijana, F. v. Muell., is a splendid tree extending into the
tropics on the coast-tropical forests. The Pioneer Eiver
(Mackay) is the most northerly habitat known to me.
Celasteix.e.
Celattrus aitstralis, Harv. and Muell. In the Brigalow Scrubs.
146 BOTANICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
C. Cunninghamii, F. v. Muell. Seen occasionally on the river
scrubs on all the east coast as far north as M'lvor Eiver, Cape
Bedford.
Elceodendron australe, Yent. One of the common trees in
tropical Brigalow Scrubs.
Stachhousia viminea, Sm., {StaJchousiea). Not a common
member of the tropical flora, but yet occasionally met with in
poor open lands as far north as Herberton.
Sapindaceje.
Cupania anacardiodes, A. Rich. In the dense jungle of the
Baron, Mulgrave, Daintree, and Mowbray Rivers.
Atalaya hemiglauca, F. v. Muell. This is a constant ingredient
of the Brigalow Scrubs and desert floras right through Australia
(tropical and sub-tropical ) When in flower it attracts a multi-
tude of insects by its fragrance. Flowers white, abundant in all
October. Five specimens on open sandy plains of Burdekin
River at the railway bridge, Charter's Towers Road. The samarte
or seed vessels with which it is covered in November and
December make it very interesting.
Nephelium connatum, F. v. Muell. In all the river forests on
the east coast as far as Endeavour River.
Seterodendron oleoBfolium, Desf. Much th6 same station as
Atalaya hemiglauca, with which I have constantly found it
associated.
Bodoncea lanceolata, F. v. Muell. Occasionally met with on
the more open banks of the eastern rivers and on the low lands,
with I), viscosa and J), vestita as far north as Endeavour River.
Spondias Solandri, Benth. Daintree and Mulgrave Rivers.
Drosera indica, L., {Droseracece). This common member of
the Indian and Chinese flora was found by me in all low swampy
places on the north-east coast. D. Burmanni^ Vail, the same.
by the rev. j. e. tenison-woods, f.g.s., f.l.s. 14.7
Halorage;i:.
Haloragis ceratophylla, Endl. Herberton. I have also seen
it on other tropical table lands, where open sandy soil supported
a heath-like vegetation.
Myriophjllum verrucomm, Lindl. In all the almost stagnant
fresh water holes of the tropics.
Ceratophjilum demersum, L., Barron Eiver.
EiiizonroRE^.
Illihopliora mucronata, Lam. Mangrove thickets but not the
commonest species in the tropics.
Ceriops Candolleana, Arn. Mangrove thickets, but not the
commonest species in the tropics.
Bruguiera Rheedii, Blume. This is the most common con-
stituent of all the mangrove swamps. Its rich, dense foliage
redeem the otherwise desolate character of the mud flats of the
tropics. B. gymnorrhiza is sometimes mixed with it.
Terminalia melanocarpa, F. v. Muell ^^Comlretacece). This is
a very common tree between Cairns and Cooktown. It grows
quite close to the sea and on the coral islets, where the pigeons
{Carpopliaga spilorliod) greedily devour its fruits. These are
about an -inch long with a very large hard stone, in fact there is
scarcely any sarcocarp, so that one wonders how the birds find
any nourishment in it. The taste is bitter and unpleasant. T.
oblongata, F. v. Muell., is rather common in the Brigalow Scrubs
of the tropics.
Addenda to Malxacem.
Ahutilon graveolens, "Willd, Mulgrave Eiver, where it forms
thickets. A. muticum, Don., Fitzroy Island Hibiscus manehof, L.,
Mulgrave Eiver.
148 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
On A NEW SPECIES OF Gohlesox from Tasmania.
By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., &c.
GOBIESOX CARDINALIS, Sj). UOV .
D. 8. A. 6. V. 4. P. 22.
Caudal fin truncate, of 18 — 20 rays ; a small, well defined spine
at the angle of the operculum ; head compressed, snout rather
pointed ; teeth in both jaws in bands, the outer series the largest,
canine, curved, no teeth on the vomer, or tongue ; two nasal pores
in front of the eye, each with a tentacle ; branchiostegals five ;
space between the orbits equal to the distance between the centre
of the orbit and the snout ; mouth opens to the vertical
from the anterior margin of the orbit ; the length of the head is
3 V in the total, without caudal ; the height of the caudal portion
of the body between the dorsal and anal fins is 8^ in the total
length, without caudal ; the breadth across the body between the
gill covers is 31, of the total length without caudal. The vent is
situated midway between the snout and the tip of the tail ; the
distance between the centre of the orbit and the snout is three
times in the distance between the snout and base of the pectoral
fin ; the distance between the tip of the mandible and symphysis
of gill opening is six times in the total length, without caudal.
The head is very much compressed, and is lower than the height
of the body behind the pectorals. Colour rich salmon red,
reticulated on the back and sides with wavy lines of yellowish.
— (Spirit specimen).
Mah. Near George Town, Tasmania ; clinging to stones at
low water.
Descriptions of Australian Micro -Lepidoptera.
By E. Meyrick, B.A.
VII. Eevisional.
Before entering upon the larger families of the 2'ineina I have
thought it best to correct such errors as I have hitherto discovered
BY E. MEmiCK, B A. 149
in my previous papers, and to add descriptions of the new species
which have in the meantime come into my possession. I have
also rearranged on a proper system of classification the species of
Cramhidcc, FhycidtCy and allied families, which were classified at
first without due appreciation of the value of the neuration as a
guiding character ; in my later papers I have considered it of
primary importance.
The investigation of the venation of the Cramhidce has revealed
results of unexpected interest, such as would of themselves go
far to confirm the importance which I attach to this subject.
The venation of the extra-European genera does not seem to
have been at all studied, and the genera are often distinguished
by Zeller only on the most trifling and superficial characters ;
yet, so far as my material enables me to judge, they possess in
the venation sharply-defined marks of distinction. Thus Argyria
differs from Cramius in having veins 10 and 11 of the forewings
stalked ; Prioiiopteryx in having only 9 veins in the forewings
and 7 in the hindwings ; Diptychopliora in having vein 1 1 of
forewings running into 12 before costa ; and so on. In
JDiptychophora I have examined nine of the thirteen known
species, and found the venation constant. But the most interest-
ing discovery has been the fact that almost the whole of the
Australian species referred to Gramhus have veins 8 and 9 of the
forewings on a separate stalk, not rising out of 7, and therefore
belong to the genus separated by Heinemann as Thinasotia Hb.,
represented in Europe by three or four species only, and not ^^et
recognised elsewhere, except one species in New Zealand. In
my opinion this conclusively proves the distinctness of the genus,
which was previously doubtful. Consequent upon this is the
remarkable fact that the true genus Cramhus is virtually absent
from the native Australian fauna, though universally present
elsewhere, and numerously represented in New Zealand ; I say
virtually, for of the two Australian species one, C. hapaliscuSy
appears to have its home in Africa, and to have found its way
150 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
hither through Ceylon, thus not being truly aboriginal, whilst
the other, C. cuneiferellus, being thus left a solitary exception,
must be held insufficient to prove the native origin of the genus,
since it is more probable that with extended knowledge it also
wiU be found to be derived from elsewhere.
I have been obliged to create several new genera, principally
in the Phycidce, where the variation of structure is considerable ;
some of these will doubtless be found to occur elsewhere. For
instance, it is possible that to Ftochostola should be referred the
species of Cramhus described by Zeller as having only three-
branched median veins, i.e., vein 5 absent in both wings ; but as
Ftochostola has other points of distinction, I can only conjecture
the relationship ; these species are G. incanellus,. Z., and C.
pygmcBUs, Z., (South America), C. troglodytellus, Snell., and C.
mconspicuellus, Snell., (South Africa). Again, to the genus
Cateremna is referable the European Euzophera terehrella, Zk.
The distinction between the families of the CMlonidcB and
Cramhida, as hitherto constituted, is utterly untenable. Heine-
mann makes the difference lie in the cell of the hindwings being
closed in the Chilonid(B and open in the Cramhid(B, but in at least
half the genera of the Gramlidce, such as TMnasotia, Biptyckopliora,
&e., the cell is very distinctly closed, and the character is proved
merely a generic one. Zeller seems to rely rather on the
ChilonidcB frequenting water-plants and the Gramlidce dry ground,
surely a most unreliable and trivial point, and wholly inapplicable
in practice. I consider that Gliila is b}^ no means closely allied
to Schoenohius and Scirpophaga, but that its points of resemblance
are merely analagous and due to similarity of habit ; and I have
made the point of distinction between the two families consist in
the pectination of the lower median vein of the hindwings, which
is always present in the Cramhidcje, and absent in Schoenohius and
its allies ; Ghilo is therefore removed to the Gr ami idee. This
separation is in my opinion both natural and easy of application.
Indeed, so near is Ghilo to TMnasotia, that it was with difficulty
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 151
that I was enabled to separate them generally. The position
of Erotomanes in the Schoenohiadcc may excite surprise, but the
superficial appearance of the only species is peculiar anywhere,
and in structure it agrees so nearly with Schcenohius that I was
puzzled to find satisfactory distinctions.
The Cramhidce being found to have sometimes as few veins as
any of the Phjcidce, the distinction of these families cannot be
based on any one character, but will be readily granted on a
consideration of the sum of characters given, by which any species
can be with ease correctly referred ; the maxillary palpi afford
the best single test known to me.
I give now the classified catalogue of the Australian species of
these families, with accurate diagnoses of all the genera, both
old and new. It should be understood that the veins are assumed
to be all separate, unless otherwise stated. The New Zealand
species are not included, as they are in course of publication
elsewhere.
I am of opinion that in the SchcenoliadcB must also eventually
be included some genera usually classed with the Botydce, such
as Scoparia, but as I have not yet finished my investigations, I
forbear to do more than mention the possibility, since it would
in no way interfere with the system here given.
Fam. I. SCHGENOBIAD^.
Labial palpi porrected. Maxillary palpi triangular, porrected,
conspicuous. Forewings with 12 veins, 1 simple, 7 separate, 8
and 9 stalked. Hindwings with 8 veins, 3, 4, 5, rising near
together, not stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, lower median not jpectinated
at base.
Gen. 1. SciRPOPHAGA, Tr.
Antennas of male half as long as forewings, ciliated, of female
much shorter. Labial palpi short, not much longer than head.
Abdomen very elongate, in female with dense anal tuft.
exsanguis, n. sp. ochroleuca, n. sp.
K
152 DESCBIPTIOiiS OF ATJSTBALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
Gen. 2. Schcenobitjs, Dup.
AntennsB of male half as long as forewings, crenulate, ciliated,
of female much shorter. Labial palpi elongate, much exceeding
head, attenuated. Abdomen elongate, in female with dense anal
tuft.
tmparelluSf Meyr., Vol. III., 176.
Gen. 3. Erotomanes, n. g.
Antennee of male half as long as forewings, slender, pubescent,
of female equally long. Labial palpi elongate, much exceeding
head, broadly haired. Abdomen in male elongate, stout, in female
shorter, anal extremity laterally compressed, not tufted.
mirabilella, Meyr., Vol. III., 213, IV., 333.
Fam. II. CEAMBIDJE.
Labial palpi porrected. MaxiUary palpi triangular, porrected,
conspicuous. Forewings with 12 (rarely 11, 10, or 9) veins, 1
simple, normal veins 8 and 9 stalked, 7 sometimes from same
stalk. Hindwings with 8 (rarely 7) veins, 4 and 5 often stalked,
normal veins 7 and 8 stalked, lower median pectinated at base.
Gen. 1. Chilo, Zk.
Antennae of male finely ciliated. Labial palpi very long,
attenuated. Forewings with 12 veins, 8 and 9 stalked. Hind-
wings with 8 veins, 4 and 5 from a point, 6 very closely approxi-
mated at origin to 7, 7 and 8 stalked, cell closed.
parramatteUnSy Meyr., Vol. III., 178.
leptogrammella6i Meyr., Vol. IV., 207.
Gen. 2. OmrNOPHiLA, n. g.
Antennae of male stout, strongly pectinated. Labial palpi very
long, attenuated. Forewings with 12 veins, 8 and 9 stalked.
Hindwings with 8 veins, 4 and 5 from a point, 6 very closely
approximated at origin to 7, 7 and 8 stalked, cell closed.
ramosiriella, Walk., Vol. IV., 207 {schistellus).
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 153
Gen. 3. Thinasotia, Hb.
Antennae of male finely ciliated, rarely pectinated. Labial
palpi long, attenuated. Fore wings with 12 veins, 8 and 9 stalked.
Hindwings with 8 veins, 4 and 5 stalked or from a point, 6 widely
remote at origin from 7, 7 and 8 stalked, cell closed,
mikella, Meyr., Vol. III., 181,
recurvella, Walk., Vol, III., 186 {livittellus).
hivittella, Don., Vol. III., 185 {trivittatus).
aurantiaca, Meyr., Vol. III., 184.
hifractella, Walk., Vol. III., 197.
argyroeles, n. sp.
plenifereUa, Walk., Vol. III., 187.
impletella, Walk., Vol. IV., 210.
long ip alp ella, Meyr., Vol. III., 196.
hopUtella, Meyr., Vol. III., 188.
perlatalis, Walk., Vol. IV., 213.
relatalis, Walk., Vol. III., 191.
panselenella, n. sp.
opulentella, Z., Vol. III., 192.
grammella, Zi., Vol. III., 194 {enneagrammo%).
invalideUa, Meyr., Vol. III., 193.
acontophora, n. sp.
torrentella, Meyr., Vol. III., 183.
lativittalis, Walk., Vol. III., 183.
Gen. 4. Diptychophora, Z.
Antennae of male very finely ciliated. Labial palpi rather
short, somewhat triangular. Forewings with hindmargin twice
indented on upper half; with 12 veins, 8 and 9 stalked, 11
coalescing with 1 2 before costa. Hindwings with 8 veins, 5 from
above angle, 6 moderately approximated to 7, 7 and 8 stalked,
cell closed.
prcBmaturella, Meyr., Vol. III., 198.
154 DESCRIPTIOIs'S or AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
Gen. 5. Argyria, Hb.
Antennse of male finely ciliated. Labial palpi moderate or
rather long, attenuated. Forewings with 12 veins, 8 and 9
stalked, rising out of 7, 10 and 11 stalked. Hindwings with 8
veins, 4 and 5 stalked, 6 closely approximated at base to 7, 7 and
8 stalked, cell open.
argyraspis, Vol. lYc, 216.
Gen. 6. Ancylolomia, Hb.
No tongue. Antennrc of male dentate or strongly pectinated.
Labial palpi very long, attenuated. Forewings with 12 veins, 8
and 9 stalked, rising out of 7. Hind wings with 8 veins, 4 and
5 almost from a point, 6 widely remote at origin from 7, 7 and 8
stalked, cell closed.
Westwoodi, Z., Vol. IV., 208.
Gen. 7. Cramblts, F.
Antennae of male finely ciliated, rarely pectinated Labial
palpi very long, attenuated. Forewings with 12 veins (rarely 11
through obsolescence of vein 9), 8 and 9 stalked, rising out of 7.
Hindwings with 8 veins, 4 and 5 usually stalke:! or from a point,
6 approximated at base to 7, 7 and 8 stalked, cell open.
hapaliscus, Z., Vol. III., 182 {§07ivinnellus).
cuneiferellus, Walk., Vol. III., 189.
Gen 8. Ptochostola, n. g.
Antennae of male finely ciliated. Labial palpi very long,
attenuated, Forewings with 10 veins, 6 and 7 stalked, 6 to below
apex, 9 coalescing with 10 before costa. Hindwings with 7
veins, 4 from angle of cell, 5 closely approximated at base to 6,
6 and 7 stalked, cell open.
dimidiella, Meyr., Vol. Ill , 190,
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 155
Gen. 0. Prtonopteryx, Stph.
Antennae of male finely ciliated. Labial palpi rather lon^^,
hardly attenuated. Forewings with hindmargin once indented
above middle ; with 9 veins, 6 and 7 stalked, 6 running to costa.
Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4 from a point, 5 remote at oricrin
from G, G and 7 stalked, cell closed.
apicistric/ella, Meyr., A^ol. lA'^,, 209.
Fam. III. PHYCIDJE.
Labial palpi porrected or recurved. Maxillary palpi pencil-
like or usually filiform, generally concealed, sometimes absent.
Forewings with 11 (rarely 13 or 9) veins, 1 simple, normal veins
7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 8 or 7 veins, 4 and 5 usually
stalked, 3 sometimes from same stalk, normal veins 7 and 8
stalked, lower median pectinated at base.
Gen. 1. Ceroprepes, Z.
Antennse of male strongly pectinated on one side, towards apex
simple, with a small tooth of scales on basal joint, and a small
thickened tubercle above it. Labial palpi moderate, curved,
ascending. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewings with 11
veins, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 8 veins, 4 and 5 stalked,
7 and 8 stalked.
ahnella, Meyr., Vol. III., 210.
Gen. 2. Myelois, Z.
Antennas of male finely ciliated. Labial palpi moderate,
curved, ascending. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewings
with 11 veins, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 8 veins, 4 and
5 from a point (or stalked in extra- Australian species), 7 and 8
stalked.
cenoharella, Meyr., Vol. lY., 228.
156 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
Gen. 3. Euzophera, Z.
Anfcennse of male very finely ciliated. Labial palpi moderate,
curved, ascending. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewings
with 11 veins, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with
7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
cosmiella, Meyr., Yol. III., 212.
G-en. 4. Cateremna, n. g.
Antennae of male very finely ciliated. Labial palpi moderate,
curved, ascending. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewings
with 11 veins, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and
4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
leucarma, Meyr., Vol. IV., 230.
subarcuella, Meyr., Vol. III., 211.
microdoccay Meyr., Vol. IV., 231.
G-en. 5. Zophodia, Hb.
Antennae of male dentate, stroDgly ciliated. Labial palpi long,
straight, porrected. Maxillary palpi minute, filiform. Forewings
with 11 veins, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with
7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
neotomella, Meyr., Vol. IV., 226.
ensiferella, Meyr., Vol. III., 208.
Gen. 6. Etjcarphia, Hb,
Antenna of male finely ciliated. Labial palpi long, straight,
porrected. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewings with 11 veins,
7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 8 veins, 4 and 5 stalked, rising
out of 3, 7 and 8 stalked.
vulgatella, Meyr., Vol. III., 207,
cnepJiceella, Meyr., Vol. IV., 227.
Gen. 7. Etiella, Z.
Antennae of male finely ciliated, strongly sinuate above base,
with a large tuft of scales in sinuation. Labial palpi long, straight,
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 157
porrected, terminal joint long, exposed. Maxillary palpi in male
long, pencil-like, in female short, filiform. Forewings with 11
veins, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwinga with 8 veins, 4 and 5 stalked,
7 and 8 stalked.
sincerella, Meyr , Vol. III., 204.
chrysoporella, Meyr., Vol. III., 206.
Behrii, Z., Vol. III., 205.
Gen. 8. Salebeia, Z.
Antennae of male dentate, finely ciliated, with a tuft of scales
in sinuation at base. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending,
terminal joint short. Maxillary palpi in male long, pencil-like,
in female short, filiform. Forevvings with 11 veins, 7 and 8
stalked. Hiudwinga with 8 veins, 4 and 5 stalked, rising out of
3, 7 and 8 stalked.
eucovietis, n. sp.
rufitinctella, Meyr., Vol. Ill , 203.
oculiferella, Meyr., Vol. IV., 222.
digrammella, Meyr., Vol. IV., 223.
caliginosella, Meyr., Vol. IV., 221.
strigiferella, leyr , Vol. III., 202, IV., 221.
Gen. 9. Pempelia, Hb.
Antennse of male dentate, finely ciliated, with a tuft of scales
in sinuation at base. Labial palpi moderate, curved ascending,
terminal joint short. Maxillary palpi in male pencil-like, in
female short, filiform. Forewings with 11 veins, 7 and 8 stalked.
Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
opimella, Meyr., Vol. III., 201.
Gen, 10. Lasioceea, Meyr.
Antennae of male with basal half thickly clothed above with
rough scales. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending.
Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewings with 11 veins, 7 and
158 DESCRIPIIONS OP AUSTEALIAI?^ MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
8 stalked. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7
stalked.
canilinea, Meyr., A^ol. III., 209.
Gen, 11. Trissonca, n. g.
Antennae of male finely ciliated, with three small projecting
teeth above near base. Labial palpi moderatr", curved, ascending.
Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Eorewings with 11 veins, 7 and
8 stalked. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7
stalked.
mesactella, Meyr., Vol. lY., 225.
Gen. 12. Ampycophora, n. g.
Antennae of male dentate, ciliated, with a tuft of scales in
sinuation at base. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending.
Maxillary palpi in male pencil-like, in female short, filiform.
Forewings with 10 veins, 6 and 7 stalked. Hindwings with 7
veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
apotomella, Meyr., Vol. W., 224,
Gen. 13. Heosphora, n. g.
Antennae of male dentate, ciliated, with a fcuft of scales in
sinuation at base. Labial palpi very long, straight, porrected,
terminal joint concealed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewings
with 10 veins, 7 and 8 stalked, rising out of 6. Hindwings with
7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
virginella, Meyr., Vol. IV., 233.
psamatkella, Meyr., A^ol. IV., 234.
Gen. 14. Crocydopora, n. g.
Antennae of male dentate, finely ciliated, with a tuft of scales
in sinuation at base. Labial palpi rather long, stout, porrected,
terminal joint short. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewings with
BY E. METRTCK, B.A. 159
10 veiDs, 6 and 7 stalked. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4
stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
stenopterella, Meyr., Vol. Ill,, 200.
Gren. 15. Htpophat^a, n, g.
Antennae of male very finely ciliated, with a tuft of scales in
sinuation at base. Labial palpi moderate, slender, recurved,
ascending. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewings with 11
veins, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 8 veins, 4 and 5 stalked,
sometimes rising out of 3, 7 and 8 stalked.
eurapliella, Meyr., Vol. iy,,217.
infusella, Meyr., Vol. IV., 218.
melanostyla, Meyr., Vol. IV., 220.
petalocosma, n. sp.
Gen. 16. ErcAMPTLA, n. g.
Antennge of male finely ciliated, with a short acute tooth on
basal joint above. Labial palpi moderate, slender, porrectedt
Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewings with 11 veins, 4 and
5 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4
rising near together, 6 and 7 stalked.
etheiella, n. sp.
Gen. 17. Homoeosoma, Curt.
Antennae of male finely ciliated, with a short notch above basal
joint. Labial palpi moderate, slender, somewhat ascending.
Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewings with 11 veins (or in
extra- Australian species iO through obsolescence of vein 8), 4
and 5 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and
4 rising nearly from a point, 6 and 7 stalked.
va^ella, Z., Vol. III., 214.
fornacella, Meyr., Vol. IV., 219.
160 DESCRIPTIONS OF ArSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
G-en. 18. Akekastia, Hb.
Antennae o£ male pubescent or finely ciliated. Labial palpi
long or moderately long, porrected or ascending. Maxillary
palpi short, filiform. Forewings with 10 veins, 6 and 7 stalked.
HindwiDgs with 7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
distichella, Meyr., Vol. III., 215.
Gen. 19. Ephestia, Gn.
Antennae of male pubescent. Labial palpi moderate, cnrvpd,
ascending. Maxillary palpi short, filiform. Forewinij;s in mile
with a tuft of hairs beneath folded base of costa ; with 9 s -pa -Mtr
veins. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4 ris-rii,' near logeili m- o:-
from a point, 6 and 7 stalked.
sericaria, Scott., Vol. IV., 235.
elutella, Hb., Vol. III., 215.
ficulella, Barr., Vol. IV., 234.
interpunctella, Hb., Vol. III., 216.
Eam. IV. GALLEKID^.
Labial palpi differing in sexes, porrected or ascending.
Maxillary palpi minute, concealed. Eorewings with 12 (rarely
11 or 10) veins, 1 furcate at base, normal veins 7 and 8 stalked,
9 usually from same stalk. Hindwings with 8 or 7 veins, 4 and
5 stalked or coincident, normal veins 7 and 8 stalked, lower
median pectinated at base.
Gen. 1. Calleeia, F.
Antennae with a tooth of scales on basal joint, in male very
finely ciliated. Labial palpi in male moderate, ascending, in
female moderate, porrected. Forewings with hindmargin obtusely
projecting above anal angle ; with 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked,
rising out of 9. Hindwings in male with 8 veins, 4 and 5 stalked,
rising out of 3, 7 and 8 stalked ; in female with 7 veins, 3 and
4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalk.
melloneUa, L , Vol. III., 216.
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 161
Gen. 2. Calliontma, n. g.
Antennje with a tooth of scales on basal joint, in male very
finely ciliated. Labial palpi in male short, ascending, in female
rather long, porrected. Forewings with 12 veins, 8 and 9 stalked,
rising out of 7. Hindwings with 8 veins, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 and
8 stalked.
sar codes, n. sp.
Gen. 3. Aphomia, Hb.
Antennae with or without a tooth of scales on basal joint, in
male pubescent. Labial palpi in male short, ascending, in female
rather long, porrected. Forewings with 12 veins, 4 and 5 some-
times stalked or in male obsolete, 8 and 9 stalked or near together,
rising out of 7. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and
7 stalked.
tripartitella, Meyr., Vol. lY., 236.
yacliytera, Meyr., Vol. IV., 227.
latro, Z., Vol IV , 238.
Grcn. 4. AcHROEA, Hb.
Antennae with a tooth of scales on basal joint, in male
pubescent. Labial palpi in male short, ascending, in female very
short, porrected. Forewings with 11 veins, 4 and 5 stalked, 7
and 8 stalked. Hindwings with 7 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and
7 stalked.
grisella, F., Vol. III., 216.
o
In the following n')tes the changes of specific nomenclature
made in this list are explained, and the new species included are
described.
SCIRPOPHAGA, Tr.
Scrip, exsanguis, n. sp.
c^ ? . 8"-lli". Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and
legs snow-white ; palpi more or less inf uscated at base externally,
162 descbiptio:n^s of Australian miceo-lepidoptera,
sometimes very slightly, sometimes second joint entirely fuscous
externally ; abdomen sometimes faintly inf uscated, anal tuft
pure white ; legs dark fuscous beneath, posterior tibiae sometimes
slightly infuscated above. Forewings moderately broarl, costa
arched, more strongly towards apex, hindmargin strou^jly rounded,
moderately oblique; snow-white, slightly shining. Hiu-iwings
snow-white, slightly shining. Forewings beneath in male
moderately infuscated, in female nearly white.
Amongst described species this seems to come nearest to Scirp.
virginea, 7i.^ from South Africa, from which it appears to differ
principally by the legs being white above and dark fuscous below,
and by the infuscated under-surface of the forewings ; but I have
not seen Zeller's species. The colouring of the palpi seems
variable and unreliable.
Very common round Sydney in March, sitting sluggishly on
fhe stems of rushes in swampy places, and also taken at Brisbane
in September ; there can be little doubt that the larva feeds in
the stems of a Juncus.
Seirp. ochroleuca, n. sp.
^ . 10"- 11". Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen and legs
white, faintly and unevenly ochreous-tinged ; antennae of male
not half as long as forewings ; anal tuft ochreous-whitish ; legs,
ochreous-white beneath. Forewings slightly narrower than in
S. exsanguis, costa gently arched, hindmargin moderately oblique,
strongly rounded ; ochreous-white, becoming pure white towards
apex. Hindwings ochreous-white, becoming pure white towards
apex. Forewings beneath ochreous-white.
Certainly distinct from the preceding, though the female is yet
unknown ; readily distinguished from it by the wholly ochreous-
white legs, and absence of infuscation on lower surface of fore-
wings, as well as by the shortei antennae and general ochreous
tinge.
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 163
Two specimens sent from near Duaringa, Queensland, by Mr.
G. Barnard.
Crun'ophila, n. g.
Crun. ramosiriella, Walk.
{Cramhufi ramostriellus, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 172; Uhida
receptalis, ibid. 186; Chilo schistellus, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc,
N.S.W., IV., 207.)
16"-2r'. The male only differs from the female in the slightly
broader forewings, and in having the hindwings smoky-fuscous,
except towards the base, which is white. The species varies
somewhat in depth of colouring, being often broadly suffused
with brownish- whitish towards dorsal margin ; thorax also often
suffused with whitish ; infuscation of hindwings in female variable
in extent.
Several specimens sent by Mr. Gr. Barnard from near Duaringa,
Queensland.
Thixasotia, Hb.
Ihin. livittella, Don.
Prof. Zeller now informs me that his identification of this
species, which I accepted, was erroneous, the' description in realitv
referring to the insect described by him as Cr. trivittatus ; so
that -for the Western Australian species the name of recurvellus,
Walk., must be adopted. The synonymy of these two species
will therefore be as follows :
Thin, hivittella, Don.
Crambus hivittellus, Don., Walk. ; C. trivittatus, 7i., Meyr.
Thin. 7'ecurvella, Walk.
Cramhus recurvellus, Walk. ; C. hivittellus, Z., Meyr.
Thin argyrceles, n. sp.
(^ . 9". Head pale ochreous, with a dark fuscous spot on
middle of forehead, another between antennae, and one on anterior
164; DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
margin of eye. Maxillary palpi pale oclireous, with two black
bands. Labial palpi rather short, greyish-ochreous, mixed with
blackish on sides, beneath ochreous-white at base. Antennae
dentate, shortly ciliated, dark fuscous. Thorax light brownish-
ochreous, anterior margin with four dark fuscous spots. Abdomen
pale ochreous. Anterior tibiae with basal half greyish-ochreous,
terminal half suffusedly blackish, tarsi black with ochreous-
whitish basal and apical rings on each joint ; middle tibiae white,
base black, posterior tibiae wholly white, middle and posterior
tarsi dark fuscous-grey with whitish rings at apex of joints.
Fore wings rather short, moderately broad, costa very slightly
arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin distinctly sinuate, rather oblique,
light yellowish-ochreous, becoming ochreous-brown along costa
and on anterior half of disc, more greyish-tinged towards anterior
half of inner margin ; a few scattered black scales on anterior
half of wing ; a moderately broad silvery- white partially black-
margined longitudinal streak immediately beneath costa from
near base to slightly beyond middle, posterior extremity bent
somewhat down, obtuse, anterior extremity acutely attenuated,
somewhat suffused, almost touching costa ; an irregular elongate-
oval silvery-white spot a little below costa about two-thirds ; a
smaller roundish silvery-white subapical spot, not touching hind-
margin, its upper angle suffusedly produced into apex ; a
moderately broad straight silvery-white black-margined longi-
tudinal streak through disc from base to slightly beyond middle,
slightly attenuated towards base ; an elongate-oval silvery-white
spot in disc below middle about two-thirds from base ; a leaden-
metallic line starting from between subcostal and median white
streaks at one-fourth from base, running round posterior extremity
of median streak, and curving back to inner margin somewhat
before middle ; an irregular leaden-metallic spot between subcostal
streak and subcostal white spot; a similar leaden-metallic spot
between anterior extremities of subcostal and discal white spots ;
the ground colour between subcostal and discal white spots, and
BY E. MEYBICK, B.A. 165
betw^een discal white spot and inner margin, is thickly strewn
with black scales ; an ill-defined whitish-ochreous mark on costa
at two-thirds ; a similar mark on costa at three-fourths, giving
rise to an outwardly curved leaden-metallic line passing round
posterior extremities of subcostal and discal white spots, and
ending on inner margin at about four-fifths ; three sharply
marked round black spots on hindmargin above anal angle ; a
black line on hindmargin beneath apex : cilia smoky-grey, with
a broad leaden-metallic basal line with violet reflections, becoming
white at apex. Hindwings with a tuft of long whitish-yellowish
hairs on costa towards base above ; yellowish-whitish, more
yellowish on costal half, with a roundish cloudy fuscous-grey
spot at apex ; cilia yellowish-whitish.
Nearly allied to T. hifractella, Walk., but readily known by
the different shape and detachment from costa of the subcostal
white spot, by the different course of the first metallic line which
is curved obliquely inwards to inner margin, instead of being
perpendicular to it, by the darker ground colour, metallic basal
line of the cilia, and various other minute points, as well as the
costal tuft and whitish-yellow colour of the hindwings, which
latter are perhaps only sexual characteristics.
A very handsome species ; one very perfect specimen taken
near Brisbane at the end of September.
TMn. relatah'8, Walk.
The description of Gr ambus argyroneurus, Z., Cr., 47, certainly
refers to this species, and, being slightl}/ later, Zeller's name
must rank as a synonym only. I should have identified it before,
but for a misunderstanding ot tne wording of the original
description.
Thin, panselenella, n. sp.
(^ $ . 13"-I4V'. Head brownish-ochreous, face darker, with
an ochreous-whitish spot on anterior margin of eyes. Maxillary
166 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
palpi light ochreous, towards base externally dark fuscous.
Labial palpi very long, greyisb-ochreous mixed witb dark fuscous,
beneath white at base. Antennae dark fuscous, basal joint
ochreous-whitish. Thorax light ochreous, shoulders ochreous-
brown, centre of back black, with a longitudinal white stripe on
each side of back, not reaching anterior margin. Abdomen light
ochreous-yellow. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibiae light
ochreous above. Forewihgs moderately broad, costa gently
arched, apex obtusely pointed, hindmargin slightly sinuate,
moderately oblique ; ochreous-brown, darkest on disc, becoming
light brownish-ochreous towards inner and hindmargins; extreme
costal edge white from one-fourth almost to apex, a very slender
snow-white streak immediately beneath costa from near base
almost to middle ; a straight narrow snow-white longitudinal
streak running from a little below costa at one-fourth to costa
immediately before apex, anterior extremity finely attenuated,
upper edge tending to emit slender streaks to costa posteriorly ;
a moderate nearly straight snow-white central longitudinal
streak through disc from base to hindmargin, margined with
dark fuscous, somewhat sinuate beyond middle, slightly attenuated
at base ; from its lower edge beyond middle proceed three slender
ill-defined white streaks to hindmargin at equal distances ; a
variable elongate-wedge-shaped ill-defined white longitudinal
streak immediately above posterior fourth of median streak,
sometimes more clearly marked, anteriorly finely attenuated ;
above this sometimes an ill-defined irregular white spot on hind-
margin ; between the white streaks posteriorly are cloudy dark
fuscous lines ; beneath third branch of median streak is a slender
ill-defined white streak from middle to hindmargin, not touching
median streak ; a straight slender cloudy white streak from base
to anal angle, and another from base to inner margin at one-
third ; a clearly-marked blackish hindmarginal line : cilia pale
ochreous-grey, with a sncw-white basal line. Hindwings pale
dull ochreous-yellow, in female somewhat infuscated towards
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 167
hindmargin ; a fuscous-grey hinclmarginal line, in female darker
and sharply marked ; cilia pale ochreous-yellow.
Closely allied to Thin, opuhntella, Z., which it nearly resembles
in markings, differing especially by the yellow hindwings and
darker ground colour, which contrast handsomely with the snow-
white markings ; it is also somewhat larger, and is therefore the
largest species of this group.
Five specimens taken at Blackheath in the Blue Mountains,
at an elevation of 3,500 feet, at the end of February, in dry
grassy places.
Thin, grammella, Ti.
Prof. Zeller, to whom I sent specimens of the species described
by me as Or. emieagrammos (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., III., 194),
assures me that it is identical with his grammellus, which name
must therefore be adopted for the species. Zeller's original type
would seem to have been a slight variety.
Thin, acontophora, n. sp.
(^ ? . 10J"-lli". Head ochreous-white, centre of forehead
and collar brownish-ochreous. Maxillary palpi white, externally
except at apex ochreous mixed with dark fuscous. Labial palpi
very long, ochreous mixed with dark fuscous, internally and
beneath white. Antennse whitish-ochreous. Thorax whitish-
ochreous, becoming brownish-ochreous on shoulders and anterior
margin. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Legs pale whitish-
ochreous, anterior pair ochreous-fuscous internally. Forewings
rather short, moderately broad, costa rather strongly and evenly
arched, apex almost acute, hindmargin sinuate, rather strongly
oblique ; pale whitish-ochreous, sometimes slightly tinged with
brownish-ochreous, especially towards base of costa, and with a
few scattered black scales ; a narrow white central longitudinal
streak through disc from base nearly to hindmargin, towards
base very finely attenuated, posteriorly very suffused and
L
168 DESCRIPTIOiS^S or AUSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
indistinct, lower margin ill-defined, upper margin edged by a
blackisli line, above wbicli is a cloudy dark fuscous streak,
broadest in middle and attenuated towards base, posteriorly
bending upwards near bindmargin and continued suffusedly to
apex of wing, where it becomes again more distinct ; a round
blackish dot on lower margin of white median streak at two-
thirds from base, and sometimes another a little above it ; a
whitish suffusion along hindmargin, and sometimes confused
indications of slender whitish streaks on veins towards lower
half of hindmargin ; a hindmarginal row of black dots ; cilia
ochreous- whitish, with two cloudy fuscous-grey lines. Hindwings
ochreous-grey-whitish, with a grey hindmarginal line ; cilia
ochreous- whitish.
Nearly allied to T. grammella, 7i., and T. invalidella, Meyr.,
but differing from both in the absence of the white subcostal
streak, and the obsolescence of the branches of the median
streak ; the hindwings are lighter than in T. grammella, but not
white as in T. invalidella.
Eive specimens taken in March in dry grassy places at
Mittagong, New South Wales, at an elevation of 2,000 feet.
Cramhus lia^aliscus, Z.
This name, originally published by Zeller (Lep. Caffr.) in
1852, has the priority of concinnellus, Walk. ; on account of the
description being taken from South African specimens I had
overlooked the identity, which is undoubted.
Salebkia, Z.
Sal. eucometis, n. sp.
^ . 11". Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax light ochreous,
somewhat suffused with brownish ; maxillary palpi yellowish.
Abdomen light greyish-ochreous, somewhat irregularly brownish-
tinged. Legs dark fuscous, middle tibijTe brownish-ochreous,
posterior tibise light ochreous above. Fore wings elongate.
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 169
moderate, costa moderately arid evenly arched, apex obtuse,
hindmargin straight, moderately oblique ; light ochreous, rather
thickly but irregularly irrorated with light reddish-fuscous scales,
especially immediately beneath the median streak and along
hindmargin ; costal edge suffusedly dark fuscous ; a straight
longitudinal ochreous-white streak a little above middle from
base to hindmargin beneath apex, tolerably broad in middle,
attenuated to both extremities, lower margin tolerably well-
defined, upper margin very suffused and indistinct ; cilia fuscous-
grey, with whitish points. Hind wings fuscous-grey, slightly
purplish tinged ; a dark grey hindmarginal line : cilia whitish
grey, with a darker grey line near base.
The ochreous-white median streak distinguishes this species
from all others.
One specimen taken at Brisbane in September, in a dry grassy
place.
Pempelia, Hb.
Pemp. opimella, Meyr.
The maxillary palpi of the male in this species appear to have
but an apology for the usual pencil of hairs, so that it is some-
what doubtful whether the species is justly included in this
genus, with which it fully agrees in other respects.
Hypophana, n. g.
I have no doubt of this genus being a natural one. The
species are all rather inconspicuous grey insects, with notably
transparent hindwings.
Hyp. 2)etalocosma, n. sp.
^ . 7|". Head and thorax light grey, somewhat mixed with
whitish. Palpi grey, towards base whitish, terminal joint and a
subapical band on second joint suffusedly dark fuscous. Antennoe
grej'. Abdomen whitish-grey, prismatic. Legs grey- whitish ,
170 DESCRIPTIONS or ArSTEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
anterior pair suffused with dark fuscous above. Breast beneath
on each side with a broad expansible pearly prismatic plate,
composed of about a dozen oblong overlapping plates, behind
which is an expansible tuft of thick ochreous-white hair-scales,
resting on a circular patch of overlapping deep black plate-like
scales ; a short linear patch of black scales also extends along
base of submedian fold on under-side of forewings. Forewings
very narrow at base, gradually dilated posteriorly, costa at first
straight, towards apex moderately arched, apex obtusely rounded,
hindmargin rather strongly rounded, not oblique ; light grey,
slightly brownish-tinged, with irregularly scattered dark fuscous
scales ; a cloudy dark fuscous transverse mark at one-fourth,
not reaching costa or inner margin ; a very faint slender
irregular dark fuscous transverse line somewhat before middle,
slightly curved outwards ; a very ill-defined small dark fuscous
spot in disc at two-thirds, and another near inner margin
a little beyond middle ; a slender cloudy dark fuscous
outwardly-curved transverse line from a little before apex
to a little before anal angle, bent inwards beneath costa,
closely followed by another much fainter similar line ; a blackish
hindmarginal line : cilia light grey, with rows of blackish points.
Hindwings whitish-grey, transparent, hindmarginal edge suf-
fusedly darker ; a short linear streak of thick black scales at base
below middle; cilia grey-vvhitish, with a well defined dark grey
line near base.
The ornamental neck-frill of this species is very extraordinary,
and reminds one somewhat of similar appendages in some hum-
ming-birds ; it is probably less developed in the female.
One specimen taken at Sydney in October, amongst dry bush.
Syp. melanostyla, Meyr.
This species differs from the other three of the genus in
having vein 3 of the hindwings rising out of the stalk of 4 and 5 .
It is however closely allied to the others ; the female, which is
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 171
alone known to me, lias on the breast a cuirass of pearly scales,
indicating near relationship with the preceding species ; it would
therefore be conceivable that they should be the sexes of the
same species, but the difference in neuration, as well as in super-
ficial marking, renders this hardly probable.
EUCAMPYLA, n. g.
Euc. etheiella, n. sp.
(^ . 9|-". Head and thorax light fuscous-grey. Palpi dark
fuscous-grey, towards base whitish-grey. Antennae dark fuscous.
Abdomen whitish ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibiae
light ochreous above. Forewings very narrow at base, gradually
dilated throughout, costaat first straight, towards apex moderately
arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very oblique, strongly
rounded ; a tuft of hairs concealed under the folded base of costa
beneath ; rather light dull fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous
scales ; costa suffused with dark fuscous ; an indistinct narrow
dark fuscous transverse line from two-fifths of costa to a little
before middle of inner margin, strongly bent outwards somewhat
above middle ; a cloudy dark fuscous transverse spot in disc at
two-thirds ; a narrow cloudy dark fuscous transverse line from
five-sixths of costa to inner margin before anal angle, sending a
sharply angulated tooth inwards above middle, and appearing to
be margined posteriorly by a paler line, through the absence of
dark fuscous scales from the groundcolour ; a cloudy dark fuscous
hindmarginal line ; cilia ochreous-grey, with a pale ochreous
basal line. Hind wings whitish, costa towards apex suffused with
light fuscous-grey ; some short whitish-ochreous hairs at base ; a
cloudy grey hindmarginal line ; cilia white, round apex ochreous-
tinged and with a faint grey line.
Resembles the genus JEphestia in form and colouring, as well
as in the costal tuft of hairs of the male, but differs markedly in
neuration. One specimen taken at light near Sydney in August.
172 DESCEIPIIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
Callionyma, n. g.
Call, sarcodes, n. sp.
^ 7f", ? 9^". Head, palpi, and thorax grey- whitish, more
or less tinged with pale carmine ; sides of frontal cone in male
dark grey. Antennae whitish, annulated with grey, basal joint
carmine-tinged. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs grey-whitish,
slightly carmine-tinged, anterior and middle pair fuscous-grey
beneath, tarsal joints fuscous-grey except at apex. Forewings
somewhat oblong, rather broad, costa gently arched, apex acute,
hindmargin nearly straight, slightly sinuate, oblique ; dull
ochreous-grey-whitish, in female slightly, in male strongly
suffused with light brownish-carmine ; extreme costal edge darker
brownish-carmine ; a very indistinct irregular somewhat outwardly
curved brownish-carmine tranverse line from one-third of costa
to two-fifths of inner margin ; a similar line from two-thirds of
costa to four-fifths of inner margin, irregularly bent outwards in
middle ; a small indistinct fuscous carmine spot in disc beyond
middle ; a strongly-marked broad cloudy blackish hindmarginal
line ; cilia pale ochreous-carmine, with a deep carmine basal line.
Hindwings in male light fuscous-grey, in female whitish-grey,
with a dark grey hindmarginal line ; cilia grey-whitish, with a
faint grey line near base.
A very distinct and elegant species.
One pair beaten from Eucalyptus bushes in November, the male
at Parramatta, the female at Murrurundi, New South "Wales.
TORTEICID^.
Peoselena, Meyr.
Pros, camacinana, n. sp.
^ ? . 5"-6". Head, palpi, and thorax in male yellowish- whitish,
in female whitish-ochreous, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous-
grey. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous-grey.
Anterior and middle tibise blackish, with ochreous-whitish median
and apical rings, tarsi blackish with whitish rings at apex of joints ;
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 173
posterior legs ochreous-whitish, tarsi dark grey towards base of
joints. Forewings in male rather short, moderately broad, in
female more elongate and narrower, costa rather strongly arched
towards base, apex round-pointed, hindmargin nearly straight, in
male moderately, in female rather strongly oblique ; whitish,
irregularly mixed with light grey, and in male with whitish-
yellowish, in female pale ferruginous-yellow scales, which tend
to accumulate on margins of dark markings ; outer edge of basal
patch generally sharply defined by a blackish-fuscous line from
one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, angulated out-
wards in middle, dilating gradually from middle to inner margin
so as to form an erect wedgeshaped mark ; between this line and
base are some scattered blackish-fuscous scales ; a slender
indistinct grey transverse striga a little beyond and parallel to
outer edge of basal patch ; central fascia moderate, blackish-
fuscous, darkest on edges, starting from middle of costa obliquely
outwards, bent sharply back in middle of disc, ending abruptly
on fold, not reaching inner margin, tooth of angulation ill-defined
and sometimes posteriorly obsolete ; beneath extremity of central
fascia are two small dark fuscous spots on inner margin ; beyond
upper half of central fascia a slender dark fuscous parallel striga,
terminating in the angulation ; an irregular quadrilateral blackish-
fuscous spot on costa at three-fourths, suffused beneath, anterior
angle darkest ; an elongate-triangular dark grey spot on anal angle,
rather outwardly oblique, suffused towards apex, incompletely
connected with costal spot by two indistinct strigse ; two oblique
grey striga3 from costa just before apex to hindmargin below apex ;
an elongate cloudy blackish-grey mark along middle of hind-
margin ; cilia on costa and anal angle ochreous-whitish, on hind-
margin dark grey, mixed with whitish, and with a blackish-grey
line. Hindwings fuscous grey, speckled with darker ; cilia grey,
with a dark grey basal line.
Superficially very different from Pros, annosana, Meyr., and
much more nearly resembling the species of Isochorista or Capua ;
174 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
but the pecular venation, and absence of a costal fold, leave no
doubt of its true position.
Common at about 2,000 feet of elevation on the ascent of
Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, flying readily over a mossy bank at
tbe beginning of February.
Dichelia f^J humerana, Walk.
Having recently obtained specimens of tbis species in Tasmania,
I am able to announce tbat, as conjectured, it does not belong
to the Tortricina at all, but to a genus of Tineina, allied to
Depressaria, Hw.
Oacoecia, Hb.
Cac. psapharana, n. sp.
J 8", $ 8f". Head, palpi, antennse, and thorax pale whitish-
ochreous ; palpi in male twice as long as head, in female hardly
longer, slightly speckled externally with fuscous. Abdomen
ochreous- whitish, anal valves of male large, tufted. Legs
ochreous-whitish, anterior tibiae, and anterior and middle tarsi
speckled with dark fuscous, posterior tibiae white. Forewings
oblong, moderately broad, costa in male rather sharply bent
somewhat before middle, in female rather strongly arched
towards base, apex obtusely pointed, hindmargin slightly rounded,
rather oblique, in female slightly sinuate below apex ; costal
fold of male very slight, short and imperfect ; very pale whitish-
ochreous, with faint regular slightly darker transverse strigulte ;
basal patch wholly obsolete ; central fascia very faintly defined,
running from slightly before middle of costa to anal angle, light
greyish-ochreous, upper third very narrow, lower two-thirds
rather broad, posterior margin sharply incised below middle ; a
very indistinct light greyish-ochreous flattened-triangular patch
on costa about three-fourths, and a similar triangular patch on
middle of hindmargin; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings
whitish, irregularly strigulated with light grey ; cilia white.
BY E. METRICK, B.A.. 175
Intermediate between C.postvittana, Walk., and C.mnemosynana,
Meyr., but differing from both in the very pale colouring and
extremely faint markings ; in the rudimentary costal fold of the
male, and the whitish hindwings, it resembles the latter species,
but in the markings of the fore wings it rather approaches the
former ; the palpi of the male are proportionately longer than in
either. The sexes do not perceptibly differ in colouring.
A fine pair taken in cop. near Launceston, Tasmania, amongst
dry bush at the end of January.
Arotrophora, Meyr.
Arotr. ochraceella, "Walk.
(^Cramhus oehraceellus, Walk., Brit. Mus. Oat., 177.)
(^. 15"-16". Head white, with an orange spot on anterior
margins of eyes. Palpi three and a half times as long as head,
white, externally ochreous-orange. Antennae ochreous-orange.
Thorax white, anterior margin and shoulders suff usedly yellowish-
ochreous. Abdomen elongate, stout, white. Legs white, beneath
ochreous-tinged. Forewings broad, oblong, rather dilated pos-
teriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtusely pointed, hindmargin
rather sinuate, slightly oblique ; deep ochreous-orange, lighter
and mixed with white in disc below middle and towards hind-
margin, the darker tint seeming to form a broad suffused
subcostal streak, a narrow dorsal streak, and a round suffused
spot in disc at two-thirds from base ; a white costal streak from
base almost to apex, attenuated to each extremity, somewhat
speckled with orange, its lower margin suffused into ground
colour ; a very ill-defined white suffusion along vein 1 ; cilia
light ochreous-orange mixed with white (defective). Hindwings
white, faintly speckled with pale orange ; cilia white.
This remarkable and very striking species, from its large size
and conspicuous colouring, cannot be confused with any other
insect. From the neuration, and structure of the palpi and
176 DESCEIPTIONS OF ATJSTRALIAK MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
anteniiEe, there can be no doubt of its being a true Arotrophora,
with, more traceable relationship to A. arcuatalis, Walk., than to
any other species.
One specimen beaten from Banhsia serrata near Sydney in
October ; I have also seen two others from the same locality.
Arotr. hemerana, n. sp.
^ . 7'-!^' . Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen whitish-
grey ; palpi two and a half times as long as head, externally
ochreous-tinged and speckled with dark grey. Legs whitish,
anterior and middle tarsi and tibiae grey with whitish rings. Foro-
wings moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa strongly arched, apex
obtusely pointed, hindmargin very slightly sinuate, rather strongly
oblique ; light grey, finely strewn with whitish scales, with fine
irregular dark grey transverse strigulse, and a few scattered
blackish scales ; some very inconspicuous, sometimes almost
obsolete, markings composed of brownish-ochreous scales mixed
with blackish, forming some small irregular spots in disc about
one-third, a narrow fascia from middle of costa to two-thirds of
inner margin, interrupted on disc and very ill-defined on lower
half, some speckles near costa tewards apex, and an elongate
tolerably well-defined straight slender streak very near and
parrallel to hindmargin from near apex to anal angle ; a tolerably
conspicuous black dot in disc at three-fifths ; a row of very ill-
defined blackish dots on hindmargin, mixed with ochreous ; cilia
grey- whitish, with a sharply defined dark grey line near base, and
two other very cloudy grey lines. Hindwings whitish-grey ; cilia
grey- whitish, with two very faintly darker lines
Allied to A. confusana, Walk., but considerably larger than it
or the narrower-winged^, lividana, Meyr., and^. atimana, Meyr. ;
in form of wing it nearly resembles A. confmana, but may be
known by its very uniform grey colouring, without distinct dark
transverse markings, or reddish-ochreous suffusion.
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 177
Five specimens taken amongst luxuriant bush on the ascent
of Mount Wellington, Tasmania, at an elevation of about 3,000
feet.
CONCH YLID^.
Hyperxena, n. g.
Thorax with a double erect posterior crest. Antennae in male
— ? Palpi very long, straight, porrected, second joint with long
rough obliquely projecting hairs above, terminal joint very loug,
roughly scaled above. Posterior tibiae fringed with short hairs
above. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa (in male probably
simple) strongly arched, apex acute, hindmargin very oblique ;
surface with raised scales. Hindwings elongate, as broad as
forewings, cilia long. Forewings with veins 7 and 8 separate,
7 running to costa, secondary cell indicated, vein 1 furcate at
base (?). Hindwings with 8 veins, 3 and 4 remote at origin,
parrallel, 5 nearly parallel to 4, 6 running to costa, 6 and 7 remote
at origin, nearly parallel.
This interesting genus is nearly allied to Heliocosma, Meyr.,
which previously stood alone; the curious venation is nearly
identical, the essential point of distinction being that vein 7 of
the forewings runs to the costa, a very unusual character among
the Tortricina which recurs in the remote genus Term, Tr., and
vein 6 of the hindwings also runs to the costa. The thoracic
crest, very oblique hindmargin of the forewings, and long cilia
are also notable characters.
Byperx. scierana, n. sp.
$ . 7f "-8|-". Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous-grey, finely
irrorated with whitish. Antennae grey. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Anterior and middle legs fuscous-grey, with cloudy
whitish rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs grey- whitish.
Forewings narrow, costa strongly and evenly arched, apex acute,
hindmargin almost straight, very oblique; fuscous-grey, finely
178 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAN" MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
irrorated with, grey-whitisli, and with, scattered dark fuscous
scales ; some raised scales at about one-fourth from base on disc
and towards inner margin ; very faint indications of a darker
outwardly oblique streak from costa at one-fourth to middle of
inner margin, and a spot in disc at two-thirds ; cilia grey with
whitish points, mixed with darker fusoous-grey at base. Hind-
wings pale whitish-grey ; cilia grey-v/hitisli, with a faint grey
line near base.
A peculiar and abnormal-looking insect, at first sight not at all
like the Tortricma. It is very possible that the male may be
more distinctly marked.
Two specimens beaten from scrub, one at Parramatta in August,
the other at Blackheath on the Blue Mountains in September.
Heterocrossa, n. g.
Thorax smooth. Antenna3 in male with long fine cilia. Palpi
rather long or very long, second joint roughly haired above and
towards apex beneath, attenuated, terminal joint moderate,
exposed. Posterior tibiae fringed with hairs above. Forewings
elongate, narrow, costa in male simple, moderately arched, apex
pointed, hindmargin oblique ; surface with raised scales. Hind-
wings elongate, broader than forewings, lower median vein
pectinated towards base. Forewings with veins 7 and 8 separate,
7 running to hindmargin, secondary cell absent, upper fork of
vein 1 obsolete. Hindwings with 6 veins, 3 and 4 stalked from
posterior angle of cell, 5 from upper angle of cell to slightly above
apex, 6 free.
Closely allied to Paramorpha, Meyr., but differing from it and
all other genera of the family in the basal pectination of the
lower median vein. The absence of this pectination is a family
characteristic, but although this case proves that the characteristic
is not an infallible one, yet it will be observed that the family is
still absotutely distinguished from the other two by the origin of
vein 2 from near before the angle, and, as I have remarked in my
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 179
general paper on the Tortricina, the exceptional failure of a
character need not vitiate its general value, since families can
rarely be distinguished by a single point, but by the consideration
of the sum of general characters.
The genus occurs in Australia and New Zealand, three species
being known to me, two of which I had erroneously included
elsewhere.
1. Ret, neurophorella, Meyr.
{Epischnia neurophorella, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W.,
IV., 232).
The only Australian species, distinguishable by the dark
longitudinal lines on the veins.
2. Set. ahreptella, "Walk.
{Paramorpha ahreptella, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W.,
VL, 698).
The basal pectination was partially obliterated in my originally
described specimens, but I have since obtained a series from
Christchurch, N.Z., which leave no doubt of its true position.
The fuscous-grey colouring, which is sometimes very deep, will
distinguish this from the other two species.
3. Het. gonosemana, n. sp.
? . 9". Head white. Palpi about twice the length of head,
upper half white, lower half dark fuscous, terminal joint white,
dark fuscous at base. Antennse white, with indications of dark
rings. Thorax white, on shoulders ochreous-tinged. Abdomen
ochreous-white. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, with
ochreous- white rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs ochreous-
white. Forewings elongate-oblong, narrow, costa slightly arched,
bent and roughened with scales about one-third, apex obtusely
pointed, hindmargin straight, moderately oblique ; white, with a
few scattered grey scales, towards inner margin very faintly
180 DESCRIPTIONS OF AIJSTEALUN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
oclireous-tinged ; a thick black streak along basal fifth of costa,
attenuated at each end ; a black dot on costa closelj beyond it ;
a small irregular black mark in disc at one-third, immediately
preceded by a small dark fuscous-grey suffusion, and followed
by two tufts of raised scales, half blackish and half white ; a
small subquadrate rather inwardly oblique black spot on costa at
one-third, almost connected with discal black spot ; all these
black markings are somewhat mixed on margins with ochreous ;
some raised scales towards base, and inner margin at one-third ;
five short cloudy blackish marks on costa at equal distances
between one-third and apex, rather oblique inwardly ; five small
spots of raised whitish-ochreous scales arranged in an oval in
disc, each with a few black scales on margin ; between these, and
above posterior of them, is an ill-defined grey suffusion ; a very
ill-defined cloudy grey irregular dentate transverse line from
second of the five costal marks to inner margin at four- fifths,
only distinct on upper half and on inner margin ; a more distinct
dentate grey line from third costal mark to inner margin before
anal angle, strongly curved outwards and sinuate, containing a
series of ill-defined black dots ; a row of very ill-defined black
dots on hindmargin : cilia grey, closely irrorated with whitish
points. Hindwings whitish- slaty-grey, cilia white, with a faint
grey line.
A very distinct species, through the white ground colour, and
black marks towards base.
I took one perfect specimen at Dunedin, New Zealand, amongst
dry bush at the beginning of February, and have seen two others
from the same place.
BoNDiA, Newm.
Thorax smooth. Antennae in male with long fine ciliations,
basal joint broadly flattened. Palpi in male moderate, curved,
ascending, second joint broadly scaled, scales angularly projecting
in front, terminal joint slender, scaled, erect ; in female moderate
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 181
or long, straight, porrected, second joint broadly scaled, laterally
ccmpressed, terminal joint slender, scaled, porrected. Posterior
tibise fringed with, hairs above. Forewings elongate, very narrow,
costa in male simple, nearly straight, apex obtuse or almost acute,
hindmargin very oblique ; surface with tufts of raised scales.
Hindwings elongate, apex attenuated, as broad or somewhat
broader than forewings, cilia very long, as broad or broader than
hindwings. Forewings with veins 7 and 8 separate, 7 running to
hindmargin, secondary cell absent, 1 furcate at base. Hindwings
with 6 veins, 3 and 4 separate, more or less remote at origin, 3
from upper angle of cell to slightly above apex, 6 free.
Immediately separate from the other genera possessing only
6 veins in the hindwings, by the remoteness of veins 3 and 4 at
origin ; in all others they rise from a stalk. The peculiar
ascending palpi of the male are also a very singular characteristic,
reminding one of some of the Tineidce, such as Scardia, but the
palpi of the female approximate to the ordinary tj'-pe of the group.
All the species are blackish, with the forewings much roughened
and their habit is to sit on the blackened and charred fibrous bark
of some species of Eucaly2}tus, where they are practically invisible
until induced to move. I possessed those here described before
the publication of my last papers, but so curious is their super-
ficial appearance that I had never suspected their affinity until
lately. They are in fact closely allied to the genera previously
described, though it may be doubted whether any one, who had
not closely studied the neuration, would be induced to believe,
without seeing the connecting links, that Bond, attenuatana
really belonged to the Tortricina.
I may mention here that Carposina, HS., represented by two
European species, is without doubt referrable to this group,
though erroneously placed hitherto in the Gelechidcd, to which it
has no affinity ; the six-veined hindwings, long straight porrected
palpi, and tufts of scales on forewings, are sufficient proofs.
Superficially it nearly resembles Heterocrossa.
182 DESCRIPTIONS OF ArSTEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
Newman's description of this genus is perfectly recognisable,
and sufficient for characterisation, although the neuration is
omitted.
The larvae must certainly be attached to species of Eucalyptus,
feeding either in the bark or perhaps in the fruit-capsules.
1. Bond, nigella, Newm.
{Bondia nigella, Newm., Trans, Ent. Soc, Lonn., Vol. III.,
N.S., 289).
$ % . 7^"-8|". Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax blackish,
sprinkled thinly with ochreous-grey ; palpi in female rather long.
Abdomen light grey. Anterior and middle legs blackish ;
posterior legs ochreous-grey-whitish, tarsi suffused with fuscous-
grey except at apex of joints. Forewings very narrow, oblong,
costa straight, slightly bent at base and apex, apex round pointed,
hindmargin almost straight, very oblique ; blackish, with a few
fine scattered ochreous-whitish scales ; numerous scattered tufts
of raised scales ; posterior half of costa with faintly indicated
strigulse ; a C-shaped whitish-ochreous or pale yellowish-ochreous
transverse mark in disc at three-fifths, extremities directed
outwards : cilia blackish. Hindwings and cilia in male pale grey,
in female somewhat darker.
Easily distinguished from all the others by the pale ochreous
C-shaped mark in disc.
Taken near Sydney in July and September, and also received
from Victoria.
2. Bond, dissolutana, n. sp.
S 6|"-9", ? 8f"-10". Head, palpi, antennee, and thorax
blackish, finely sprinkled with ochreous-grey; palpi in female
long. Abdomen in male blackish, in female grey. Legs blackish ;
posterior tibiae ochreous-grey-whitish, in male sometimes blackish,
tarsi with ochreous-whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 183
narrow, in female rather broader, oblong, costa straight, slightly
bent at base and apex, apex round-pointed, hindmargin almost
straight, very oblique ; blackish, sprinkled with ochreous-whitish
scales; numerous scattered tufts of raised scales ; cilia blackish.
Hindwings in male bright orange-yellow, apex irregularly dark
fuscous, costa and upper part of hindmargin very narrowly and
irregularly dark fuscous, cilia dark fuscous-grey ; in female light
grey, towards base ochreous-tinged, apex and hindmargin towards
apex suffused with dark grey, cilia light grey, darker round apex,
with an indistinct darker line near base.
The male is immediately known by the orange-yellow hind-
wings ; the female maybe distinguished from the other unicolorous
species by its large size, long palpi, rather broader forewings,
and the ochreous tinge of hindwings.
Taken at Blackheath on the Blue Mountains (3,500 feet) in
October ; Mr. Gr H. Raynor also met with it at Melbourne.
3. Bond, maleficana, n. sp.
$ $ . 5^"-6^". Head, palpi, antennae and thorax blackish,
sprinkled with whitish-ochreous ; palpi in female moderate.
Abdomen grey. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, posterior
legs grey, all tarsi with pale rings at apex of joints. Forewings
very narrow, oblong, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,
hindmargin nearly straight, very oblique ; blackish, with scattered
whitish-ochreous scales ; numerous scattered tufts of raised scales;
cilia blackish. Hindwings light grey, apex rather darker ; cilia
light grey.
Much smaller than female of the preceding species, narrower-
winged, with shorter palpi ; considerably larger than ^.«^^^ww«^rtwa,
darker, and broader-winged, with shorter cilia.
Common at Sydney and Parramatta in September and November.
3. Bond, attenuatana, n. sp.
(^ $ . 3|-"-4^-". Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax blackish-
fuscous, sprinkled with whitish-ochreous ; palpi in female
M
184 DESCRIPTION'S OF ArSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
moderate. Abdomen grey. Anterior and middle legs dark
fuscous, posterior legs grey, all tarsi witK pale rings at apex of
joints. Forewings very narrow, oblong-lanceolate, costa gently
arched, apex almost acute, bindmargin extremely oblique ;
blackisb-f uscous, sprinkled with greyisb-ocbreous, towards base
somewbat mixed witb wbitisb ocbreous ; numerous tufts of raised
scales : cilia blackisb-fuscous. Hindwings strongly attenuated,
ligbt fuscous-grey, apex rather darker ; cilia broader than hind-
wings, light grey.
Eecognisable by its small size and extremely narrow wings,
very long cilia, and less deep colour.
Met with once in abundance at Parramatta in July.
GLYPHIPTEEYGIDiE.
HYPERTRoniA, Meyr.
Uij^. desumptana, Walk.
{Orosana desumptana, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 460; Hypertropha
thesaurella, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc, N.SW., Y., 209).
Not identified until my recent inspection of the type. The
species is included by AYalker in his imaginary genus Orosana
(affectionately referred toby Butler as 'Hbis little Australian
genus ") which contains a motley collection of Ilypertroplia^
Eupselia, and various Pyrales,
SiMAETHis, Leach.
Sim. comhinatanaj Walk.
Simaethis ahstitella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 997, may be added
as a synonym of this species.
EupsELiA, Meyr.
Hups, carpocapsclla, AYalk.
On reference to the Museum types of this species and E.
leatella, Walk., the species which I possess proved to belong to
BY E. METRTCK, B.A. 18
b
this species, to which therefore my description of U. heatella
(Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.AV., Y., 219) refers, as well as the
description of E. carpocapsella quoted from Walker.
Eups. heatella, AValk.
{Orasana (?) heatella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 999.)
" (^ . 8". Forewings hardly acute, slaty-cinereous, with several
brownish interrupted transverse lines, and with two dark brown
purple-tinged patches ; first patch extending from inner margin
to disc ; second much larger than first, extending from anal angle
to disc ; hindmargin with deep black points and with a purple
marginal line. Hindwings yellow, inner and hind margins dark
fuscous."
The above is an abstract of all that has any importance in
Walker's description. The locality (given as Australia) is
perhaps Queensland.
G-LYPHIPTERYX, Hb.
Glyph, cyanochalca, n. sp.
^ . bh"-^\". Head and thorax ochreous-bronze, back dark
fuscous. Palpi short, rather drooping, roughly scaled, whitish,
ochreous, second joint mixed with blackish towards apex, with
indications of two whorls, terminal joint minute. Antenna? dark
fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, segments suffused with
dark fuscous towards base. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tarsi with
indistinct ochreous-whitish rings at apex of joints. Porewings
moderate, not dilated, hindmargin very slightly rounded, not
sinuate ; rather light brassy-ochreous ; markings silvery-metallic
with brassy reflections, margined with grey ; an upwards-curved
streak from base beneath costa to inner margin before middle ; a
parallel curved transverse streak from costa at one-fifth, not
reaching beyond fold ; a nearly straight transverse fascia from
slightly before middle of costa to inner margin beyond middle,
attenuated or interrupted on fold ; an inwardly oblique wedge-
186 DESCIUPTIOIS'S OF ATJSTIIA.LIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
shaped streak from costa at three-fifths, reaching half across
wing, becoming ochreous-white on costa and produced as an
ochreous-white streak along costa to five-sixth ; a narrow longi-
tudinal straak in disc beneath the oahreous-white costal streak,
its posterior extremity sometimes turned up and connected with
it ; an erect roundish spot on inner margin before anal angle,
with a small black spot on each side of its apex ; a slightly curved
streak close before hindmargin from a white spot before apex to
anal angle ; cilia with basal half brassy-ochreous, terminal half
light grey, separated by a blackish-grey line. Hindwings and
cilia dark fuscous.
By the absence of any black discal patch, white hindmarginal
indentation, or apical hook in the cilia, this species stands at
once distinguished from all other described Australian species,
and it would seem to have most relationship with the very
differently marked European G. hergstrcBsserella, F. The palpi
are much shorter than in any other Australian species, and the
general aspect is peculiar, but the venation is of the ordinary
type.
Three specimens taken in grassy bush at Mittagong (2,000
feet) and Blackheath (3,500 feet) in the Blue Mountains, in
February and March.
Glyph. n/ano2)hracta, n. sp.
^. 4|"-5". Head and thorax greyish-bronze. Palpi with
four oblique whorls of black ochreous-white-tipped scales, apex
black, with ochreous white longitudinal lines above and below.
Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, segments with
obscure ochreous- whitish apical rings. Legs dark fuscous, with
obscure ochreous- whitish rings at middle and apex of tibia?, and
apex of all tarsal joints. Fore wings moderate, posteriorly
dilated, hindmargin rounded, slightly sinuate ; ochreous-bronze,
an ill-defined yellowish-white spot at base of inner margin, not
reaching costa ; a straight violet-blue-metallic fascia from two-
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 187
sevenths of costa two-fifths of inner margin, becoming
ochreous-white on inner margin ; a second straight violet-blue-
metallic fascia from slightly before middle of costa to slightly
beyond middle of inner margin ; a large roundish black patch
resting on anal angle and extending nearly to costa, its upper
half crossed by six whitish-ochreous longitudinal lines, of which
the four upper terminate anteriorly in one small round violet-
golden-metallic spot, the two lower extend from posterior edge
only halfway across ; a small violet-blue-metallic spot on costa
beyond middle, touching the black patch ; some pale ochreous
scales in the black patch near its lower anterior angle, and seven
small roundish violet-golden-metallic spots scattered through its
lower half ; a slightly outwards-curved violet-blue-metallic fascia
from costa at five-sixths to hindmargin at lower posterior angle
of black patch ; an elongate transverse violet-blue-metalic apical
spot : cilia grey, basal half scaled with light bronzy-ochreous,
beneath black patch with whitish-ochreous, and separated by a
broad blackish-grey line, with a triangular ochreous-white
indentation above middle of hindmargin, costal cilia dark grey
with a small ochreous-white spot above ante-apical fascia, and a
larger wedge-shaped ochreous-white spot above apex. Hind wings
and cilia dark fuscous.
A beautiful species, intermediate in size and general character-
istics between the much larger G. cometophora, Meyr., and the
much smaller G. iometalla, Meyr., diifering from both in the
violet-blue tinge of the metallic fasciae, and in the more numerous
metallic spots on the black patch ; from the former also by the
whitish dorsal spot near base and the less numerous longitudinal
lines, from the latter by the completeness of the first fascia, and
more numerous and conspicuously developed longitudinal lines.
I found this species pretty commonly near Burragorang, New
South Wales, at the bottom of the deep gorge which receives
the confluence of the Nattai and Wollondilly Eivers, flying in
the sun over grassy banks in April ; and afterwards met with it
188 DESCRIPTIONS Or AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
frequenting tlie blossoms of a species of Carex on the summit of
the surrounding table-land.
Glyph, triselena, Meyr.
The description of this species (Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., V.,
234) is very defective in respect of the basal markings of the
forewings, which are peculiar and highly characteristic, and is
also inaccurate in some minor points, owing to the inferior con-
dition of the two original specimens ; I have thought it best
therefore to redescribe the species from a series of specimens in
fine condition, taken at Christchurch, N. Z., in February.
^ ? . 4j"-5". Head and thorax greyish-bronze, with an
ochreous-whitish longitudinal line on each side of back from
behind eyes through thorax, shoulders golden-ochreous. Palpi
black, with four whorls of black white-tipped scales. Antennae
dark fuscous. Abdomen elongate, grey, with white apical rings
on segments, apex white. Anterior and middle tibiae and tarsi
dark fuscous with whitish rings, posterior tibiae and tarsi light
grey with whitish bands. Forewings elongate, narrowed
posteriorly, hindmargin very oblique, slightly sinuate ; light
golden-ochreous ; an ochreous-whitish streak along inner margin
from base nearly to middle, broadly and suffusedly margined
above with dark grey ; a curved leaden-metallic streak from base
nearly to middle, broadly and suffusedly margined above with
dark grey ; a curved leaden-metallic streak from base beneath
costa to near inner margin at one-third from base ; a slightly
curved oblique leaden-metallic streak from costa at one-fourth,
reaching half across wing, terminating above apex of ba^l streak ;
two straight parallel direct leaden-metallic transverse fasciae, one
before, the other slightly beyond middle ; from second below
middle proceeds a rather narrow longitudinal black band, bent
downwards to anal angle, thence continued along lower half of
hindmargin, containing two golden-metallic spots in the bend and
two others on the hindmargin ; the space above this nearly to
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 189
costa is filled by six whitish longitudinal lines, partially con-
fluent or separated by narrow black interspaces ; two indistinc*
leaden-metallic spots on costa, merged beneath in the whitish
lines ; a transverse leaden-metallic subapical spot : cilia whitish-
grey, basal third within a blackish lino scaled with light golden-
ochreous, with a whitish indentation beneath apex, costal cilia
grey with whitish spots on costal streaks. Hiadwings slaty-grey,
cilia rather lighter grey.
Immediately recognisable amongst its allies by the narrow
forewings, light groundcolour, and longitudinal basal markings,
which are especially noticeable when the wings are closed.
Glyph. amUycerella, n. sp.
J. 5^". Head and thorax greyish-bronze. Palpi white, with
four oblique whorls of black white-tipped scales, lowest one
indistinct, apex black with a white lateral line. Antennae dark
fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, segments with obscure whitish
apical rings. Legs dark fuscous, with slender whitish rings at
middle and apex of tibitc, and apex of all tarsal joints. Forewings
moderate, slightly dilated, hindmargin rather strongly sinuate
beneath apex ; bronzy-ochreous, towards base indistinctly suffused
with fuscous, and narrowly along costa and inner margin ; all
markings suffusedly edged with dark grey ; a clearly defined
outwardly oblique elongate transverse white spot on inner margin
near base, reaching half across wing, apex irregularly truncate,
posterior edge rather concave ; a straight violet-metallic fascia
from slightly beyond one-third of costa to middle of inner margin ,
including an ochreous-white dot on costa, and ending in a white
quadrilateral spot on inner margin ; a short oblique obsolete pale
streak from costa before middle, beyond extremity of which is a
very irregular suffused black spot ; a longitudinally elongate
black spot in centre of disc, its posterior extremity containing a
roundish violet-silvery-metallic spot ; two small roundish violet-
silvery-metallic spots in disc beneath central spot, partially
190 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
surrounded with black scales, a third similar spot on inner margin
at three-fifths, a fourth slightly above and beyond third, and a
fifth in disc below middle above anal angle ; beyond the fifth the
black scales tend to form a small separate spot ; an oblique violet-
silvery-metallic streak from costa slightly beyond middle, almos^
reaching fifth discal spot, and containing an ochreous-white costal
dot ; a similar shorter streak a little beyond it ; an outwardly
curved violet-silvery-metallic fascia from a white dot on costa
at five-sixths to hindmargin below middle, thence produced to
anal angle, interrupted above hindmargin ; a short violet-sil very-
metallic subapical streak from a white dot on costa before apex
to hindmarginal indentation : cilia on hindmargin with basal half
bronzy-ochreous, terminal half white, separated by a broad
blackish-grey line, with a triangular white indentation above
middle, on anal angle dark grey, with a white dot beneath inner-
marginal spot, costal cilia dark grey, with white wedge-shaped
spots on extremities of two posterior metallic streaks. Hind-
wings and cilia dark fuscous.
' Allied to G. aster iella, Meyr., but easily known by the white
dorsal spot near base only reaching half across wings, and the
absence of the regular black longitudinal lines posteriorly, as well
as by various difterences of marking. There is no complete
black patch, but it is indicated by the scattered black scales round
the posterior metallic spots.
One specimen taken by Mr. G. H. Eaynor at Warragul in
Gippsland, Victoria, in December.
Glyph, holodesma, n. sp.
^ . 6^". Head and thorax bronzy-grey. Palpi whitish, with
three oblique whorls of black ochreous-white-tipped scales, apex
black with an oblique ochreous-white lateral line. Antennae dark
fuscous, towards base with ill-defined whitish-ochreous annula_
tions. Abdomen dark grey, segments sufiusedly whitish at apex,
extremity whitish-ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, with ochreous-
BY E. METmCK, B.A. 191
whitish rings at middle and apex of tibiro, and apex of all tarsal
joints. Fore wings moderate, posteriorly dilated, hindmargin
very slightly sinuate beneath apex ; bronzy- greyish-ochreous
costa and inner margin narrowly suffused with dark fuscous ; all
markings irregularly edged with dark fuscous ; six silvery-metallic
transverse fasciae starting from white spots on costa ; first nearly
straight, oblique, from one-fourth of costa to before middle of
inner margin, ending in an ochreous- white spot on inner margin ;
second parallel, bent in disc, ending on fold ; third parallel,
reaching half across wing, ending in a small dark fuscous-spot ;
fourth outwardly curved, from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths
of inner margin ; fifth parallel to fourth, ending in anal angle
sixth subapical, from costa before apex to hindmarginal indenta-
tion ; a small roundish blackish apical spot : cilia on hindmargin
bronzy greyish-ochreous towards base, terminal half white,
separated by a blackish-grey line, and with a small triangular
white indentation beneath apex, and a whitish spot at anal angle >
costal cilia blackish-grey, with white spots on extremities of
fasciae. Hind wings dark grey, cilia rather lighter grey.
A verj' distinct species, allied to the group of Glyph, asteriella,
Meyr., but characterised especially by the absence of any
indications of the black patch, and by the regularity and com-
pleteness of the metallic fasciae.
One fine specimen taken flying over rushes in a damp place on
the ascent of Mount Wellington, Tasmania, at about 2,500 feet
of elevation, at the beginning of February.
Glyph, tetrasema, n. sp.
(^ . b"-b^". Head and thorax greyish-bronze. Palpi white,
with four oblique whorls of black white-tipped scales, apex white
with a black line beneath. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen
dark fuscous, apex whitish. Legs dark fuscous, with slender
whitish rings at middle and apex of tibiae, and apex of all tarsal
joints. Forewings moderate, rather dilated, hindmargin sinuate;
192 DESCEIPTIOXS OF ATJSTElLIiX MICUO-LEPIDOPTERA,
pale brassy-ochreous, irregularly mixed witk ochreous-bronze ;
all markings broadly and suff usedly margined with, dark f ascous ;
two similar straight oblique transverse quadrilateral white spots
on inner margin, first near base, second in middle, suffusedly
truncate above, reacMng about half across wing ; seven oblique
white streaks from costa, first broadest, nearly reaching apex ot
second dorsal spot, next four all short, narrow, reaching abouf
one-third across wing, last two very short, close together before
apex ; about five small ill-defined shining white, slightly violet-
metallic spots irregularly placed in disc beyond middle, mixed
with a few black scales, a sixth on inner margin a little before
anal angle, a seventh on anal angle, two others near hindniargln
below middle, a tenth towards hindmargin above middle, an
eleventh on bindmarginal indentation, and a twelfth below apex,
adjoining a small roundish black apical spot : cilia on hindmargin
white, basal third scaled with brassy-ochreous and separated by
a black line, with a deep wbite triangular indentation below apex ;
cilia on anal angle grey, with a white spot before anal angle;
costal cilia dark grey, with, white spots on costal streaks, and a
blackish-fuscous spot above apex, lower edge sharply defined,
forming a short incomplete apical hook. Hind wings rather dark
grey, cilia ratber lighter.
Belongs to the group characterised by the possession of two
pale dorsal spots which do not give rise to metallic transverse
lines ; in this group it is intermediate between G. meteor a, Meyr.,
and G. leucocerastes, Meyr., differing from the former by the first
dorsal spot reaching only half across wing, and from the latter
by both dorsal spots being obtusely truncate, not attenuated ; it
is further distinguished amongst the whole group by the number
of the posterior metallic spots.
Two specimens taken in a damp place about 3,000 feet up
Mount Wellington, Tasmania, early in February. This species
has veins 7 and 8 of the forewings stalked, a character which
recurs in two or three other species which are not specially allied
BY E. MEYRICK, E.A. 193
to oiiG another, and in this genus appears to Lc of no importance,
though usually elsewhere of great value.
Glyph, acinacella, n. sp.
f^ . oh". Head and thorax dark shining greyish-fuscous.
Palpi white, with four oblique w^horls of black white-tipped scales,
apex white with a black line beneath. Antennto dark fuscous.
Abdomen blackish-fuscous. Legs blackish-fuscous, with slender
white rings at middle and apex of tibiao, and apex of all tarsal
joints. Forewings moderate, not dilated, hindmargin sinuate;
dark fuscous, slightly bronzy-tinged ; a narrow curved very
oblique white streak from inner margin before middle, attenuated
gradually throughout to extremity, somewhat broken attwo-thirds
of its length, reaching half across wing, ending in disc beyond
middle ; five slender oblique white somewhat violet-shining streaks
from costa, indisdinctly darker-margined anteriorly; first from
slightly beyond middle of costa, reaching half across wing to just
beyond apex of dorsal streak ; second rather shorter ; other three
very short, wedge-shaped ; a short erect whitish violet-shining
streak from inner margin before anal angle, nearly reaching apex
of second costal streak ; some indistinct scattered whitish violet-
shining scales towards anal angle and lower half of hindmargin ;
a small violet-metallic spot on hindmargin beneath apex, adjoin-
ing a round blackish apical spot : cilia rather shining fuscous-
grey, with a suffused darker grey line, and a triangular ill-defined
indentation beneath apex, costal cilia dark grey with white spots
on costal streaks, no defined apical hook (?). Hindwings and
cilia dark fuscous.
Nearest allied amongst Australasian species to G, actinobola,
Meyr., but immediately known by not possessing any white streak
from before middle of costa. It comes nearer to the European
group of G. equitella, Sc, G. fiscJieriella, Z., and their allies, but
the dorsal streak is rather nearer base, and the first costal streak
somewhat further from base than in any species known to me,
194 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
the dorsal streak is so me what longer and more finely attenuated
than in G. Jischeriella, and the second costal streak does not
unite \rith the dorsal spot before anal angle. The cilia are not
in good condition, and it is very possible that the white extremities
and apical hook have been worn away.
One specimen taken by Mr. Q-. H. Eaynor at Warragul in
Gippsland, Victoria, in December.
EEEOHTHIAD^.
EscHATOTYPA, Meyr.
Esch. derogatella, Walk.
{Tinea derogatella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 485; Eschatotypa
melichrysa, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., V., 257).
I did not identify Walker's description until I had seen the
type.
Erechthias, Meyr.
M'eeh. stilhella, Doubl.
This species should have been quoted as of Doubleday, being
originally described by him in Dieffenbach's New Zealand, Vol.
II., p. 289 ; Walker's description refers to the same species.
•
GEACILAEIDiE.
Gracilakia, Z.
Grac. argyrodesma, n. sp.
The only specimen of this insect, which I possess, was
unf ortuately greatly damaged by an accident whilst being set ;
but as it is very distinct, and one forewing is perfect, and more-
over the larval habits are known, I give what will probably be a
sufficient diagnosis.
2\". Forewings dark fuscous, with two transverse fasciae and
four spots snow-white, black-margined ; first fasciae at one-fourth,
straight, direct, rather narrow, suddenly attenuated on margins,
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 195
posterior edge incised in middle ; second about middle, slender,
somewhat sinuate, slightly oblique, obscurely interrupted above
middle ; a small roundish spot on costa about three-fourths, and
another slightly larger exactly opposite it on inner margin ; a
very small dot on costa before apex, and a still smaller one on
inner margin beneath apex ; cilia dark fuscous, with a blackish
line round apex. Hindwings and cilia dark grey.
The smallest species of the genus known to me, belonging to
the group of G. autadelpha, Meyr., and G. cmnotheta, Meyr., in
which it is characterised by its small size, dark groundcolour, the
slenderness and interruption of the second fascia, and smallness
of the marginal spots.
The larva mines a nearly flat discoloured blotch in leaves of
Grevillea linearis {Proteacece), occupying apical half of the
narrow leaf, upper surface slightly contracted. Pupa in a firm
cocoon, not within the mine. I collected a larva accidentally in
August amongst a great number of larvse of one of the Gelechida
feeding on the same shrub, and did not observe it until the imago
emerged in September, when on examination I found the mine
and cocoon.
Grac, chionoplecta, n. sp.
^ ? . 2f"-3i". Head, palpi, and thorax snow-white, labial
palpi with two black rings. Antennae dark fuscous, basal joint
white. Abdomen pale silvery-grey, segments with white apical
rings, apex white. Anterior tibiae blackish with indistinct basal
and median white rings, tarsi white with blackish bands at apex
of each joint ; middle tibise slightly thickened, blackish with
broad median white band, tarsi white with narrow blackish rings
at apex of each joint ; posterior tibiae white, apex dark grey, tarsj
white with dark grey rings at apex of joints. Fore wings dark
greyish-ochreous, with scattered black scales, and with two fasciae
and seven spots snow-white, black margined; some irregular
white scales near base ; first fascia about one-fifth, very broad,
/
19G DESCRIPTIONS OF ArSTEALIATf MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
broadest on inner margin, edges irregularly sinuate ; second
fascia about two-fiftbs, as broad as first, very irregularly curved
outwards in middle, sometimes narrowly connected on inner
margin witb first fascia and first dorsal spot ; a minute indistinct
spot on middle of costa ; a moderate subquadrate spot on costa
about two-tliirds, and a considerably larger irregular spot slightly
before it on inner margin, nearly reacliing it, only separated by
tbe black margins, forming a rather oblique black line ; two small
spots on inner margin beyond the large dorsal spot, and a small
spot betw'een them on costa ; a small apical spot, cutting off a
black apical dot : cilia pale whitish-grey, costal cilia grey with
white spots on costal spots, Hindwings grey, cilia pale whitish-
grey.
Allied to the group of G. ccenotlieta, Meyr. ; distinguished by
the number of the posterior spots, and the breadth of the fasciae.
Larva rather stout, cylindrical, tapering at both ends, head
small ; ochreous-yellowish, with a rather large transverse-oval or
elongate-transverse deep bright carmine-pink spot on back of
each segment, second segment somewhat suffused with carmine-
pink ; head brownish-ochreous, suffused witli dark fuscous on
margins. Mines a broad tubularly inflated gallery in leaves of
Phehalium dentatiim {Rutacece), lower surface somewhat con-
tracted, both surfaces discoloured. Pupa in a firm white cocoon
on under surface of leaf. I found this beautiful larva commonly
near Sydney, where however its foodplant is local, in August,
and bred eight specimens early in October.
Grac. id a, Meyr.
Larva moderate, thickest anteriorly, gradually tapering behind,
head small ; light yellowish ; head pale ochreous, mouth dark
fuscous. Mines first a gallery in leaves of J^iicahjpius piperita
(?) [MyrtacecE), mine at first slender, contorted, then straight,
tubular, discoloured to reddish-brown ; when nearly full-grown
leaves the mine and feeds within a conical chamber made of a
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 197
small leaf sj^irally rolled. Pupa in a flat cocoon beneath the
leaf, causing the edges to contract. I found several of these
larvfc, on a dwarfed seedling which I believe to be correctly-
referred as above, in August, and bred five specimens in
September, showing no sign of approximation to G. formostty
Stt.
Grac. toxomacJia,'rL. sp.
^. Zh". Head snow-white, with a dark fuscous spot on
anterior margin of eyes. Labial palpi white, with a black band
on second joint becoming two rings internally, and a black sub-
apical ring on terminal joint. Maxillary palpi dark fuscous.
Antenna3 dark fuscous, with slender whitish annulations. Thorax
white, sides brownish-ochreous. Abdomen grey, anal valves very
large. Anterior tibise blackish, tarsi blackish with white bands
at apex of joints; middle tibise dark grey, with two suffused
whitish bands, tarsi blackish with white rings at apex of joints ;
posterior tibia) white, apex blackish, tarsi blackish with white
rings at apex of joints. Forewings dark greyish-ochreous ; costal
edge slenderly dark fuscous ; an irregular white streak from base
near inner margin to inner margin at two-thirds from base,
beneath suffused, above margined by an interrupted black line,
twice sinuate posteriorly ; a very oblique sinuate gradually
attenuated white black-margined streak from costa at one-third
almost to anal angle, very slender posteriorly ; a suffused shorter
oblique sinuate whitish streak from costa immediately beyond it,
reaching half across wing, most distinct on disc ; a straight
oblique attenuated white black-margined streak from costa at
two-thirds, reaching half across wing, and a similar hardly oblique
streak a little beyond it, almost touching one another in disc ; a
slender black-margined streak from inner margin opposite and in
a line with the second of these, almost meeting it ; a white apical
spot, containing an elongate black dot : cilia pale whitish-ochre-
ous-grey, with two sharply-marked black lines round apex, on
198 DESCRIPIIONS or AUSTEALTAN MTCEO-IEPIDOPTEEA,
costa fuscous, witli white spots on costal streaks. Hind wings
grey, cilia whitish-ochreous-grey.
Belongs to the group of G. thalassias, Meyr., but very distinct ;
easily recognised by the remarkable length and obliquity of the
first costal streak.
Larva moderately attenuated from second segment throughout,
head much narrower than second segment, semi-oval ; pale
whitish-green ; head light brownish. Mines an irregular loose
flat discoloured blotch in leaves of PuUencea sp.--{?) {Leguminos(B),
under surface slightly contracted. Pupa in a firm cocoon outside
the mine. The food-plant is not common, and being unable to
find a specimen in blossom, I did not identify the species ; I
collected some number of the larvae near Sydney in July, but only
bred one imago, early in September.
Grac. alysidota, Meyr.
Larva mines a flat irregular discoloured blotch beneath upper
surface of phyllodia of Acacia longifolia (^Leguminosm). Pupa
in an elongate flat white cocoon on surface of phyllodium between
contracted edges. I found one larva only of this species, which
I consequently could not describe, in July, and bred the imago
in September.
Grac. didymella, Meyr.
Larva moderately attenuated posteriorly, not flattened ; dull
greyish-yellowish, head suffused with blackisli. Mines a large
irregular elongate blotch in phyllodia of Acacia longifolia,
{Loguminosce) ; blotch bladderlike, both surfaces inflated, not
discoloured, walls thick, fleshy. Pupa in a flat white cocoon in
an angle of a bent phyllodium. The mine is readily distinguished
from that of G. alsidota on the same tree by the inflation and
thickness of the walls. I found the larva tolerably common near
Sydney in July, and bred eight specimens at the end of August
and beginning of September. The species does not vary, and is
EY E. METTITCK, B.A. 199
certainly distinct from G. ochrocepliala, Me}^., and G. nereiR,
Meyr., whicli probably feed on other species of Acacia.
LiTHOCOLLETIS, Z.
Head roughly tufted on crown, forehead and face smooth ; no
ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennpo nearly as long as forewings,
slender, filiform. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Labial palpi rather
short, straight, drooping, second joint smooth, terminal joint
pointed. Forewings elongate, moderately narrow, pointed.
Ilindwings narrowl}^ lanceolate, less than half forewings, cilia
four times as broad. Posterior tibiae hairy above and below.
Forewings with 7 veins, 3 branches to costa, cell closed, 1 simple^
Hind wings without cell, median two-branched.
Larva fourteen-legged, mining blotches in leaves. Pupa naked
or in a cocoon, always enclosed in the mine.
The species here described is not truly Australian, or at any
rate does not belong to the indigenous fauna, so that my remarks
on this subject remain in force ; it has been introduced with its
foodplant. The genus is readily distinguished from Gracilaria,
to which it is most allied, by the tufted head and simpler neuration,
in respect of which this species is perfectly typical, the venation
not differing in the least from that of European species.
Lith. aglaozona. n. sp.
^ $ . ly'-iy. Face shining coppery-black, tuft of head deep
black. Palpi darkfuscous. Antennoe black, apex white. Thorax
shining coppery-metallic. Abdomen brassy-blackish, beneath
brassy-metallic. Legs dark fuscous. Forewings shining ochre-
ous-orange ; base conspicuously black ; four costal and three
dorsal subquadrate violet-silvery-metallic strongly black-margined
spots ; first costal spot at one-fourth, second in middle not
oblique, first and second dorsal spots exactly opposite them,
almost or sometimes quite uniting with them to form straight
direct fascire ; third costal spot somewhat before three-fourths,
N
200 DESCRIPIIONS OP ArSTRALTAX MTCEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
rather inwardly oblique ; third dorsal on anal angle, ratlierbeyond
third costal, erect ; fourth costal spot somewhat inwardly oblique,
close before apex, adjoining a round black apical spot : cilia dark
grey, basal third within a black line blackish round apex. Hind-
wings dark fuscous-grey, cilia dark grey.
A magnificent species, though some specimens are amongst '
the very smallest of the Leindoptera ; it is undoubtedly allied to tlie
North American Z. desmocUella, Clem., differing, so far as can bo
j udged from the description, principally in the orange ground-
colour, deep black base, and somewhat differently arranged
markings.
Larva gradually attenuated from second segment throughout,
head triangular, much smaller than second segment ; glossy
whitish, dorsal vessel dark green ; head faintly amber-tinged.
Mines a small blotch beneath lower surface of leaves of Desmoiiuin
sp. — [Legtuninosai), the epidermis contracting to produce a
dilated chamber. Pupa free within the mine. I found the larva
early in March in the Botanical Gardens, Sydney, and bred the
imago in abundance towards the end of the same month, and
also took them sitting on the leaves of the food-plant.
I hope to obtain further information on the origin of this
species. There are only two specimens of the food-plant in the
gardens, without name or indication of country, and I have not
seen it elsewhere; I believe it to be a true Desmodium. The
insect is certainly of an American type, but I have found no
other instance of a leaf -feeding Micro being imported from such
a distance, though it would not seem impossible ; I am not aware
of any described American species with which it is identifiable.
I'ossiblj^ it may come from the islands.
LYONETID^.
Stegommat^, Meyr.
Steg. siilfiira fella, Meyr.
BY E. metricb:, b.a. 201
Larva mines an irregular slightly inflated discoloured blotch
occupying apical half of leaves of Banksia integrifolia {ProteacecB)
ejecting excrement through several small holes, in April. Pupa
in a very slender close white cocoon, suspended in the air hy
stretched threads from each end.
The habit of the pupa is, so far as I know, quite peculiar in
the family.
Cemiostoma, Z.
Head smooth, rarely with erect hairs behind ; no ocelli ; tongue
rudimentary. Antennoo shorter than forewings, filiform, with a
moderately large eyecap. No palpi. Forewings elongate,
moderately narrow, pointed, apex rather produced. Hindwings
linear-lanceolate, much narrower than forewings, cilia four times
as broad. Forewings with 7 or 8 veins ; 2 or 3 branches to costa,
cell open or finely closed, 1 simple. Hindwings without cell,
median three-branched.
Larva sixteen-legged, mining large flat blotches in leaves, or
galleries under cuticle of shoots. Pupa in a silken, often ridged,
cocoon, usually without the mine.
This genus has not hitherto been observed outside Europe,
where are about a dozen closely allied species. There is no doubt
that the following species is a true Cemiostoma, though I have
not yet been able to examine the neuration. The genus is well
distinguised by the smooth head and absence of palpi.
Cem. cJialcocycla, n. sp.
^. 0"-o]". Head, antenna), thorax, abdomen and legs snow-
white. Forewings snow-white ; a slender very oblique dark
fuscous streak from costa at two-thirds, reaching half across
wing; a second, much shorter and much less oblique, in costal
cilia at five-sixth ; a third as short as second, inwardly oblique, in
costal cilia immediately before apex ; a smal roundish brassy-
metallic spot on anal angle, margined anteriorly and posteriorly
202 REPUTED POISONOUS FLY OF NEW CALEDONIA.
by a blackish, line, and above by a small pale yellowish indistinctly
grey-marginal spot, faintly produced into cilia above apex ; a
minute round black apical dot ; cilia white, with a grey project-
ing line above apex, besides the lines in costal cilia. Hindwings
and cilia white.
The absence of any oblique yellowish costal spot readily
separates this insect from the European species, which in othei
respects it closely resembles.
Four specimens beaten from bush, at AVarragul in Gippsland,
Victoria, in September, and at about 2,000 feet up Mount
AYellington, Tasmania, early in February.
Note on a reputed poisonous Fly of New Caledonia.
By William Macleay, F.L.S., &c.
Some weeks ago I received a communication from Mr. E. L.
Layard, C.M.G., II.B.M. Consul New Caledonia, on the subject
of a '* Fly," said to be destructive to human life in that Country.
Mv. Layard writes as follows :
"After my arrival here my attention was early attracted by
several terrible deaths, said to be caused by a fly, which was
called the *'Mouche Charbonneuse " (poisonous or pestilential
fly.) I tried to find out what this fly could be, but received the
most contradictory answers to my enquiries. Some said it was a
''Blow Fly," (''Blue Bottle "—or rather " 6'r^^w Bottle," for I
never saw a Bhie one here) — others, that it was a common house
fly ; others again said that it was a special species, but all agreed
that the deaths originated from the introduction into the blood
of the victim of putrid matter, upon which the fly had been feeding.
" This opened another question : IIow was the poison intro-
duced into the human body ? Did the fly puncture the flesh, or
did it seek a wound, or abrasion through which to introduce it ?
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 203
If the former mode were adopted, it would not be a common fly,
or a "Bottle," green or blue. If the latter, any fly could com-
municate the virus.
" A very sad death occurred, that of a worthy butcher, he was
bitten or stung — or whatever the wound was —under the ear,
and died in awful agon}' in a few hours. He received the virus
from a fly at his own slaughter house, where it was supposed to
have been feeding on some putrid garbage.
'' The Colonial Government in a blind panic published an
" Arrete," (Ordinance), commanding under pain of fine or
imprisonment, or both, that every land-owner should instantly
bury or burn, not only every carcase but every bone on his
property. It was in vain I pointed out to the officials that this
could be made an engine of official oppression, or private spite,
to an alarming extent, and quite inconsistent with " the liberty
of the subject." '■' ''' -'' -'' Unfortunately the first victim of
the '' Arrete" was a cranky half-mad Englishman — a large landed
proprieter. You must here understand that the French Gendar-
merie is a peculiar corps. The members are " Sworn to the
truth " when first appointed. This oath serves them for ever.
If a member makes a "process verbal" against you, you are
deamed guilt}'-, unless you can prove you are innocent. You may
never have the power of crossquestioning your accuser, he may
be a hundred miles away, but you must prove you are not guilt}'.
" A Gendarme found a dead bullock in the forest, on the land
of my cranky countryman. He ordered it to be burned, saw it
done, and the fragments buried by the native servants of the land-
owner — so far so good ; but, weeks after, the Englishman im-
pounded the Gendarme's goats for a trespass on his garden.
Unhappy man ! the Gendarme found on the ground at the place
of incremation, a dry bone of the defunct ox. The landowner
says he dug it up. A " process verbal" was immediately made,
and my cranky countryman, suffering judgment to go by default,
204 EEPUTED POISONOUS FLT OF NEW CALEDONIA,
was sentenced to some weeks imprisonment." -•' ''•' '^' ^" *
'* It was with great difficulty," Mr. Laj^ard adds, "that the
liberation of this unfortunate man was effected." '•' '^' '^
He goes on to say, '* But to return, what was the fly that caused
all this panic, trouble, and death ? No one could tell me with
certainty, but the majority of my evidence pointed to a common
house fly {Musca).
" One day sitting in my verandah reading, I was suddenly
stung with such violence in the hand, that I dropt my book, and
sprang from my seat with the agonj'. '^'' ••' ^'' And I was for
the moment horror struck at perceiving that my assailant was
apparently a common house fly. The *' Mouche Charbonneuse "
I thought, at last, and I remembered with dismay the bodies of
certain birds I had skinned and then hurled into the bushes-
There was a bleeding puncture in my hand, which I applied to
my mouth and sucked with as fervent a zepJ as did Queen EleanOp
the poisoned wound of her husband King Edward. I watched
my wound for some days anxiously, but no evil came of it. A
second time I was stung, and there was no mistaking the fiery
pain of the puncture. I tried to catch the stabber, but failed,
though the opportunity gave me time to observe the fly. It was
generally like a house fly, but I knew it could not be one, as no
fly's sucker could thus pierce the skin.
*' A third time I felt the stab, it was now on my foot, and
through my stocking. As I had come off scot-free from poison
twice, I let mine enemy drive his dagger in without flinching,
while my son, to whom I had called, brought me the butterfly net,
and I soon had the villian in my toils. 1 send him to you, by
the hands of my son, in a glass tube, hoping that some of our
members may be able to tell us what he is."
The fly is a Stomoxijs, an insect not uncommon in this country,
and very probably introduced as Mr. Layard suggests into New
Caledonia and the Isle of Pines from Australia, as the maggot of
BY W. MAC'LEAY, F.L.S. 2C5
the fly lives in horse dung. Tlie bite of this fly is, as stated by
Mr. Layard, intensely sharp and stinging, but I have never
known any bad effects to follow. I think it very likely that the
fatal cases mentioned by Mr. Layard were not due at all to tJio
instrumentality of this fly, but to some of the many Mmcidce,
who are peculiarly attracted by dead bodies.
The case of the butcher in Noumea, is evidently one of
malignant pustule, caused by a fly settling on a spot where the
skin was slightly abraded, after feasting upon the carcase of an
animal, not in a putrid state, for that would Tdo comparatively
innocuous, but freshly dead from " Charbon," ''Anthrax''
'' Splenic Fever," or " Cumberland Disease," — all names for one
and the same disease. Under the last name the disease is well
known in New South Wales, and many fatal cases of malignant
pustule in human beings have occurred from time to time from
it, and I believe in all or nearly all of them the disease was
traced to flies carrying the poison from dead cattle. The
Government of New Caledonia, in their praiseworthy efforts to
prevent the spread of infection as mentioned in Mr. Layard' s
letter, erred seriously in allowing the option of burying or
burning the dead cattle. There is no safety except in burning.
Bacillus anthracis, the organism which is the cause of the
disease, is most tenacious of life ; it has been known to retain its
vitality in dried bones and skins for years, and M. Pasteur has
lately proved that even where a carcase has been buried to a
depth of 12 feet, the Bacilli y^viW in course of years find their
way to the surface in the bodies of earth worms, and that they
are then as capable as ever of propagating the disease.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. Brazier exhibited Part 4 of the French Journal of
Conchology for 1881, with Plate 12 showing a splendid figure of
206 NOTES AND EXHIBITS,
Bulmiis liossiteri, Brazier, described in Vol. 6, page 586, of the
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales; also two specimens of Partula
Layardi, Brazier — one an Albino variety.
Mr. E. P. Eamsay exhibited a collection illustrative of the fauna
of Lord Howe's Island, which had been recently obtained there
by Mr. Alexander Morton, including the following : — Birds :
Porphjrio melatiotus, Strepera crissalis, ProceUaria Gouldii,
Halcyon vaganSy PaetylojJsitta arivirgata. Echini : Strongylocen-
trofus {sp.), Jlipponoe esculenttis, Echinometra lacufiter, Breynia
AiistralasicE. Geological specimens : Twenty specimens of
various rocks from the sea level to a height of 2,840 feet ; some
specimens of recently formed rocks containing semi-fossilized
shells of Bulimiis divaricatus and Helix {sp.), and portions of
the carapace of a turtle. Mollusca : Eive recent species of land
shells, Helix sopJiia, Helix textrix, Helix {sp.), Vitrina Hillii,
Bulimiis divaricatus. Two species of oysters — Ostrea mordax
and Ostrea cucullata, Tridacna clongata. Corals : Tuhipora {sp.),
and a large reef coral. Fishes : Two species of Serranus, and
about ten species of rock fish {Lahridce). Mr. Eamsay also
exhibited a native head-dress from New Guinea, beautifully
ornamented with the feathers of the Paradise Bird.
The Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods exhibited among other rare
Bryozoa from New Caledonia, a specimen belonging to a new
genus, cup-shaped, with the cells on the external surface.
-♦-♦-
WEDNESDAY, 31st MAY, li
The President J. C. Cox, M.D., E.L.S., &c., in the Chair.
MEMBERS ELECTED.
Alex. Cameron, Esq., Booligal.
Cecil Darley, Esq., Harbours and Elvers Department.
Dr Cecil Morgan, Australian Club.
William Eeid, Escj^., Australian Joint Stock Bank.
DONATIONS. 207
DONATIONS.
From Professor Liversidge — Tables of Qualitative Chemical
Analysis, 1881. Paper on Stilbite from Kerguelens Island.
Analj'ses of Queensland Soils.
From the Roj^al Microscopical Society, (London), Journal,
February, 1882.
From Baron Ferd. von Miieller, K.C.M.Gr. — On a new
Casuarina. Definitions of some new Australian Plants. On
two new Orchids from the Solomon Islands.
From the Zoological Station at Naples, Transactions. — Vol.
III., Parts 1 and 2.
From "La Socioto Ilollandaise des Sciences a Harlem." —
Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences exactes et naturelles, Tome
IG. Livraisons 3, 4, 5.
From the Zoological Society, (London) — Proceedings, Volumes
for 1877-78,-79,-80 and 1881, Parts 1, 2, and 3.
Southern Sciene Ptecord, Vol. IL, No. 4. April 1882.
From John Brazier, C.M.Z.S. — List of Marine Shells collected
on Fitzroy Island. On Helix Pulchella and H. Cellaria in
Australia. List of Cypra)id«) found in Morton Bay, Queensland.
papers read.
On a New Species of Allopoea.
Br THE Eev. J. E. Tenison-AVoods, F.a.S., &c.
Sub-King. Ccelenterata. Fhylum Nematoiiliora. Sub-Ord.
Hydro Corallinx. Family Stylasterida;.
Genus AllojJora. Generic character. Cyclo-systemS; budding
from one another somewhat irregularly.
Allopopa incompleta, spec, ncv.
Coral dendroid with irregularly cylindrical branches, loosely
straggling, free. Coenenchyma well developed and distinctly
208 AUSTRALIAN FRESH-WATER SPONGES,
undulately grooved with longitudinal stria). Grooves narrower
than the interstices Culices somewhat close with an irregular
quincuncial arrangement, but on the youngest branches sometimes
alternate, projecting, semicircular, the septa of the upper side
being replaced by a transverse ridge. Septa six to nine, ordinarily
eight, thin at base, rapidly narrowing. All round the calices an
irregular series of ampullae as large as the calices. No columella
visible in the somewhat deep fossa. The diameter of the branches
is about two millim., diminishing to half that measurement near
the tips. At the base there is a thick coenenchyma from the
coalescence of the branches, and in this the calices are clustered
irregularly, and the calices are complete circles in some few
cases, and do not project so much as those on the branches.
The diameter of the largest is scarcely half a millimetre.
This species possesses remarkable characters which distinguish
it from any other. Such are the semicircular calices, and the
ridge which separates the upper, or non-septate side from the
coenenchyma. The small number of the septa also distinguishes
it, and makes a correction necessary in the definition, which says
that there are always 12 tentacles in the gasterozoids.
These specimens were dredged in great numbers from a depth
of 30 fathoms off Port Stephens, and the colour was a fresh pink.
Type specimens in the Sydney Museum.
On Australian Fresh-water Sponges.
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
Two years ago I found a species of Fresh-water Sponge
inhabiting a pond near Brisbane, and sent to this Society a note
describing briefly the spiculation of the species, together with that
of a species the spicules of which were first observed by Dr.
Morris in the Sydney water from the Botany Eeservoirs. Shortly
afterwards I heard from a correspondent in Victoria that in
lagoons ncarBairnsdaleho had seen fresh-water sponges and would
EY WILLrA:M A. JIASWELL, M.A., E.SC. 209
Giideavoiii' to procure specimens for me, and I consequently with-
drew from my publication my previous note in the expectation of
acquiring further material. Specimens of the Victorian species
have not come to hand ; but a few days ago Mr. E. P. Bamsay
succeeded after a persevering search in finding largo specimens
of a species of Meyenia in the river Bell at Wellington.
Only one species of Australian Fresh-water sponge has been
described, it is the species named by Bowerbank"^' Sponffill'^
Capewelli, from Lake Hindmarsh, Victoria, a species differing
considerably from both the New South AVales and the Queens-
land species.
Spongilla sceptroides, sp. n.
Sponge green, encrusting, smooth, moderately elastic, not
crumbling. Skeletal spicules very slightly curved, fusiform, acute
at both ends, ornamented with scattered minute projecting points,
which only become visible under a fairly high power. Statoblast
spherical, defended b}' long, slender, straight, cylindrical spicules
which are armed with numerous acute spinules, chiefly aggregated
round the extremities, where they form distinct heads, the inter-
mediate shaft having but two or three very small spinules.
Found in a pond near Brisbane, growing on submerged branches
and twigs.
Spongilla botryoides, sp. n.
Sponge yellowish, flat, encrusting. Skeletal spicules curved,
fusiform, acute, usually with scattered, extremely minute project-
ing points. Statoblast protected by a crust of short, strongly
curved spicules which are provided at each end with a head com-
posed of numerous short blunt or subacute spines producing a
somewhat botryoidal appearance ; the intermediate curved shaft
free from spines.
Found growing side by side with the preceding.
* A Mouograpli of the Spongillida), Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863.
210 ON THE BEAI]S' OF TUE TIGER SKAEK,
Meyenia Kamsayi, sp. n.
Sponge massive, tubercular, or with finger like projections, the
oscula being situated between the tubercles or projections ; rather
brittle ; colour grass-green to greyish-yellow. Skeleton-spicules
curved, fusiform, rather abruptly acute, perfectly smooth. Stato-
blasts spherical, protected by a layer of birotulate spicules, con-
sisting of a stout cylindrical shaft armed with 1-10 acute and
prominent spines, and terminal rotulx', the edges of which are
deeply dentate or spinous, the teeth — to the number of between
12 and 20 — being irregular in size and acute.
Found by Mr. E. P. Eamsay in the Bell Eiver at Wellington,
growing in considerable masses attached to submerged timber.
This species is rather nearly related to S. Meyeni, from Bombay,
which has the amphidiscs of a very similar form ; but the skeleton-
spicules of that species are obsoletely spinous, and the spines on
the shaft of the amphidisc are fewer.
Of the fifth Australian species of Fresh-water Sponge, which
occurs in the Botany Heservoirs I have only a few spicules kindly
given me by Dr. Morris — the sponge itself not having yet been
found, probably from the fact of its being, like Meyenia Ramsayit
a rather deep-growing species, and not to be readily got at unless
when the water is exceptionally low. It is a species of Meyenia,
and quite distinct from M. Ramsayi and M. Capewelli.
Note ox the Braix of the Tiger Shark [Galeocerdo Rayneri.)
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
The acquisition a few months ago by the Australian Museum
of a large specimen of Galcoccrdo Rayneri (18 feet in length),
enabled me to examine and make a few notes on its brain, \(>hich,
as far as I can ascertain, has not been previously described or
figured. Unfortunately the specimen had been dead for more
than two days before I had the opportunity of dissecting it, and,
T5T WILLIAM A. UASWELL M.A., 15. SC. 211
the weather being* hot, the brain was far from being in a good
state of preservation ; but as the opportunity of procuring tlio
brain of one of those sharks does not often occur, and as it
presents some marked peculiarities, tliese imperfect notes and
drawings may be of some interest.
The cerebrum is somewhat heart-shaped, much broader in
front than behind, and considerably broader than long. It does
not display a marked division into lobes, a shallow depression
alone separating the two halves. The ihalamencephalon is
almost entirely covered by the cerebellum, very little of it being
visible when the brain is looked at from above. The cerehellam
{middle-brain of Miklouho-Maclay) is not very largely developed.
In front it overlaps the thalamencephalon, but behind it does
not in any way overlie the commencement of the fourth ventricle.
It is nearly symmetrical, and is divided into two principal parts
b\^ a transverse fissure, each of the two lobes thus formed beino*
similarly subdivided into several lobules. The corpora restiformia
are remarkably simple ; owing to the state of the specimen, I
could not attempt to reproduce the arrangement of the convolu-
tions in detail. The medulla oblongata is remarkable for its
extreme length, being nearly as long as the whole of the
remainder of the brain.
I have not yet had the opportunity of comparing the brain of
this shark with that of other Selacliii more nearly allied to it
than Cheiloscij Ilium, but on comparing it with Miklouho-Maclay's
figure and description of the brain of Carcharius,'-'- which is
regarded as an allied genus, it presents some marked differences
of which the chief are the smallness of the cerebellum, the great
breadth of the cerebrum (though, it should be added, this feature
may have been somewhat exaggerated by the condition of the
specimen), and more particularly the remarkable length of the
medulla oblongata.
*Beitr iige zur Verg-leichenden Neurologie tier Wirbeltliicre, i., p. 24, pi. vi.,
fitr. 1.
212 NOTES AXD EXniEITS.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. Morton exhibited, on behalf Mr. Eamsay, Curator of the
Australian Museum, a new species of Solea from Port Jackson,
and of Cor is from Lord Howe's Island, the same species havinf;^
also been found in Broken Bay ; a Tomahawk formed of hard
quartzite by cleavage, showing four faces, and used as a weapon
by the blacks of the Northern Territory of South Australia ;
knives of chert, said to have been used for the purpose of laying
open the urethra, and ovariotomy, in the northern districts ; a
spear headed with obsidian, and block of the same, from the
Admiralty Islands ; brushes used by the natives of the Northern
Territory', and formed of the crest feathers of Leadbeater's
Cockatoo, inserted in the wing bone of the Native Companion ;
two specimens of a Pinna from the Island of Rarotonga, where
they are considered rare.
Mr. Haswell exhibited a specimen of the female generative
organs of the Platypus, showing the ova in a stage ready to be
discharged ; impregnationhadnot taken place and on examination
of the uteri they showed no trace of a foetus.
WEDNESDAY, 28tit JUNE, 1882.
The President Dr. James C. Cox, F.L.S., in the Chair.
;\rEi\rnEii elected.
Pev. Joseph Campbell, !M.A.
donations.
''Anniversary IMomoirs of the Boston Societ}- of Natural
nistory published in celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of
the Society's Foundation (18.'^0-1880).
"Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute," 1879.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 213
" Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, Pliiladelphia,"
yearly volume for 1880.
"Report of the Botanic Garden, Adelaide," from Dr. Schora-
Lurgh.
" Bulletin No. 1 of the American Museum of Natural History,"
December, 1881.
" Index to the Reports and Transactions of the British Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science," 1830-18G0.
'* Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Yereines zu
Bremen, Bd. vii., Heft 3," 1882.
''Bulletin de la Societo Imperiale des Naturalistes de
Moscou," 1881, No. 2.
Fragmenta Phytographiix} Australine," b}' Baron P. von.
Mueller, K.C.M.G., Vol. xi.
" On tlie Itound Orange Scale," by Eraser S. Crawford.
" Xeuo Untersuchungen ueber die Bahn des Olbers'schen
Cometen und sein AYiederkehr," von. P. K. Ginzel.
papers read.
Half cextury of Plants new to South Queensland.
By the Rev. B. Scortechixt, L.L.B., F.L.S.
A more thorough and more extensive research into the plants
which constitute the Flora of the territory', the limits of which
were described in my last paper, now enables me to place on
ricord the existence of other species as coming within these
boundaries. Some of these species, enjoying as they do a wide
distribution, might have been expected to occur in the districts
where I have been collecting. Still many have been discovered
which have hitherto been considered tropical, or belonging- to
cooler regions, and these present some anomalies in the geograjihical
distribution of plants, and offer data for generalization on this
important point. Not only species, the congeners of which were
214 PLANTS XEW TO SOUTH QI'EENSLAND,
recorded previously among ours, but representatives of genera
with no member of their family known to exist here, and even of
an order, may be claimed to enrich our already wealthy Flora.
I have abstained from enlisting in the roll of our plants some
new species brought within the last twelve months to the light
of science by our veteran Botanist Baron Mueller, and which
have been discovered in this locality. Likewise many varieties
into which more or less elastic species are apt to sport have no
place in this supplementary revision. Although the study of the
variations to which many plants of a wide geographical range
are subject, in connection with that of the causes which influence
these changes within specific limits, such as the nature of soil,
from which they draw nutriment, the heat and moisture of the
atmosphere in which they grow, the light, insects, neighbouring
plants and many more agencies, is of the highest interest for the
solution of a more general problem, still the material for it is as
yet so scanty as to scarcel}" deserve mention.
In the prefatory remarks to my former paper Australian
Cryptogamology was numbered among those subjects of botanic
science for which little or nothing had been done. This statement
might engender the wrong impression that no attention whatso-
ever was paid to Cryptogamic Botan}'. The supplements that
Baron Mueller has added to the eleventh volume of his Fragment a
show what an immense stride has been made in the knowledge
of Australian Cryptogamic plants. Without reckoning the
Ferns, Lycopodiads, the few Marsileace«), the number of known
cryptogamic forms rises to over three thousand, one-third of
which belong to the Fungal class, another to the Algal, and the
last to Characero, Musci, Jungermannia3 and Lichens. It is
mainly due to the labour of the learned Baron to have brought
together, and off ered for identification and description to eminent
European specialists so many species. The words of my assertion
may be taken to mean that although much has been done for
the Cryptogamic Botany of Australia, still compared with
BY THE REV. B. SCORTECIITNI, LL.B., P.L.S. 215
what remains undone in this department we may truly say that
ittle or nothing has been done towards it. It has been asserted
by high authorities that the fungal flora alone equals in richness
and variety of its forms that of the planerogamous flora.
The Australian mycologic flora is as yet scarcely one-eighth of
the phanerogamic, and in its turn one-third of the whole known
cryptogamic flora, so that we may well assert that only a small
fraction of cryptogamic Botany is known to us.
Ra.nunculace.53.
Eanuncidus lappacetis, Sin., in Eees' Cycl.
This species, although most common and very attractive in rich
pasturage on account of its beautiiul golden cups, has no previous
record of its occurrence among the members of the South
Queensland Mora.
MAGNOLIACEiE.
Dnjmis dipeiala, F. v. Muell., PL Yict, I. 21.
From the Southern slopes of Mount Lindsay, (New South
Wales territory) this pepper scrub may be traced westwards in
the dense scrubs up to Wilson's Peak and through the Dividing
ranges, eastwards to Point Danger in the scrubs about Talle-
budgera, and northwards at the top of Tambourine mountains.
Cruciferte.
Cardamine Mrsuta, Linn.
Yery rarely met with.
Capparide;e.
Capparis Mitchell ii, Lindl.
A few individuals of this species so much resembling C nohili%t
may be noticed along the edges of scrubs at the head of the
Logan, and as one moves westwards towards AVarwick they
gradually become more plentiful.
216 PLANTS NEW TO SOUTH QUEENSLAND,
PiTTOSPORE/E.
\_Comefiperma splicer ocarpum, Steetz., in PI. Preiss.
About swamps at Stradbroke Island, and many other places in
tbe mainland towards Nerong Creek.
Caryophille^.
Sfellaria glauca, With-
in moist places commonly met with, as well as along the Logan
and Albert Elvers.
HyPERICINEiE.
S'ljpericiim japonidftm, Thunb., Fl. Jap.
I could discover only one specimen of this plant at Tambourine
Mountain. Its vicinitj^ to a garden -where imported seeds were
sown suggests that it might have been introduced into Queens-
land ; still as the mountain is rich with specimens of New South
Wales vegetation and as H. japonicuin is recorded as indigenous
in New England, and on the Clarence, localities much akin to
this mountain, it may with safety be assumed that it appears
here not by introduced seeds, but by natural processes of distri-
bution. Although scanty it is indigenous to the Mountain.
Malvace^.
Mahastrum tricuspidatiim, A. Gray.
Very seldom to be seen ; about the edges of scrubs.
SxERCULlACEiE.
Stercidia Bidwilln, Hock., Herb.
Tambourine Mountain.
Sterculia hridaf F.v.M,
Coochiu Coochin.
BY THE BET. B. SCOBTECniNI, LL B., F.L.S. 217
Stercidia acerifolia, A. Cunn.
Nothing can surpass the grandeur of a mountain when in the
month of November, clothed by this blooming Stercidia, its sides
seem all a-flame. The campanulate calix of a brilliant coral-red,
hanging in profuse panicles, imparts a red tinge to the whole
scenery. Some slopes of forest mountains at the head of the
•Logan where flame-trees predominate above all other vegetation
pressnt this magic spectacle. It is easy from a long distance to
see the red spots where, in the midst of dark foliage in the scrubs
of Wilson's Peak and its neighbourhood, the flame-tree presents
such a charming appearance.
Stercidia riipestris, Ben*h., Fl. Aust. I., 230.
To the scrubs, which for many miles extend along the ridges
dividing Dugundan from Fassifern, these bottle-trees give a
remarkable aspect. Their spindle-shaped trunks attain a great
height, quite in contradistinction to the short and thick bottle-
shaped trunk of the same Stercidia, which grows on the flats of
Northern Queensland,
Soring ia platypliylla, J. Gra}^ Mus. Par.
By the main road which from Nerang Creek leads to Talle-
budgera an isolated cluster of this Seringia may be seen growing.
Taliace-e.
Sloanea JJ^oolIsii, F.v.M., Frag. YL, 171.
Judging from the amount of echinate capsules strewn on the
ground in the Tallebudgera jungles one is led to think this tree to
be very prevalent in the midst of that rich vegetation. Owing
to the want of flowers I should have been unable to identify the
species but for the kind assistance of Baron von Mueller.
Zygophylle^.
Zi/gophyUum opiculatum, F.v.M., in Linn.
218 PLANTS NEW TO SOUTH QUEENSLAND,
No more than a single plant was I able to detect on tlie edge
of Dugundan scrub.
Geraniaceje.
Erodium cicutarium, L'Her.
Found in company witli Hypericum japonimim, Thunb., on
Tambourine mountain. This is another reason for supposing .
that the mountain is a natural habitat.
Pelargonium aiistrah, "Willd.
In crevices of rocks, bathed by streams ; this Pelargonium
grows abundantly near Wilson's Peak.
EuTACEiE.
Acronycliia melicopoides, P.v.M., Frag. Y.
About the scrubs of Tambourine mountain, on the stony ridges
of Tallebudgera, I have detected the Acronycliia. It is remark-
able for its tri-foliate leaves, and for its acidulous and aromatic
fruits which are succulent and palatable in its wild state. By
cultivation it might be made an excellent table fruit.
Ealfordia dnqnfera, F.v.M., Frag. Y., 43.
In the stunted jungles, which cover the sandy shores near
the mouth of Nerang Creek, and the south end of Stradbroke
Island it can be seen very abundantly intermixed with some
Eugenias. The large cymes of white flowers which appear in the
month of Marcli, succeeded by dark red berries give it a beautiful
appearance.
Ecodia accedens, Blume, Bijdrag, 246.
On that part of Stradbroke Island, that is called Dunwich,
near the edges of those extensive swamps so rich in varied
vegetatior, it grows rather scantily, in company of what appears
to be a (^ ryptocarya perhaps as yet undescribed, but not recognis-
Ur THE KEV. li. SCORTECUINI, LL.B., F.L.S. 219
able by me, because I have not yet seen its flowers. This same
Laurel which is of large size with deep, soft bark of a reddish
colour, and aromatic flavour grows in greater abundance on the
banks of Neraug Creek, and I traced it at the entrance of the
Tweed Eiver.
SlMAE,UBE.E.
Cadellia monostylis, Benth., Fl. Aus. I., 375.
This Cadellia was observed by me in the scrub of Wilson's
Peak, where it is most plentiful as the fugacious yellow petals
scattered on the ground indicate. It was by Baron Mueller
elevated to the rank of a monotypic genus under the name of
Guilfoylia (Frag. VIII., 34) ; bul now it has been placed in its
former position of a Cadellia, in the recension of Australian
genera by the illustrious Baron and among Quassiads. The genus
Guilfoylia is now omitted.
Olacine.e.
Pennantia Cunninghamii, Miers. Ann. Nat, His.
A rare tree ; both male and female plants to be seen in the
Upper Coomora scrubs. The female flowers are two-thirds the
size of the male ones, with barren anthers, and the leaves of the
female tree are longer and broader than those of the male plant.
Celastrine^e.
Leucocarpon (Benhaiiria) pittosporoides, F.v.M.
Seen at Tallebudgera and Mount Maroon at the source of the
Logan. The generic appellation Leiicocarpon is to be preferred
to Denliauria as Baron Mueller remarks in Frag. YL, 203, and
in fact he adopts it in his census of our genera, because of its
priority. It was abandoned because bryologists had preoccupied
it, however as bryologists now have dropped the genus Leucocarpon
by right of priority it must be restored to its former appellation.
220 PLANTS NEW TO SOUTH QUEENSLAND,
Ehamne^.
Cryptandra amara Sm., Tran. Linn. Soc, X. 295
In one locality alone on the sandy ridges of the Logan near
Timboomba, I came across this low shrub some years ago. After
repeated researches on the same spot and thereabouts I never
came across it again.
Ampelideje.
Vitis hypoglauca, F.v.M., PI. Vict., I., 94.
Yery frequently to be seen scaling and overtopping trees on
the scrubby creeks of Tallebudgera. It knits together in a dense
mass of foliage the rich seaboard undergrowth. Although very
common, still there is no record of its existence in this district.
Vitis sierculifolia, F.v.M., Herb.
This plant more massive and less common than the foregoing
may be seen growing near Dunwich. As Baron Mueller remarks,
the stalklets of this Dunwich Vitis are longer than usual.
Sapixdace/1^.
Heterodendron diversifolium, F.v.M., Frag. I. 46.
There is no plant so common in the scrubs of Dugundan,
Mount Maroon, and Wilson's Peak as this. It can easily be
traced from this peak down the Condamine Eiver, as it wends
towards Warwick through a majestic chasm in a high abrupt rock.
Harpidlia data, F.v.M., Frag. II., 103.
Bather scarce in the Tallebudgera scrubs. The racemes of
flowers present a greater length than that of the typical form.
Leguminosea\
Mirholia reticulata, Sm., Ann. Bot. I., 511.
BY THE BEV. B. SCORTECHINI, LL.B., F.L.S. 221
In the swamps which for a considerable extent stretch north
of Burleigh Heads, this slender plant is to be seen making its
way through the low swampy vegetation.
Jachsonia StacMiousii, F.v.M., Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W.
There is little room for doubting that the scanty and imperfect
specimens of a Jachsonia which I gathered at Burleigh Head
swamps belong to this newly described species. Its low growth,
the difference in the length of the calyx lobes as compared with
those of J. scoparia, with which it might be confused, point to
this species. Add to this that the locality from which the original
specimen came is not far away from Burleigh Heads.
Viminaria denudata, Sm., Exot. Bot. 51, f. 27.
Among the swampy growth of Burleigh Heads. Also on
cretaceous soil near the Logan Village. A common species in
the Murray scrubs ; South Australia.
Daviesia corymlata, Sm., Ann. Bot. I., 502.
In one locality alone have I met with this species. This was
on the road from Nerang to Southport.
Daviesia arhorea, F.v.M. and B. Scort. ined.
The student of cabinet specimens may find himself puzzled in
discriminating this species from the foregoing. Yet when the
two plants are studied in their natural habitats they offer no
difficulty and one can conclude with certainty that they are
specifically distinct. The subject of this note bears out fully its
specific appellation. It attains the stature of a tree, so contrary
to the habit of its congeners, most of which are puny shrubs.
Tlie heighth of D. arlorca reaches as high as forty feet, having
a thick trunk more than a foot in diameter of a hard, whitish
wood. The aspect of the tree calls to mind some of the large
Acacias. In my rambles I never met with this tree further north
222 PLANTS NEW TO SOUTH QUEENSLAND,
than Tambourine mountain. As one reaches the top of the
mountain one sees it growing there. Its distribution as far as
it could be noticed, is comprehended by a narrow zone. From
the top of the mountain as we descend the eastern slopes it
becomes more abundant till the Coomora is reached. There
seems to be a break here, and we lose sight of it till we get near
Burleigh Heads where it makes its appearance again, and follows
up Tallebudgera Creek, down to the Tweed Eiver. My excursions
did not extend further. The copiousness of its racemes of bright
yellow flowers covering it as with a mass of gold, and the graceful
appearance of the tree recommend it to the attention of gardeners.
It has found a home in European gardens.
Fidtenea ternata, F.v.M., Frag. I. 8.
It presents the general aspect of Davlesia squarrosa ; and like
it too it covers many stony barren ridges of South Queensland.
Templetonia Mueller ii, Benth., Fl. Aus. II., 169.
No more than one specimen could be discovered on the ridges
of the Upper Logan.
Crotalaria trifoliasirum, Willd.
In some places on the Logan very abundant, spreading on
cultivated ground. It has never been met prostate, but always
presenting an erect shrubby appearance.
Psoralea tenax, Lind., in Mitch. Three. Exp. IL, 10.
Two varieties, one with conspicuous flowers and large leaflets,
another with petals nearly hidden by the calices and linear leaflets,
are to seen prostrate on many black soil flats of the Upper Logan.
Indigofera enneaphylla, L.
On the granite ridges along the course of the Teviot this
humble Indigofera attracts our attention by the little gems of
its ruby flowers.
lir THE REV. B. SGOBTECJIINI, LL.B., T.L.S. 223
Tephrosia Bidwillii, Benth., Fl. Aus. II., 210.
The variety rufescens grows on the Logan.
Lespedeza cuneata, Q. Don., Gen. Syst.
Frequently to be seen on the alluvial flats of the Logan River.
Ghjcine tomentosa, Benth., Fl. Aust. IL, 245.
The sandy ridges of Peel Island abound with this twining plant,
as also several sandy hills of the Logan, but less so than on the
Island.
Vigna lanceolata, Benth., in Mitch. Trop. Aust.
Towards Coochin, struggling among the grass. It grows also
near Eoma.
Rhynchosia Cimninghamii, Benth., Fl. Aust. II., 350.
In Barr's scrub near Beenleigh, Three-mile scrub near Brisbane,
more plentiful around Bundaberg on the Burnett.
Guillandma Bodimcella, Linn.
The only plant I came across was growing in a small island
near Stradbroke. The seeds drifted perhaps by currents seem
to work their way down south. It was noticed growing near
Sandgate, a few miles from the northern banks of Brisbane, near
the sea-shore. The intricate thorny branches of this species
emulate Caesalpinia sepiaria of E,oxb., and in Mezoneuron
Scortechiniif F.v.M., they have a strong ally in forming an
impenetrable hedge.
Acacia hispidula, AVilld., spec. pi. iv., 1054.
This heath-like Acacia may be seen growing on the debris of
granite rocks not far from the Logan Village.
Acacia myrtifolia, Willd., spec. pi. iv. 1054.
On the dry ridges leading from Nerang to Southport. and
suriounding Tallebudgera, this pretty Acacia often claims the
224 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
attention of the traveller. The small raceme of globose flowers
with, dark green leaves bordered at times with red cannot but
present an attractive sight.
Acacia hinervata, DC, Prod. II., 452.
A few trees of this wattle are scattered near the Tallebudgera
scrubs, and on the eastern side of Tambourine mountain.
Acacia elongata, Sieb , DC, Prod. II., 451.
Among the broken rocks of Minto's Craig, near Coochin.
Acacia Baueri, Benth., in Hook., London Journ.
Close to the swamps near Burleigh Heads. It is redescribed
by Baron von Mueller in Prag. xi., 33, from specimens obtained
from the Eichmond Kiver, a locality not far off from Burleigh
Heads.
Contribution to a knowledge of the Pishes of New
Guinea.
By William Macleay, P.L.S., &c.
Mr. Andrew Goldie, the well known New Guinea Explorer
and Naturalist, has from time to time for the last year or more,
sent me collections of Pishes taken by him at Port Moresby, and
Cuppa Cuppa. The first named locality is well known, the other
is the name of an inlet of the coast a little way further north.
The Pishes are with a few exceptions well preserved, the native
name of each species is duly recorded, in many cases most valu-
able notes are made of the colours of the living specimen, and
altogether Mr. Goldie has shown himself to be a most excellent
and intelligent collector. The enumeration of the species given
in this Paper, demonstrates prettj^ clearly the fact — that the
Pishes of that part of the New Guinea Coast differ but little
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 225
from those found by Dr. Bleeker to inhabit tho seas of Nether-
lands India.
Family PEECID.E.
1. PSEUDOLATES CAVIFRONS, All. & Macl.
All. and Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., vol. i., p. 262, lA. 3.
Dr. Klunzinger, and I believe others, seem to have satisfied
themselves that this species is identical with Zates calcarifer,
Bloch, if so, the existence of teeth on the tongue must remove it
from the genus Lates.
2. AxxniAs MAXADENSis, Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Perc, p. 19, tab. 10, f. 5.— Gunth., Cat. App. 1,
p. 502.
" Tara " of the Aborigines.
Mr. Goldie describes this fish as being of a deep rose-pink all
over, with the belly, fins and tail orange.
3. Anthias cheieospilos, Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Pore, p. 18, tab. 10, f. 1.— Gunth.,, Cat. App. 1,
p. 502.
'* Tara " of the Aborigines.
4. Serranus bcexack, B1.
Bodianus Ixnaclc, Bloch., 4, p. 44, t. 226. Serranus hoenaclc,
Cuv. and Val., 2, p. 362. — Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 112. Serranus hoRlang,
Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc, pi. 68, fig. 5.— Quoy & Gaim., Yoy.
Astrol., Poiss., p. 657, pi. 3, fig. 4. Serranus nigrofasciatus,
Hombr. & Jacq., Yoy. Pole Sud., Poiss., p. 36, pi. 2, fig. 1.
" Guna-Guna " of the Aborigines of Port Moresby.
A species of very wide range within the tropics, extending
from the East Coast of Africa to the Polynesian Islands.
226 risHES OF new guinea,
5. Serranus urodelus, Forst.
Cuv. & Yal. 2, p. 306, 6, p. 513.— Gimtli., Cat. 1, p. 122.—
Journ. Mils, Godef., Heft. 3, p. 3, tab. 3, fig. a. — Bleek., All.
Ichth. Perc, pi. 43, fig. 2.
*' Balala " of the Aborigines.
Serranus guttatus, B1.
Bodianus guttatus, Blocb., taf. 224. Cephalopholis argns, BL,
Schn., p. 311, taf. 61, Serramcs mgriaster, Cuv. and Val. ii., p.
233.— Eiipp. Atl. p. 107, taf. 27, fig. 1.— Less. Voy. Coq. Poiss.
pi. 27. Serranus argus, Cuv. & Val., ii., p. 360, — Gunth., Cat. 1,
p. 115. — Bleek., Atl. Iclitli. Perc, tab. 42, fig. 3. Serranus
guttatus, Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 119. — Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft, 3,
p. 5, taf. 4.
7. Serranus Hcedtii, Bleek.
Gunther, Cat. 1, p. 139.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 3, p. 9,
fig. 2.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc, tab. 5, fig. 2.
'' Taguma" of the Aborigines.
One specimen twelve inches in length.
Serranus miniatus. Fork.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 118.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 3, p. 5
tab. 5. S. cyanostigmatoides, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Perc. pi. 5, fig.
3.— Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 117.
''Balala" of the Aborigines — a name apparently given to
several species of Serranus.
9. Serranus Goldiei, n. s.
D. 10/14. A. 3/7.
Of elongate slightly compressed form ; the height of the body
is one-fourth of the total length including the caudal fin, the
length of the head from the extremity of the lower jaw to the
end of tho opercular flap is nearly equal to the distance from
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 227
the flap to the commencemeiit of the caudal fin ; the profile of
the head is a little convex near the snout, the space between the
eyes is a little depressed and as wide as the diameter of the orbit ;
the eyes are large, about two diameters from the extremity of
the lower jaw, and more than four from the point of the opercular
flap. The teeth are strong, numerous and sharp on the jaws,
vomer and palatine bones, with two strong canines on each side
of each jaw placed outside of the others and very close together ;
the maxillary bone is very broad at its extremity and extends far
beyond tiie vertical from the hind margin of the eye ; the pree-
operculum is rounded behind with a slight emargination above
the angle, but no apparent serrations ; the middle spine of the
operculum is long and acute, the others are distant from it and
very small. The scales are small all over the body and the lateral
line is almost straight. The dorsal fin commences opposite the
root of the pectorals, the spines are tolerably strong but not
long, the first is the shortest, and from the fourth onwards the
longest; the soft dorsal more elevated than the spinous; the
cmdal fin is slightty rounded behind ; the anal has the first spine
short and the third a little longer than the second, the rays are
much longer, and the posterior ones are inserted a very little in
ad vane 3 of the last of the dorsal ; the ventral fins take their rise
behind the root of the pectorals, and do not reach to the extremity
of them ; the pectorals are large, spreading and rounded and are
inserted in a line with the large opercular spine. The colour in
spirits is yellowish-brown covered all over — head, fins and all —
with pale brown spots, smaller than the interspaces, two spots of
a large size show on the back, one about the end of the spinous
dorsal, the others over the tail ; the pectorals are more sparsely
spotted except at the base.
I have only one specimen of this Fish, it measures about 16
inches in length ; unfortunately the number of its label has become
illegible, so that I am unable to give the native name or the
colours in a fresh state.
228 FISHES OP NEW GUINEA,
10. Serranus fasciatus, Forsk.
Gunth., Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 3, p. 6, taf. vi.
''Balakala " of the New Guinea Natives.
Dr. Guntlier considers this species identical with S. oceanicus,
S. marginalis, and S. variolosus of Cnv. and Yal. I have three
specimens without any apparent marking, excepting the black
tips to the dorsal spines. Mr. Goldie's note of the colour when
caught is — " Light pink, top of head pinkish brown, side fins
yellow, back fin with brown points."
11. Sereanus summana. Fork.
Bleek., Atl., Ichth. Perc. p. 61, j)!. 7, f. 4. S.] poly stigma,
Bleek., Gunth. Cat. 1, p. 129.
"Balala" of the Aborigines. Two specimens. One about a
foot long was captured in fresh water.
12. Serraxus corallicola, Cuv. and Yal.
Bleek., Ael. Ichth. Perc. p. 53, pi. 30, f. 1. >S^. altivelioides,
Bleek., Gunth. Cat. 1, p. 127.
'' Balala" of the aborigines.
I have several specimens averaging about 10 inches in length.
Mr. Goldie's description of the colouring v/hen caught is —
*' Yellowish-brown with rich brown spots all over."
13. Serranus FuscoauTTATUs, Eiipp.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 127.— Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., vol. v., p.
316._Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 57, i^l. 29, f. 3.
'* Balala " of the Aborigines.
Mr. Goldie says of this Fish — " Light brown with dark brown
spots all over, fins and tail grey with grey spots."
14. Serranus salmonoides, Lacep.
Gunth. Cat. 1, p. 128. " Balala " of the Aborigines.
BY W. MACLEAT, F L.S. 229
This fisli grows to a large size ; its colour according to Mr.
Goldie when caught is — "Dirty white with golden-brown spots
all over." It is quite distinct from S. jyoll/jjodophihis, Bleek.,
with which Dr. Gunther seems to confound it.
15. Seeeanus hexagoxatus, Forst.
Gunth.Cat. 1, p. 140.— Proc. Linn.Soc, N.S.W.,vol.v.,p. 018,
— Bleel<:., Atl. Ichth., Perc, p. 54, tab. 54, fig. 5.— Gunth., Journ.
Mus. Godef. Heft. 3, p. 7, tab, 7, f. a. b.
This species seems to be common on the New Guinea Coast,
as it is in all the warm seas south of the equator.
16. Serranus magnificus, n. sp.
D. 11/16. A. 3/9.
Of a broad slightly compressed form, the height of the bodj^
is comprised three and a half times in the total length, the length
of the head three times ; the snout is short, broad and rounded,
distant from the eye, which is small, about one diameter of the
orbit ; the space between the eyes is broad and almost flat ; the
maxillary bone reaches to beyond the vertical from the posterior
margin of the eye, and is triangular behind with rounded angles ;
the canine teeth are rather small ; the prseoperculum is rounded,
raggedly serrated, and densely covered with very minute scales ;
the opercular spines are obtuse, the middle one large and flat ;
the spines of the dorsal fin are strong, and excepting the first two,
are of nearly equal height, the soft dorsal is much higher and is
rounded posteriorly ; the caudal fin is large and expanded, densely
covered with minute scales and rounded at the apex ; the anal fin
is more pointed-looking behind than the soft dorsal, the spines
are short, the third largest ; the pectorals are large, round and
expanded ; the ventrals are much shorter. The general colour
seems to have been of an olive-green, with numerous lighter
patches all over, turning yellow on the belly; all the fins are of
a yellowish-ground-colour, with very numerous large brown spots
230 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
presenting as Mr. Goldie observes the appearance of tortoise-
shell, the pectorals have two cross bars of the same colour at
their base before the commencement of the spots.
* I have only one specimen of this very handsome fish. It
measures 18 inches in length and is of a heavy bulky appearance.
" Balala " of the natives.
17. Plectkopoma leopardinum, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 157.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 25, pi. 18,
f. 0. " Bogi " of the Aborigines.
Mr. G-oldie's description is " Body brownish sap-green, darker
on back, covered with small bright spots, each with dark
border, socket of eye edged with brilliant turquoise blue."
18. Anyperodon leucogrammicus, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 96.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc, p. 28, tab 1, f. 4.
^' Balala" of the Aborigines.
19. Genyoroge bidens, jl sp.
D. 11/13. A. 3/8. L. lat. 48.
Height of body slightly more than the length of the head and
about two and one-third times in the total length exclusive of the
caudal fin. Profile of head slightly concave, snout rather pointed,
the maxillary bone reaches to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. The eyes are large, and considerably more
than one diameter apart, the space between them being smooth
and convex, the distance from the eye to the extremity of the
snout is equal to two diameters of the orbit- The jirrooperculum
is somewhat acutely rounded at the angle and strongly serrated,
about the middle of its posterior limb there is a large emargination
in which is a deep notch receiving a knob of the interoperculum,
and beneath it a smaller notch receiving an obtuse tooth rising
from the sub and inter-opercular suture. The dorsal fin is toler-
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 231
ably uniform and low, the eleventh soft ray is the longest, giving
a pointed appearance to the fin ; the caudal fin is moderately
forked ; the second anal spine is thicker but rather shorter than
the third, the fifth ray is the longest ; the pectoral fins are
situated in front of the ventrals, and are long and pointed. The
colour of the living fish is, according to Mr. Goldie — "Back
brown-pink, belly vermilion, orbit reddish-gold, fins pink edged
with brown, tail reddish-brown edged with yellow." The axils
and middle rays of pectorals brown.
Two specimens II inches long. Native name '' Tadiva."
20. Mesopkion gembra, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 193. if. samlra, Bl., and L. yapilli and
irmnaculatuSf Ciiv. & Val. Lntjanus argentimaculatas, Bleek.,
Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 74 tab 55, f. 1.
" Acara" of the Aborigines.
Mr. Goldie's only note is — " Bronze all over, darkre on back,"
a very poor description. This is a large bulky fish, and seemingly
abundant, as I have several specimens. One of them is numbered
and labelled as coming from a fresh-water stream near Cuppa-
Cuppa, with the native name of "Jem era" and described as —
" Bronze-grey on back, fins and tail, reddish on belly."
21. Mesopriox semicinctus, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 209, and Journ. Mus. Geof., Heft 2, p. 15,
taf 17. Zutjamis semicinctus. Bleek., Atl. Ichtli. Perc. p. 63^
tab 63, f. 3.
" Oddu-oddu" of the Aborigines.
22. Mesopriox bohar, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 190, and Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 3, p. 13,
tab. 15. Lutjanus bohar, and quadrigidtaUis, Bleek., Atl. Ichth.
Perc. 64, tab 70, f. 4.
" Terho" of the natives.
P
232 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
23. Mesoprion fulviflamma, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 201.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. 65, tab6G, f. 3.
*' Hau" of the natives.
Several specimens about 10 inches in length.
24. Mesoprion monostigma, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft 3, p. 14, taf. 16.
*' Hau'^ of the natives.
This species has been frequently confounded with the preced-
ing one. I have several specimens of both before me, and can
confidently assert them to be distinct.
25. Mesoprion quinquelineatus, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 2 09. —Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. 56, tab 65, f.4.
'^Bonohiri" of natives.
This species seems to resemble Genyoroge Bengalensis, and may
possibly be the same. Dr. Bleeker's plates of the two species only
differ in the number of the blue longitudinal lines, a by no means
satisfactory distinction.
26. Mesoprion vitta, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth. Cat. 1, p. 207.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. 51, tab 02,
f. 5.— Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Yol. 5, p. 330.
Syn. — M. enneacanthuSf phcGotceniatus, and Ophuseniiy Bleek.
*^ Bai" of the Aborigines.
27. Mesoprion chrysottenia, Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 50, tab 24, f. 4.— Gunth, Cat. 1, p. 192.
^' Marawah" of the Aborigines.
28. Mesoprion rubens, 02. .«/;.
D. 10/14. A. 3 8.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, and a
little more than the length of tlie head ; the profile is convex ;
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 233
the eyes are large and nearly three diameters apart, the space
between being convex ; the snout is rounded and is distant from
the eye more than two diameters of the orbit ; the teeth are strong
with one more than usually large canine tooth in the upper jaw,
lapping over the lower lip ; the maxillary bone reaches backwards
to beneath the middle of the eye ; the praeoperculum is unevenly
serrated, and rounded at the angle with a large but shallow
emargination receiving a swelling of the interoperculum. The
dorsal fin commences in a line with the extremity of the opercular
flap and the root of the pectoral fin, the spines are strong, the
first small, the fourth and fifth longest, the rays are of uniform
length, longer than the tenth spine, and are covered at the base
with a scaleless skin ; the caudal fin is broad and emarginate ; the
anal is enveloped in a skin like the soft dorsal, the third spine is
the longest and strongest ; the Electoral fins are large pointed
and a little falcate, the ventrals are shorter, commencing a little
behind the pectorals, and terminating before them. The scales
on the body are rather large.
Mr. Goldie's description of the colours of this fish is "Dark-
brown on back, vermilion on belly," the specimens, however, show
pearly lines along the sides, a few spots on the head below the
eyes, and the fins seem all to be more or less of a violet colour,
or margined with black.
I have two specimens, both large and heavy fishes over twenty
inches in length. The native name is '' Tchro."
29. Mesoprion Goldiei, 71. sp.
D. 10 '13. A. S/8. L.lat. about 48.
Height of body one-third of thg total length and equal to the
length of the heal ; profile straight ; eyes large, rather more
than one diameter apart, the space between convex ; lengtli from
the eye to the extremity of the snout nearly e^ual to two diameteis
of the orbit ; the teeth are small, those on the vomer very minute ;
the maxillary bone is broad and triangular, and reaches to below
234 FISHES OF NE"W GUINEA,
the anterior third of the eye ; the praeoperculum is" strongly
serrated on the angle which is rather acutely rounded, the
emargination above it is large but very shallow, and receives a
swelling of the suboperculum ; the first dorsal spine is very short,
the fourth and fifth are the longest, the second anal spine is
much thicker than the third ; the caudal fin is very slightly
emarginate, the pectoral fins are pointed and reach almost to the
first anal spine, the ventaals are shorter ; the scales of the body
are large, smooth, and rather deciduous. The colouration seems
to have been dark on the back and sides, every scale having a
dark centre, the lower part of the sides and the belly seem to
have been silvery or pearly with a yellowish tinge ; the head
silvery, the dorsal, anal and caudal fins darkish, and the pectorals
and ventrals yellow.
I have only one specimen of this fish and it is without a label.
In the size of the scales and its general appearance it is unlike
any Mesoprwn I have hitherto seen. Length 20 inches.
30. Mesoprion parvidens, n. sp.
D. 10/16. A. 3/8. L. lat. about 58.
Form compressed ; height of body one-half of the total length
excluding the caudal fin, profile steep and straight ; snout short,
one and a half diameter of the orbit from the eye ; the maxillary
reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; the
teeth are small, the canines included ; the eyes are about one
diameter apart, the space between slightly convex ; the posterior
limb of the prseoperculum is straight andfiaely serrated, the angle
is more strongly serrated, and a little above it there is a deep notch
receiving a knob of the interoperculum ; the opercular spines are
indistinct ; the fourth and fifth dorsal spines are the longest ; the
soft dorsal, caudal and anal fins are covered with small scales for
about half their length, the third anal ray is the longest, giving
a pointed appearance to the fin, the second spine is stronger and
slightly longer than the third ; the pectoral fins are elongate and
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 235
slightly falcate ; the tail is slightly emarginate. The general
colour is blackish, but every scale has a pearly portion, larger on
the belly, which probably in the living specimen was red ; a
whitish spot shows on the lateral line below the middle of the
soft dorsal ; all the scaleless parts of the head and cheeks seem
to have been covered with a number of bluish transverse streaks ;
the vertical fins and tail are very dark ; the pectorals are black on
the upper rays, and the ventrals have the rays yellow and the
membranes black.
One specimen about 8 inches in length. The label attached
to this species is illegible.
31. Priacanthus hamruhr, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth.,Cat. 1, p.219.— Bleek.,Atl.Ichth.Perc.p. 13, tab 75, f. 3.
''Daburu" of the natives.
''Bright crimson all over." (Goldie.)
32. Ambassis macracanthus, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 227.— Bleek., Perc. p. 30.
Dr. Bleeker, who originally described this fish in his " Fishes
of Batavia," subsequently, in his *' Atl. Ichth. Perc," makes it a
synonym of Ambassis Cemmersonii. I am disposed to think that
he was right in the first instance.
33. Apogon sangiei^sis, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 235.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 2, p. 20.
Amiasangiemis, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 95, tab 41, f. 4.
31. Apogon zosterophorus, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 245. — Amia zosterophora, Bleek., Atl. Ichth.
Perc. p. 103, tab 35, f. 2.
35. Apogon leptaoanthus, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 222. — Amia leptacanthus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth.
Perc. p. 97, tab 71, f. 3.
236 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
36. Apogon nematopterus, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 233. — Amia nematopterus, Bleek, Atl. lehth.
Perc. p. 79, tab 35, f. 1.
37. Apogon Cookii, M'Leay.
Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, Vol. v., p. 344.
''Mcta" of the New Guinea natives.
38. Apogon Amboinensis, Bleek.
Gimtli., Oat. 1, p. 234, — Amia Amboinensis, Bloek, Atl. Iclitli.
Perc. p. 90, tab 68, f. 1.
39. Apogon aureus, Bleek.
Atl. Iclith. Perc. p. 92, tab 59, f. 1. — Day, Fishes of India, p.
61, tab 16, f. 8.
Syn. — Apogon annularis, Gunth. — A. roseipinnis, Cuv. & Val.
40. Apogon t^niopterus, Benn.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 235. — Benn., Pro. Zool. Soc, vol iii., 1835,
p. 206.
41. Chilodipterus octovittatus, Cuv. & Val.
Cuv. & Val., Poiss. 2, p. 163.— Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 248.—
Paramia macrodon, Bleek., Atl. lehth. Perc. p. 105, tab 27, f. 2.
Syn. — Peramia lineata and octolineata, Bleek., and C. heptagona,
Bleek.
42. Chilodipterus quinquelineatus, Cuv. & Val.
Cuv. & Val., Poiss 2, p. 167.— Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 248.—
Paramia quitKiuelineata, Bleek, Atl. Ichth. Perc. j). 105, tab 48,
f. 2, — Apogon novemstriattis, Eiipp.
43. Therapon argenteus. Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. I, p. 283.--Bloek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 114, tab
61, f. 4.
BY W. MACLEAY, T.L.S. 237
44. Therapon Cuvieri, Bleek.
Gimth., Cat. 1, p. 282.— M'Leay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
vol. v., p. 362.
45. Thervpon servus, Cliv. & Val.
Gimth, Cat. 1, p. 278.— Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. v., p.
361. — TheraiJon Jarbua, Bleek., Atl. Ichtli., Perc. p. 112, tab 34,
f. 2.
"Toegala" of the New Guinea natives.
46. DuLEs ciLiATUS, Bleek.
Alt. Iclitli. Perc, p. 120, tab 46, f. 2. — Percichthjs ciliata,
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 62. — Bules marginatm, maculatics, and itialo,
of Cuv. and Val.
*' Rurupeti" of the Aborigines.
Found in a small fresh-water stream near Cuppa-Cuppa.
47. Pristipoma hasta, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 289.— Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. v.,
p. 369. Pomadasys hasta, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 28, tab 47,
f. 3.
Syn. — P. {Jommersoniij kakaaUy and chrysohalion of Cuv. & Val.
Labriis Commersoni, and Zutjmics microstoma, of Lacepede.
48. DiAGRAMMA GoLDMAXNi, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 331.— Bleek, Atl. Ichth. Perc, p. 21, tab
17, f. 2. D. hcematochir, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. tab 19, f. 3.—
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 332.
** Houmyri" of the natives.
49. DiAGRAMMA PaPUENSE, U. Sp.
D. 11/18. A. 3/8. L. Iat65.
This species has the general appearance of D. pardalis, but in
all my specimens the number of the dorsal spines are eleven,
238 FISHES OF NKW GUINEA,
whereas mpardalis and chcetodonoides there are invariably twelve.
The marking seems to be very variable, my larger specimens
being spotted densely all over with brown, excepting on the
belly, while others, smaller ones, are covered with very large
brown spots, excepting on some whitish patches, which have
smaller spots on them. All the fins are spotted, the pectorals
most densely ; the spinous dorsal is margined with black. The
Papuan name is '' Tanari."
Mr. Goldie's description of the colour is — '' Bright purple with
dark brown spots all over, mouth yellowish red."
50. DiAGRAMMA CELEBICUM, Block.
Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 18, tab 51, f. 3.
'* Marawah" of the natives.
51. DiAGRAMMA CRASSISPINUM, Elipp.
Gunth, Cat. 1, p. 319.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc, p. 16, tab
64, f. 1.
Syn. — B. ajfine, Gunth., Pristipoma nigrum of Cuv. and Val.,
Cant., and Gunth.
'' Matavabo" of the natives.
52. DiAGRAMMA CENTURIO, CuV. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 322.
Dr. Bleeker makes this species and D. punctatum into synonyms
of his Flectorhynchus pietus, but I can see no resemblance.
Papuan name " Gapio." Mr. Goldie's description is—'' Light
slate colour with small golden -brown spots all over."
53. ScoLOPSis MARGARiTiFER, Cuv. and Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 355.— Bleek., Atl, Ichth. Perc, p. 3, tab 39,
f . 2. ** Degari" of the natives.
BY WILLIAM MACLEAX, F.L.S. 239
Mr. Goldie's note to this species is — " Back greenish purple,
scales yellow edged with white ; belly white ; orbit hazel, with
violet rim ; side fins and upper division of tail yellow ; upper fins
and lower part of tail purple."
54. ScoLOPSis ciLiATus, Lacop.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 355.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 6, tab 38,
f. 2. '' Matabibi" of the natives.
55. ScoLOPsis BiLiNEATUS, Cuv. and Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 357.~Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 7, tab 45,
f. 2. '* Wonano" of the Aborigines.
56. ScoLOPsis TRiLiNEATUs. Kuer.
Gunth., Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, p. 31, pi. 25, f. A.— Bleek.,
Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 5, tab 53, f. 2.
** "VVonano" of the natives.
57. ScoLOPSis MoxoGRAMMA, Ouv. and Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 358.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc, p. 11, tab
57, f. 3.
'* Bai" of the natives.
58. ScOLOPSIS TEEMPORALIS, CuV. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 360.— Voy. Coquille, Poiss. pi. 26.
59. Gerres abbreviatus, Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Perc. tab 78, fig. 4.— Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 257.
60. Gerres gigas, Gunth.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 25.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, p. 30,
tab 24, f . a.
'' Heala" of the natives.
240 PISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
61. Gerres MACRACAXTHUS, Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Perc. tab 78, f. 1.— Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 261.
*' Heala" of the natives. A fresh, water species.
62. Gerres acinaces, Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Perc. pi. 77, fig. 2.— Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 262.
*' Heala" uf the natives.
63. Pentapus ca^'inus, Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Perc, p. 103, pi. 30, fig. 3. — Heterognathodon
xanihopleiira, Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 365.
"Kinkin" of the natives.
64. Pentapus aurolixeatus, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 381.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, p. 33,
pi. 25 B.
*' Mocobura" of the natives.
65. C/Esio CCERULAUREUS, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 322.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 39, tab
19, f. 4.
'■^ Vaber-vaber" of the natives.
66. C^SIO ERiTTHROGASTER, Cuv. & Yal.
Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 36, tab 34, f. 3. — Odontonccies
cry throg aster ^ Gunth,, Cat. 1, p. 265. — Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W.,
vol. i., p. 269.
" Cavi" of the natives ; young named '' Kera."
67. CiEsio pisANG, Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Perc. p. 38, tab 6, f. 2.— Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 391.
'' Ciro-ciro" native name.
Br W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 211
Family SQUAMIPINNES.
08. Cu.'ETODON STEIOANGULUS, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 4, and Journ. Mus. Godef. Heffc 5, p. 35,
tab 26, — A. — Megai)yotodo}i strigangulusy Bleek., Atl. Iclit. Chfet.
54, tab 10, f. 4.
Syn. — C. triangidaris, Eiipp. — C. trifascialis, Gunth. — C.
hifascialis, Cuv. and Val., and C. Leachii, Cuv. & Val., and Gunth.
69. Cn.ETODOx AURIGA, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. T.—Day, Fishes of India 1, p. 106, pi. 27,
f. 3. — Tetragonopterns aitriga, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Chcet. 47, tab
11, f. 6.
Syn. — C.setlfer of Blocli, Cuv. & Val., Lesson, Jennings, and
Gunther, and C. tieogalliciis and Sehanm of Cuv. & Val.
I give these synonyms on the authority of Dr. Bleeker, who
had certainly for many years ample opportunities of forming a
correct judgment on such matters.
70. Ch.etodon ephippium, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth,, Cat. 2, p. 7.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, 36 tab 27,
A. — Less , Voy. Coq., Poiss. 2, p. 174, pi. 29, fig. 1. — Tetragon-
opterns ephip2)iam, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Cha3t 36, tab 16, f. 2.
Syn. — C. Garnoti, Lesson, and C. principalis, Cuv. & Val.
71. Ch.etodon uxihaculatus, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 11.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, p. 37.—
Tetragonopterns unimacidatus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Chcet. 45, pi,
13, fig. 5.
72. CniETODON Bennetti, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 12.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 5, p. 37,
pi. 99 A. — Tetragonopterns Bennettif Bleek., Atl. Ichth,, Chaet.,
p. 34, tab 14, f. 2.
Syn. — C. i'inctus, Bonn., Zool. Voy. Bloss., p. 72, pi. 17, fig. 1.
242 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
73. Ch^todon speculum, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 12. — Tetragonopterus speculum, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth. Cliaet., p. 34, tab 13, f. 3.
74. Ch^todon falcula, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 17.— Journ. Mus, Godef. Heft. 5, p. 39,
pi. 27, f. c. — Tetragonopterus falcula, Bleek , Atl. Ichth. Ch^et.,
p.52, pi. ll,fig. 1.
Syn. — C. ulietensis and dizoster of Cuv. & Val., and Gunther.
" Bebi" of the natives.
75. Ch^todon Kleinii, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 22. — Tetragonopterus Klelnii, Atl. Ichth.,
Ch»t., p. 45, tab 11, fig. 3,
Syn. — C. virescens, Cuv. & Val. — C. melastomus, Bl.
76. Ch^todon teifasciatus, Mungo Park.
Trans. Linn. Soc, 3, p. 34.— Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 2^.— Tetra-
gonopterus trifasciatuSy Bleek., Atl. Ichth.. Chaet., p. 35, tab 15, f . 1.
Syn. — C. vittatus and tau-nigrum of Cuv. & Val. and Gunther.
77. Ch^todon vagabundus, L.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 25.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, p. 43.—
Tetragonopterus vagabundus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Chaet. p. 48, tab
16, £. 1.
Syn. — O. plctus oi Cuv. & Val. and Gunther, C. decussatus^
Cuv. & Val.
78. Ch^todon E.APFLESII, Bouu.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 27.— Journ, Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, p. 44,
pi. 35 c. — Tetragonopterus Bajlesi, Bleek., Atl. Icbth, Chset, p.
45, tab 14, fig. 4.
Syn. — C. princeps and ISebao of Cuv. & Val.
BY W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 243
79. Ch^todon dobsalis, Cuv. & Yal.
Guntli., Cat. 2, p. 28. — Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 34. —
Ch(Btodon mrlanoius, BL, Gunth., Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5,
p. 44. — Tetragonopterus melanotus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Chset. p.
43, tab 14, f. 1.
Syn. — C. marginatas and abhortani^ Cuv. & Val.
80. Ch^todon miliaris, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 31.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, p. 46, pi.
35 A. — Tetragonopterus miliaris, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Chaet., p. 39,
tab 15, f. 3.
Sjn.—C. citrinellus, Cuv. & Val., and Gunther, G.guttatissimus
Gunther.
81. Chjetodon lineolatijs, Cuv. &, Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 30.— Jonrn. Mus. Godef. Heft. 5, p. 45,
pi. 34 A. — Tetragonopterus lineolatus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Chjet.,
p. 51, tab 15, f. 2.
Syn. — C. liniatus, Cut. & Val. — C- oxycephalus, Gunther.
" Bebi" of the natives.
82. Ch^todon baronessa, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 31 — Tetragonopterus triangulum, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth., ChcTt., p. 53, tab 12, f. 1
Syn. — C. triangulum, larvatus, and Tcarras, of Cuv. & Val.
83. Chelmo eostkatus, L.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 36.— Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., vol. v., p.
S91.—ChelmQn rostratus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Ch«t. p. 22, tab 7,
f. 2. — ClicBtodon encelodus, Shaw.
84. Heniochtis vaeixjs, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 41.— Kner., Voy. Novara Fisch. p. 103.—
TauricUhysvarius, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Chaet., p. 27, tab 3, f. 2. —
Taurichthys viridis, Cuv. & Val., Poiss. vii., p. 114.
" Zarariki" of the natives.
244 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
8-5. HOLACANTHUS SEXSTRIATUS, CuV. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 49.— Kner., Yoy. Novara, Fiscli, 104.—
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. v., p. 395.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth,,
Chat., p. 66, tab 10, f. 2.
86. HOLAOANTHUS BTCOLOU, CllV. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. aO.— Joiivn. Miis. Godef. Heft. 5, p. ',].
pi. 39 B.— Bleek., Atl. Ichtli. Chret., p. 61, tab 7, f. 3.
<' Hidia " of the natives.
87. HoLACAXTHUS xANTiioMETOPON, Bleek.
Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Chcet., p. 64, tab 9, f . 2.~Gunth., Cat. 2,
p. 51. '' Popoiaka " of the natives.
88. Hoi'ACANTHUs Nox, Bleek.
Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Chtet., p. 62, tab 6, f. 3.— -Gunth., Cat. 2,
p. 51. " Gau " of the natives.
89. SCATOPHAGUS ARGUS, L.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 58.— Kner., Yoy. Novara, Fisch. p. 106.—
Upkippns argus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Chcet., p. 21, tab. 1, f. 2.
Syn. — Scatophugiis ornatus, Bougainvilli, and p^irpurescem,^
Cuv. and Yal.
90. ScATOPHAGUS MULTiFAsciATus, Eicliards.
PJchards., Yoy. Ereb. & Terr., Pishes, p. 57, pi, 35, f. 4-6 —
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 60.— Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., vol. v., p. 390.
91. Drepaxe punctata, Cliv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 62. — Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 5, p.
397. — Harpncliirus ^^tt'^ctatus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Clioet., p. IT,
tab 3, f 4. — Brepane hngimana, Cuv. & Yal., Poiss. viii., p. 101.
TIY W. MACLE.VT, F.L.S. 21)5
92. TOXOTES .TACULATOR, CllV. & Val.
G-untli., Cat. 2, p. 67. — Castela., Proc, Zool. Soc, Victoria,
vol. 2, p. 81.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Chaet., p. 4, tab. 1, f. 4.— Proc.
Linn. Soc, N.S.AV., vol. v., p. 399.
'^ Baruki " of the natives.
MULLID7R.
90. TTpEXEOIDES VITTATUS, L,
Guntli., Cat. 1, p. 397.— Ciiv. & Val, Poiss. 3, p. 448 and 7,
p. 520.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Mull, tab 2, fig. 3.— Proc. Linn.
Soc, N.S.W., vol. v., p. 402.
'' Ciu " of the natives ; the same name is given to all the
species of the family.
94, IJpEXEOiDEs TRAGULA, Pichards.
Richards, Iclith., China, p. 220.— Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 398.—
Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Mull., tab 2, f. 2.— Proc Linn. Soc N.S.W.,
vol. v., p. 402.
95. Upenetjs barberinus, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 405. — Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft 7, p. 57,
taf. 42.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Mull., tab 3, fig. 1.— Kner., Fishes
of Novara, j). 7. — Proc Linn. Soc. N.S.AV., vol. v., ■^. 405.
96. Upeneus trifasciatus, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 407. — Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft 7, p. 59,
pi. 44 B and o. — Kner., Fishes of the Novara, p. 71. — Jenyns,
Zool. Beagle, p. 25. — Panipenevs mxLltifamatus, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth., Mull., tab 4, fig. 4.
97. Upexeus malabaricus, Cuv. & Val.
Cuv. & Val., Poiss. 3, p. 457.— Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 406.— Journ.
Mus. Godef., Heft. 7, p. 58, pi. 45, fig. b. — Proc Linn. Soc,
N.S.W., vol. v., p. 405.
246 FISHES OF ITEW GUINEA,
98. TJpENEUs LTTTEUS, Cuv. & Val.
Cuv. & Yal., Poiss. 7, p. 521. — Varupeneus luteus, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth., Mull., tab 4, fig. 1.
99. IJPENEUS CHERSEETDEOS, CuV. & Yal.
Cuv. & Val, Poiss. 3, p. 470. — Gunth., Jouru. Mus. Grodef.
Heft 7, p. 60, pi. 45 a. — Farupeneus cherserydros, Bleek., Atl.
Ichtb., Mull., tab 3, fig. 2.
Syn. — TIpeneus cyclostomus, Cuv. &Val. — Z7. oopycephahis, Bleek.
100. Upenetts Ja^stsenii, Bleek.
auntb.,Cat. 1, p. 410.— Bleek., Atl. Icbth.,Mull., tab 2, fig 4.
SPAEID^.
101. Pachtmetopon squamosum, All. <fc Macl.
All. & Mad, Proc. Linn. Soc.N.S.W., vol. i., p. 275, pi. 9, f. 1.
The number affixed to this fish was illegible.
102. Lethrinus eostratus, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 454.— Cuv. & Val., Poiss. 6, p. 296 —
Lethrinus miniatus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Perc, p. 121, tab 31,
fig. 3.— G-unth., Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 7, p. 63.
" Vanaka" of the natives.
103. Letheinus amboinensis, Bleek.
Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Perc, pi. 33, fig. 3.— Gunth., Cat 1, p.
455.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 7, p. 63.
" Manahala" of the natives.
104. Letheinus haeak, Eiipp.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 458. — Kner., Fishes of the Novara, p. 81. —
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. v., p. 414.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth.,
Perc. ^. 119,tab49, fig. 3.
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.9. 247
Syn. — L. erythmrus, Ciiv. & Val. — L. rliodoptenis, Bleek.
*' Tabutu " of the natives.
105. Lethrinus yariegatus, Cuv. & Yal.
Cav. & Yal., Poiss. 6, p. 287.— Bleek., Atl. Iclith., Perc, p.
117, tab 39-50 and 52.
Syn. — Z. elongatus, sefm'chictus, microdon, Cuv. & Val. — L.
latifrons, Eiipp., Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 458,
'' Aliuawia " of the natives.
106. Lethrinus ornatus, Cuv. & Yal.
Cuv. and Yal., Poiss. G, p. 310.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Pero. p.
118, tab 72, fig. 4. — Lethriniis xanthotcenia, Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 4GI.
'' Daryya " of the natives.
'•' Head greyish-yellow, and grey on top ; yellowish lines along
sides ; side fins yellow ; top fins and tail crimson, two deep
crimson marks across gills." — (Goldie.)
107. Lethrinus leut JANUS, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 4G1.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Perc, p. 120, tab.
7G, fig. 5.
'^ Daragi " of the natives.
108. Lethrinus aurolineatus, n. sp.
The height of the body is greater than the length of the head,
and about three and a half times in the total length. The profile
is straight, the snout rather pointed ; the intermaxillary reaches
to the vertical from midway between the eye and snout, the
distance from the eye to the snout is equal to three diameters
of the orbit, and that between the eyes to nearly two diameters.
The teeth are strong, the molars on the sides obtusely rounded.
The dorsal fin commences in front of a line from the root of the
pectorals, these long and pointed ; caudal fin forked. Scales
Q
248 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
rather large, L. lat. about 45. The colour seems to have been a
pale yellowish olive, with about eleven golden longitudinal streaks
on each side of the body ; the fins seem to have been of a uniform
yellow ; the head shows some traces of dark bands between the
suout and eyes and between the eyes.
I have two specimens of this fish, the largest about 18 inches
in length. Mr. Goldie gives no description of the colour.
CIKRBITIDM.
109. CiRRHITES FORSTERI, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 71.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 7, p. 69, pi.
49 A. — Paracirrhites Forsteri, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Perc, p. 143,
tib 71, fig. 5. Cirrhites pantherinus, Cuv. & Val. — Less., Yoy.
Coquille, Poiss. p. 225, pi. 22, fig. 1.
No native name.
SCOEPiENIDiE.
110. SCORP^NA GIBBOSA, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 119.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 7, p. 79,
pi. 53. — ScorpcBUopsis gihhosus,'B\QQk., Atl. Ichth., Scorp., tab 6, f. 4.
Syn. — S. nesogallica^ Cuv. & Yal. '' Nohu " of natives.
111. SCORP^NA POLYLEPIS, Blcck.
Sehastopsis polylepis, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Scorp., tab. 5, fig. 1.
— Sebastes polylepis y Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 106.
" Decaca " of the natives.
112. Pterois volitans, L.
Cuv. & Val., Poiss., 4, p. 258, fig. 88.— Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 122.
— Pseudomonoptems volitans, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Scorp., tab 2,
f. 3. — Pterois muricata axidi geniserra^ Cuv. & Val. — P, miles, Gunth.
'* Manu-Manu " of the natives.
BY W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 240
TEUTHIDID^.
113. Teuthis corallina, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 316.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Ileft. 7, p. 88.—
Amphacantlms cerallinus, Cuv. & Yal. 10, p. 139.
" Gani " of the natives.
114. Teuthis vermiculata, Cuv. Sc Val.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 317.— Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. v., p.
443. — Amphacantlms vermiculatus, Cuv. & Yal., Pois. 10, p. 126.
'' Urayo " native name.
115. Teuthis albopunctata, Sclileg.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 318.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft 7, p. 88.—
Amphacanthis dorsalis, Bleek. — A. margaritiferus and fuscescens,
Bichards.
" Gani " of the natives.
116. Teuthis doliata, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 323.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft 7, p. 90.—
Sigaiius doliatus, Cuv. — Amphacanthis doliatus, Cuv. & Yal.
117. Teuthis puella, Schleg.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 323.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft 7, p. 91.—
Amphacanthus puellus, Schleg., Bydr, tol de Dierk. 1852, p. 39,
fio". 2. — Amphacanthis cyanotcenia, Bleek., Ternate 2. p. 606.
** Gani" of the natives.
118. Teuthis tumifrons, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 317. — Amphacanthis tumifrons, Cuv. & Yal.,
Poiss. 10, p. 159.
250 A MONOGRAPn OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
119. Teutiiis argentea, Cuv. & Yal.
Guntli., Cat. 3, p. 322.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 7, p. 90.—
Amphacanthus argenteus, Quoy and Gaim., Yoy. Uran. Zool. p. 368,
pi. 62, fig. 3.
120. Teuthis rostrata, Cuv. & Yal.
Amphacanthus rostratus. Cuv. & Yal., Poiss., 10, p. \b^.— Teuthis
rostrata, Guntli., Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft 7, p. 89, taf. 60.
A Monograph of the Australian Aphroditea.
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
[Plates YL— XI.J
The Australian Marine Annelides have not formed the subject
of any special investigations, but scattered notices of Australian
species are to be found in the works of Schmarda,^- Kinberg,f
Baird,:]: and Quatrefages.§
Of the order to which the present paper is confined the last-
named author enumerates and describes six Australian species
including those described by Kinberg and Schmarda, and to
those Dr. Baird adds five more from among the specimens in the
collection of the British Museum. Though the thirty species
enumerated in this paper cannot be regarded as a complete
list of all the Australian Annelides belonging to this section, yet
from the wide extent of coast from which they have been collected^
from Torres Straits to Port "Western, they may be looked upon
as furnishing us with a tolerably correct idea of the general
* "Neue Wirbellose Thiere, Band I."
t " Oefversigt af K. Vet.-Akademiens Forhandlingar," 1855, p. 381 ; and
'' Eiiffenies Eesa, Annulata."
X " Contributions towards a Monograj^h of the jVphroditacean Annolidos."
Proc. Linn. Soc, Vol. viii., p. 17G.
§ " Histoire Natnrollo dos Anneles, Vol. I,"
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 251
facies of this section of the Australian marine fauna. As might
be expected from what is already known of the geographical
distribution of the Cha3thelmiuthes,*^' there is little to markedly
distinguish the Australian representatives of this group from
those of northern seas ; the species are different, but belong to
the same or nearly related genera. As regards the distribution
of the group within the Australian province itself, the only note-
worthy point is that the species of the tropical shores of Queens-
land are entirely different from those of the temperate coasts of
New South Wales and Victoria, a circumstance which affords
illustration of tliefact that Australia consists, so far as its another
marine zoology is concerned, of two entirely distinct provinces —
an intertropical or northern, and a temperate or southern, with,
on the whole, considering the continuity of the coast line,
remarkably few features in common.
A portion of the work on which this paper is founded was
carried out last year during a cruise with H.M.S. " Alert " along
the eastern coasts of Queensland ; and I take this opportunity of
placing on record my grateful thanks to Captain J. F. Maclear,
Dr. E. W. Coppinger and the other officers of that vessel for
much kindness and hospitality experienced during my stay with
them, and for assistance liberally rendered in the way of boats
and men for dredging when the requirements of the survey
permitted.
A. AXATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
The Elytra.
The possession of elytra or scales is one of the most distinctive
points in the structure of the Aphroditacca. These elytra are
flattened squames of varying shape, but always more or less
rounded, sometimes delicate and membranaceous, at other times
stiff and horny, which cover the back of the annelide in a double
* Vide Qi^atrefages, " On the Geographical Distribution of the Annelida,"
Ann. Mag. N.H. (3) xiv., ISGl, p. 239; also Uist. Nat. dcs Auucles, t. I.
252 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
row. Each elytron is attached to a peduncle or scale-tubercle,
the surface of attachment, of circular or oval form, being situated
about the centre of the elytron, and the attachment being effected
through the medium of a series of muscular fibres, by whose
contractions the various movements of the scale are brought
about. The elytra are usually attached to every alternate
segment — the intermediate segments having as their equivalent
the cylindrical dorsal cirri. The dorsal cirri and the elytra may
be said to be essentially identical in structure and mode of
development. Each consists of an evagination of the integument
containing a nerve, the evagination in the one case taking a
cylindrical form, while in the other it becomes compressed and
scale-liko. Such a cutaneous fold ought to contain representatives
of the cuticular, the subcuticular and tlio muscular layers of the
integument, and such we find to be actually the case. Each scale
contains three principal elements: — (1) an investing cuticle, (2)
a double layer of cells or cell-equivnlents, and (3) a fibrous layer.
(1). The cuticle varies considerably in its degree of develop-
ment in difierent genera and species. Sometimes, as in Aplirodita
and Hermione, it is exceedingly delicate and developes no
appendages ; sometimes as in Iphione and in many species of
Lepidonotus and allied genera its upper layer attains a consider-
able thickness and density, and may be variously sculptured on
the upper surface ; where appendages, such as papillae or fimbria),
are present, it forms an investment for them when it does not
constitute their entire substance.
(2). The cell-elements representing the subcuticular layer
of the integument take the form of a layer of polygonal
squames lying immediately under the cuticle. This layer ia
sometimes transparent — the outlines of the cells being only
discernible with difficulty ; at other times the cells are charged
with pigment granules, a lighter space in the centre being
apparently the expression of a nucleus. This double layer of
BY WILLIUI A. IIASWELL, M.A., B.8C. 253
calls was first pointed out by Ehlers* in Polynoe pellunda. I
have found it in most species which I have examined, though in
some cases the outline of the constituent elements were very
difficult to trace.
(3). In focussing deeper than the upper layer of cells Ehlers
states that he could distinguish a series of dots which he repre-
sents as arranged in radiating lines, and which he regards as
indicating the existence of some tissue between the two layers
of cells. It has been assumed, by Quatrefages, and others, that
the scale is simply a flattened sac, between the two walls of which
is a cavity communicating with the cavity of the body. The evidence
in favour of this supposition is afforded by the fact that in certain
species specimens have been observed with all the scales distended
and globular, as if blown up by the pressure of fluid from within.
I have never seen this phenomenon, which would appear to be
of rare occurrence, but it is probably due to a forcible rupture
tearing the two layers of the scale apart and producing a
permanent malformation. Thus in Aphrodita the two membranes
of which the scale is composed are firmly united together by
fibrous tissue, and require some little force to effect their
separation. This fibrous layer is visible in the undissected scale,
and is seen still more distinctly when the layers are torn asunder,
when the bundles of fibres will be seen curled up on the inner
surface. The arrangement of the fibres, which are exceedingly
fine, varies in different species ; sometimes they are arranged in
definite wavy bundles ; sometimes the arrangement is quite
irregular, the fibres crossing one another in all directions.
Morphologically these fibres seem to represent the muscular
layer of the integument.
In his account of the structure of the nervous system in
Aphrodita aeuleata] Quatrefages makes no mention of the
* " Die Borstenwiirmer, p. 109, (1854)."
t xVuu. des Sciences Nat. (3me serie) t. xiv., p. 362, (1850.)
254 A MONOGRAPH Or THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
existence of nerves in the elj'tra, and their occurrence seems to
have been first noticed by Ehleas.f In Pohjno'c pellucida the
latter found a nerve entering the scale through the scale-
tubercle and giving off radiating branches. A similar arrange-
ment is very well seen in the scales of Aphrodita and some
species of Lepidonotiis and Polynoe, and is specially conspicuous
after strong staining with haematoxylin or cochineal. The nerve
divides near the point of entrance into numerous branches
which radiate towards the periphery, and become divided again
and again, giving off numerous minute twigs. In Folyno'c
pellucida Ehlers has traced each twig to one of the hollow i)rocesses
on the surface of the scale. This definite termination of each
twig may be well seen in successfully stained elytra of other
species, and there can be little room for doubt that the papilla)
on the surface of the scale are, in most instances at least, end-
organs for the elytral nerve.
The functions with which the scales may be supposed to be
connected are (1) protection, (2) the production of phosphorescent
light, (3) sensation, (4) respiration, and (5) incubation.
The protective function of the scales is in some instances the
predominating one. Tiius in Iphione the scales are of extreme
density and cover the entire dorsal surface with an armour which
the animal is incapable of throwing off when irritated, and which
gives it a remarkable superficial resemblance to Chiton. In
others the scales, though tough, are more rearlily detached,
and in some cases they do not completely cover the dorsal surface ;
while in many species of Polynoli they are so delicate, and so
readily parted with on the slightest irritation that their direct
protective action must be very slight. The greatest reduction of
the protective function is, however, met with in Aphrodita and
some allied genera, in which the scales are covered with a thick
layer of matted hairs which form an efficient protective covering
to the dorsal surface.
t L. c, p. 110.
BY WILLIAM A. IIASWELL, M.A. B.SC. 255
When certaia species of Pohjno'c are irritated in the dark a
flasli of phosphorescent light will be seen to run along the
scales, each being illuminated with a vividness which makes it
shine out like a shield of light, a dark spot in the centre repre-
senting the surface of attachment where the light-producing
tissue would seem to be absent. The irritation communicates
itself from segment to segment, and, if the stimulation be
sufficiently powerful, flashes of light may run along the whol
series, one or more of the scales then becoming detached and
being left behind still glowing with phosphorescent light. The
species characterised by the phosphorescence of their scales are
species also distinguished by the celerity of their movements and
also by the readiness with which their scales are parted with
when the animal is attacked ; and it may be that the phos-
phorescence has a protective effect, the phosphorescent scales
thrown off by the annelide distracting the attention of an
assailant and enabling the former to make good its escape.
That the scales act, like the dorsal cirri, as organs of some
special sense seems probable from their abundant innervation, as
well as from the presence in many instances of fimbriae and other
appendages, some of which appear to be the end-organs of the
nerve-branches. These appendages, the form of which varies
greatly, are processes of the upper wall of the scale, and probably
consist of the cuticular, subcuticular, and fibrous layers of the
latter ; the subcuticular layer is in most instances, however,
difficult to make out, owing to the thickness of the cuticle, but
in one species of Folynoc, I find that certain vesicular processes
which present a very delicate cuticle shew distinctly below it
the layer of polygonal cells, and in the interior a series of fibres
which radiate from the base of the vesicle to its outer wall, and
many represent the fibrous layer of the scale, or may be of
nervous nature.
In Aplirodifa and Uermione the scales have been observed by
Williams and Quatrefages to perform an important mechanical
256 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
function in connection with respiration. In these genera the
dorsal surface is covered with a coating of felted hairs which
stretch across from one side to the other, and enclose a canal
open in front and behind, and having for its floor the dorsal wall
of the body with the elytra and the ** branchial" tubercles
These authors regard the oxygenation of the perivisceral fluid as
taking place through the thin integument covering the scale-
tubercles and the tubercles at the bases of the dorsal cirri, and
have observed the scales to be subject to rythmical movements
by means of which a current of water is driven constantly over
the dorsal surface, thus renewing the water in contact with the
** branchiae." In species in which the felt-like dorsal covering
does not exist, this function would appear to be in abeyance ; and
in Polynoe and allied genera, so far as I have observed, the elytra
remain perfectly motionless while the animal as a whole is at
rest.
When the ripe ova are discharged from the orifices of the
segmental organs, they are carried by ciliary action towards the
under surface of the elytra, where they remain, adhering by means
of a viscid secretion, until they are tolerably well advanced.
Impregnation probably takes place while the eggs are in this
situation ; and I have found still crowding in great masses under
the scales, free embryos which had reached the cephalotrochous
stage first described by Sars.^'
Segmental Organs and Sexual Glands.
The position and relations of these organs have been entirely
misunderstood both by WiUiams and Ehlers, and I find their
statements repeated in the latest work on general zoology,! so
that, though unable to obtain here all the literature of the subject,
I am justified in concluding that these errors have not yet been
corrected and explained.
* Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1845.
t *' Pagenstecheij Allgemeine Zoologie, Band iv."
BY WIILIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 257
Ehlers* in his remarks on the genus Polynoe states his opinion
that Williams had seen the segmental organs of that annelide
only imperfectly and the stages in the formation of the sexual
products not at all.f A careful examination of the subject has
led me to the conclusion that both of these observers were look-
ing at the same thing from dijfferent points of view, but were
entirely in error in regarding it as the segmental organ.
At ftrst sight the accounts of the organs in question given
by these two observers seem entirely irreconcilable. Williams's
description of them is as follows: — ** They appear under the
character of pyriform tubuli commencing or ending in a single
external orifice. Internally they are lined by a ciliated epithelium,
the cilia being large, dense, and acting with great force and
vigour. The current raised by these cilia sets up on one side
and down on the other. The ciliary epithelium ceases at the
point where the primary branches divide. All the rest of the
organ is unciliatod and filled with the reproductive products.
This part is elaborately branched, — the branches as formerly
stated, twining round the diverticula of the stomach. * * '''
The individual tubes are bridled on one side and grandular on
the other."+
'*The author thinks it probable that if the roots or attached
ends of these organs could only be followed through the integu-
ments to their extreme outlets they would be found to divide
into two limbs, an ingoing and an outgoing; a fact which would
account for the clearly divided ciliary currents as they are seen
in the dilated portions of the organs. If this fact of the bifurca-
tion of the tube were clearly determined, there would be no
difficulty whatever in connecting the segmental organs of
* Die Borstenwurmer, p. 107.
t The words are " Ich zweifle nicht dass Williams die Segmentalorgane
nur unvollstandig, die Bildungsstatte der Geschlechsproducte iiberhauptgar
nicht gesehen hat."
X " On the Segmental Organs of Annelids/' Phil. Trans. 1358.
258 Jl monograph of the Australian aphroditea,
Aphrodltea witli their homologues in the typical Annelids. In
the absence of proof, however, upon this point, they must be
described as commencing in a single tube, the internal extremity
of which divides into a numerous system of branches. None of
these branches communicate openly with the cavity of the body."
I have not had the apportunity of dissecting any fresh or well-
preserved specimens of Aphrodiia, but the above account is stated
by Williams to apply also to the arrangement of the segmental
organs in Pohjnoe, and I find the arrangement in that genus so
totally different from that described by AVilliams, that I have
been led to an explanation of Williams's observations and figures
which at least reconciles them with what I find to exist in those
PoIyyioidcE in which I have worked out this point. In the first
place it is to be noted that Williams gives no clue to the position
of the external orifice ; he admits in fact that he had not been
able to follow the canal through the integuments. In the second
place, in the figure which he gives of the alimentary canal and
supposed segmental organs in Aphrodiia (I.e., j)l. viii., fig. 26) he
either has omitted altogether a portion of each intestinal ceecum,
or, as I incline to believe, has represented it as the segmental
organ. In the third place the figures which he gives of the
segmental organ (fig. 27) of Fohjnoe resemble very closely the
intestinal caeca in some species of that family when invested by
the developing ova, and the position of the orifices relatively to
one another and to the middle line answers very Avell to the
position of the apertures of communication of the ca)ca with the
intestine. Further it has to be observed that, were AVilliams' s
account to be accepted, we should be obliged to admit that the
segmental organs and sexual glands of Aphrodita and Folyno'c
are framed on a type totally unlike that observed in any other
Annelide ; he represents the former as complexly branched tubes,
not opening into the perivisceral cavity, but opening externally,
and the latter as being situated in the interior of the former ;
whoroas in other Annolidcs the segmoutul organs are uubranchod,
BV WILLIAM A. IfASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 259
and nearly always open internally into the cavity of the body,
and the sexual products are developed in the body cavity by a
sort of germination of the lining membrane. Moreover I have
found in these species of Fohjnoina whose structure I have
specially studied segmental organs not markedly different from
those of other Annelides, and sexual glands having the normal
relations. It will therefore not be inadmissable to suppose that
"Williams's representation of these structures must have been
founded in some way or other on erroneous inferences. It
seems to me most probable that what AVilliams took for the
segmental organ was a part of the dorsal branched portion of
the intestinal cpeca, and that his ciliated efferent duct was the
ciliated neck of communication between the caecum and the
intestine. The intimate manner in which the ovaries are related
to those ca3ca would help to account for this. When he states
positively that the ova are most clearly seen in the interior of
the branching tubuli, it is evident that he had misj;aken the
yellow cells for young ova ; what he figures as spermatozoa do
not at all resemble the spermatozoa of the Fohjnoina which I
have studied, and here too there may have been a wrong deduc-
tion. Be this as it may, it is perfectly conclusive as shewing
that William's descriptions, whatever be their precise explanation,
are erroneous, that the fully developed sexual products both in
Aplirodita and Pelynoe are found floating freely in the perivisceral
fluid, which could not be the case were they formed in the interior
of c?ecal tubes opening only on the exterior.
While there is some difficulty in explaining Williams's state-
ments on this subject, Ehlers's description and figure on the
other hand are so clear as to leave no doubt at all as to the nature
of the error into which he has fallen. In describing the anatomy
of Polynoe pellucida he states* : — •' Segmentalorgane habe ich vom
zweiten Segmente an in alien vollig ausgebildeten Segmenten
* L. c, p. 116.
260 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
gesehen. Ihre Lage haben sie im Hohlraume des Elytrentragers
und des Basalstiickes des Riickencirrus und ragen von da in den
Segmentalraum unter die Haut der Riickenflache hinein. Der
wesentliche und grosste Theil des Segmentalorganes (Taf . iv., fig.
3) ist ein fast die ganze Hohlung des Elytrentragers oder
Basalstiickes des Riickencirrus einnehmender Sack, dessen "Wand
in selir unregelmassiger Weisezuhalbkugeliggeformten Ausbuch-
tungen vorgewolbt ist. Ich. maas ala grosste Liingsdehnung
dieses Sackes 0.55 mm. bei einem Dickendurchmesser von. 0*3
mm. Dieser Sack setzt sicli in den Raum des Segmentes binein
mit einer cylindriscb ausgezogenen Yerdiinnung, dem Halse des
Segmentalorganes, fort, unde auf dem ende dieses Halses der unter
der Ruckenwand des Korpers liegt, stebt umgeben von einem
etwas aufgewulsteten Rande die innere Offnung des Segmental-
organes, an denenEingange bier ein kianz von Kurzen Wimper-
baaren in lebbaft radernder Bewegung ist. Der Durcbmesser
dieser inneren Offnung betrug in einem Falle 0*027 mm., in einem
anderen 0*11 mm., Unterscbiede welcbe vielleicbt auf Recbnung
eines wecbselnden Cotractionszustandes zu scbieben sind. * *
Icb babe bereits erwiibnt dass auf der Oberflacbe des Elytren-
tragers Wimperrosetten in verscbiedener Anordnung vertbeilt
seien, das gleicbe gilt vom. Basalstiicke des Riickencirrus. Diese
Wimperrosetten steben um kreisformige Offnungen, die ausseren
Miindungen des Segmentalorganes ; denn cylindriscbe Robren
geben von der Oberflacbe des Sackes ab zur Wand des sie
bergenden Gliedes, durcbbobren diese und miinden dann an den
mit den Wimperrosetten ausgezeicbneten Offnungen." * * *
" Die Wand des Segmentalorganes ist ziemlicb dick, zumal im
Halse ; in den vorderen Korperringen war sie meist bell und
farblos, in den binteren bekommt sie dagegen im Sacke selbst
eine gelbe Pigmentirung, indem bier auf ibrer Innenflacbe so
gefarbte Kugeln einer Kornigen Masse von 0216 mm.
Durcbmesser aufgelagert sind ; die Wand des Halses wie der
Ausf iibrungsgange war aucb bier farblos und bell. Eine wicbtige
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 261
Erscheinung beobachtete ich an dem Sacke, das ist seine Con-
tractilitat, welche vielleicht durch Elemente musculoser Natur,
die der Wand eingebettel sind, veranlasst wird * * * In
einem Falle bestand der Inbalt der Segmentalorgane aus blasen-
iihnlichen Korpern, von 0-012 — 0*024 mm. Grosse, die fettartige
Kornchen enthielten ; sie bildeten an der Innenflacbe des Sackes
eine ungleichmiissig vertheilte Masse, die bei auffallendem Lichte
weiss aussah."
Two species of Polyno'e wbich occur in Port Jackson — viz.
P. {Antinoe) praclara and F. {Antinoe) Wahlii — seem to be near
allies of P. {Antinoe) peUucida. In these the intestinal ceeca
(PL vi., fig. 1.) consist of a ventral portion, which is a rounded
non-contractile sac, and a dorsal portion which is contractile*
sometimes with a regular rhythm, and is also undivided externally
(though internally partitioned), but presents rounded elevations
of its outer wall. The latter portion occupies the cavities of the
scale-tubercles, the bases of the dorsal cirri, and the bases of the
parapodia. They are found from the second segment backwards
though not in all the segments of the anterior region of the body.
These cseca are connected with the alimentary canal by a ciliated
neck, which is very long in the anterior segments and very short
behind, and the opening into the alimentary canal is funnel-
shaped and thickly ciliated. The caeca are connected with the
walls of the parapodia by bands of muscular fibres. In the
anterior segments they are almost colourless ; behind their walls
are of a bright golden yellow owing to their containing numerous
yellow cells.
Ehlers' drawing (1. c, taf. iv., fig. 3.) is a very faithful repre-
sentation of one of these caeca as seen in Polyyioe prceclara save
that the internal orifice of the supposed segmental organ is
represented as opening into the body-cavity instead of into the
intestine, and the bands of muscular fibres connecting the caecum
with the walls of the parapodium in the neighbourhood of the
262 A MONOORAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
rosettes of cilia are represented as canals leading from the cavity
of the cfecum to the exterior.
The true position of the segmental organs of PoJy7ioe is very
different from this. On the ventral surface of the body close to
the base of each parapodium is a smooth elevation, the integument
of which is very richly provided with vermiculate and flask-shaped
subcuticular glands. At the posterior and external angle of this
elevation is a process, the ventral tubercle. The only statement
which"! have met with regarding the nature of this tubercle is a
conjecture by Prof. Huxley {Anat. of Invert, j). 231), that it may
possibly be connected with the reproductive function. It is of
varying shape ; in some species short and vase-like with longi-
tudinally folded walls; in Aniinoe prcBclara, A. Wahlii and
Thormora argiis, in which I have studied it more specially, it is a
cylindrical, smooth, cirriform process, sometimes a third of the
length of the ventral cirrus. It is traversed by a canal with
dilatable ciliated walls, which opens at its extremity either by a
rosette of several mouths or by a single orifice. This canal is
continued from the base of the process inwards and slightly
forwards and ends in the body cavity at some distance from the
middle ventral line. The walls of this inner portion of the canal
are glandular and contain reddish-yellow bodies, some of which
may, on the application of slight pressure, be seen to pass out
through the external aperture. Tliese bodies are of a quite
different appearance from the concretions observable at the bases
of the tentacles and cirri, they are clearer, browner and seem to
be semifluid. Of the form of the internal extremity of the canal
I did not succeed in satisfying myself ; but there is no doubt
that it opens freely into the perivisceral cavity. I found in one
specimen spermatozoa in the act of being discharged through
this canal. They passed along the canal by the action of the cilia
in considerable numbers, and were driven into the outer portion,
which became in some cases slightly distended with them, and
passed gradually out at the external orifices. In the female the
BY WILLIAM A. IIASWELL, M.A., B.9C. 263
processes are shorter, and their aperture simple and wider than
in the male. I have never succeeded in finding ova in the act
of being discharged, but there can be no doubt that they pass
out b}' the same channel as the spermatozoa. The ova are
extremely viscous and very readily pass under the influence of a
slight pressure through an aperture much smaller than their
ordinary diameter. As already noticed, the ova in Pol 1/710 1^ undergo
the parlier stages of their development on the dorsal surface of
the mother under the protection of the elytra. In specimens of
Aniinoe prcedarn with matured sexual elements, the ventral border
of the base of the parapodium was provided with a line of very
long cilia, which curved round to the base of the ventral tubercle
and acted in such a manner that anything that might be discharged
through the ventral tubercle must have been driven upwards
towards the dorsal aspect ; both sides of the fissure between
adjacent parapodia were likewise clothed with similar, though
shorter cilia, the action of which was such as to receive and carry
upwards to the cavity beneath the elytra any light objects driven
within their reach by the first set. The object of this arrange-
ment would seem to be to carry upwards the ova, when discharged,
to the shelter of the elytra.
Apertures have sometimes been described as occurring in the
walls of the parapodia in Polynoe, and through these it has been
supposed that the sexual products are discharged. Such apertures
do not occur in any species I have examined for them ; sliort
rows and rosettes of cilia often occur ; these are always set in
recti-linear or circular slits in the cuticle — the cilia being pro-
longations of the subcuticular layer — and in the case of the
rosettes this may produce the appearance of circular apertures.
I can only speak with certainty, however, of the absence of these
apertures in the species I have examined, during the breeding-
season ; it may be that at that time apertures which exist at
other seasons are closed to prevent the sexual products from
escaping by any but the proper channels and thus being lost.
R
264 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
But, however this may be, it is not of very much consequence to
the present question, namely, the true position and relations of
the segmental organs.
As regards the position of the sexual follicles : in Thormora
and Pohj?i6e I have found the ova to be developed in the bases
of the parapodia around the intestinal caeca, and the muscular
bands passing from the latter to the body-wall, or along the
middle ventral line around the ventral vessel. A representation
of the developing ova is given in plate vi., fig. 3. They arise
from nuclei formed in a membrane covering those parts, which
membrane seems to be merely a modified portion of the peritoneum,
and probably these '^ ovaries " are only temporar)^ structures,
and not to be detected save during the season of sexual activity .
The matured ova when set free float freely in the fluid of the
perivisceral cavity and afterwards collect into clumps, two in each
segment, situated a little internally to the bases of the parapodia.
Such as fail to be discharged subsequently undergo a process of
degeneration, lose their full, rounded contour, become crenated
or mulberry-like, and probably finally become broken up and
absorbed.
The spermatozoa are formed in follicles which are situated, like
the ovaries, either along the middle ventral line of the body (pi.
vi., fig. 3) or around the intestinal coeca. Each follicle in
Polynoe prceclara is a lobed mass situated in the interval between
two segments ; along the axis of the follicles runs the ventral
pseudohaemal vessel ; in Thormora argiis they are vermiform
bodies situated between the branches of the gastric ca3ca in the
lateral portions of the perivisceral cavity. The spermatozoa
themselves are rod-like with a slightly thickened head in Antlnoe\
oval in Thormora argiis. Further observations are necessary for
a thorough understanding of the mode of development of these
and of the ova.
BY WILLI1.M A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 2Go
The Intestinal Cmca.
These correspond in number with the segments, except that
some of the anterior segments are commonly devoid of them, and
a few of the posterior cnoca are usually rudimentary. On account
of the presence of the elongated gizzard, the caeca corresponding
to the anterior segments are connected with the front portion of
the intestine by greatly elongated necks, and thus assume a
different form from that displayed by the rest. Taking one of
the cceca from the middle of the intestine we find it to consist
(1) of a narrow neck, (2) of a dorsal portion, and (3) of a ventral
portion. The neck communicates with the cavity of the intestine
by a funnel-like aperture, immediately around which the intestinal
cilia are much longer than elsewhere. It is ciliated internally,
and is subject to peristaltic contractions synchronous with those
of the dorsal portion of the caeca. In structure its walls resemble
those of the intestine. The neck leads into the dorsal portion of
the caecum, which winds round behind the dorsal muscles, and
ends in close relation to the dorsal integument. From this opens
the ventral portion, which bends downwards towards the ventral
body- wall. This ventral portion is never branched ; its walls are
similar to those of the intestine, and it is usually found to be
distended with opaque matter — evidently food undergoing the
process of digestion. The dorsal portion is in some genera
fAphrodita and Iphione) complexly branched — the terminal
branches being lodged in the interior of the scale tubercles and
the bases of the dorsal cirri. In other forms {Thormora), it is
simply divided into two or three branches, and in others {Polynoe)^
it is practically undivided, presenting merely irregular elevations^
(pi. vi., fig. 1.)
When simple and sac-like the dorsal caecum is divided internally
by incomplete septa, which are prolongations inwards of the wall
of the caecum, consisting of muscular and connective tissue, with
a few spindle-shaped nuclei. The interior of the caecum is lined
here and there with " hepatic cells." These are large spherical
266 A MOXOGEAPn OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
or oval cells witli a delicate but distinct cell-membrane and
golden-yellow, oil-like contents, with, a nucleus, or, more
frequently, two or three. It seems very likely that there is a
delicate cuticle lining this layer of cells internally, but I hav^
not been able to demonstrate it ; it must be very delicate, as a
very slight pressure is sometimes sufficient to cause the yellow
cells to break loose into the cavity of the ccccum, and pass along
into the intestine.
Among these yellow cells are a number of cells (pi. vi., fig. 2.)
of about the same size, but of a very different character. Each
consists of a delicate, transparent cell-wall, enclosing a varjdng
number of smaller cells, each of which again consists of a delicate
transparent sac enclosing a spherical green body, which varies
in size in diiferent cells, but is always considerably smaller than
the enclosing sac, leaving around it a transparent space. The
central green corpuscle appears hom.ogeneous, and may be of an
oily nature. The nature of these cells remains somewhat doubtful ;
but they are most probably early stages in the development of
the yellow cells. They usually occur distributed pretty regularly
among the yellow cells, so as to produce an appearance of dark
mottling in the otherwise yellow ca3ca. More rarely they are so
numerous as to give the whole crccum a dark appearance.
The principal functions of dorsal portion of the cpoca are
undoubtedly secretory ; they are to all intents and purposes
secreting glands, never being found to contain food-particles.
The secretion consists of the contents of the j-ellow cells, and is
driven out by the action of the cilia and by the peristaltic con-
tractions to which the croca are subject. The ventral portions
of the cceca are most probably the principal seat of the digestive
and absorptive processes ; the tube of the intestine itself is seldom
found to contain food iu specimens that have been kept for a
short time in clean water.
BiT WILLIAM A. IIASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 267
Eislg^'' has recently xniblished an interesting and thorough
account of what ho calls a swimming-bladder-like organ in the
HesionidcE and Syllidea. In his account of the homologous structures
in other groups he makes no allusion to the cceca of the Aphro-
ditacea ; but the closeness of the correspondence between the
latter and the organs which he describes leaves no room for
doubt that they are homologous, and to some extent, analogous
structures. Eisigf regards the principal function of the
*' swimming-bladder " as being to store up the 0x3' gen sejoarated
from the sea-water by the intestine and to serve it out as required •
The forms in which he regards this intestinal respiration, with the
presence of air-bladders as storehouses for the oxygen, as being
best marked are also, he points out, forms in which there are no
branchice ; they have, however, a specially well-developed vascular
system, and in this respect present a contrast to most Aphroditea.
The chief circulatory medium in the Apliroditea is the peri-
visceral fluid — the pseudohoomal system being but slightly
developed. The circulation of the former is very actively kept
up by the energetic action of the numerous long cilia in the cavities
of the parapodia. This active circulation would seem to show
that in this family the perivisceral fluid serves not only as a
passive supporting '' connective fluid," but is the chief medium
through which the gaseous interchanges involved in respiration
are brought about ; and this view of its function is strengthened
by the fact that gills in the sense of delicate processes of the
body- wall supplied by vessels of the pseudoha^mal system are,
(except perhaps in Sigallon), entirely absent. The tubercles
which bear the scales, together with certain elevations which
occur in some genera in a corresponding position on the segments
which do not bear scales, have not uncommonly received the name
* " Ueber das Yortoinmen eiues scliwimmblasenahnlichen Organs bei
Anneliden. Mittchilungen aus der Zoologisclieii Station zu Neapel, '•• Band
JI., pp. 225-304, pis. xii.-xv., (1881).
t L. c, p. 2SG.
268 A MONOGRAni OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
of ** brancliIaB." Here the integument is usually rather thinner
than in other parts, and is often free from pigment ; in Aphrodita
and Iphione it is perfectly transparent. These tubercles are
occupied, as already described, by the terminal portions of the
dorsal caeca, which curve round above the dorsal muscles, so as to
lie in close contact with the integument. The peculiarity of this
arrangement was remarked upon long ago by Williams.*' He
remarks that the perivisceral fluid must be the chief medium for
the conveyance of oxygen to the tissues, and expresses the opinion
that the object of the peculiar arrangement of the cteca is to
bring about more effectually the oxygenation of their contents,
which are then, in Aphrodita, absorbed by the vessels of the true
vascular system. The contents of the cteca in that genus he
describes as consisting of a greenish chyle. Quatrefages has put
forward a similar theory as to the function of the creca, and
classes the Aphreditea, as regards their mode of respiration, with
the (Eohdce and Coslenierata as '* phlebenteriens." Jjo. Polynoe,
in which the relationship of the dorsal portion of the caeca
to the integument is by no means so close as in Aphrodita, in
which the integument of the dorsal tubercles and bases of the
parapodia is not in any marked degree thinner than that covering
the rest of the body, and in which there is no special arrangement
for driving a current of water over the dorsal surface, it is
probable that the process of respiration, though taking place in
part through the external skin, is also partly carried on by some
other means. It seems highly probable in fact that we have here
another instance of intestinal respiration, and it is quite possible
that the dorsal caeca may act, as the swimming-bladder is supposed
to act by Eisig, as a reservoir for oxygen or oxygenated water,
or may themselves act as respiratory organs. I have never found
these caeca to contain free gas, though bubbles may occasionally
be found in the intestine itself, so that it does not seem likely
* Briliah Aunelidii, Koport of the British Asfjcciaticti; 18-31^ p. 200.
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 269
that the coeca possess the hydrostatic f unctioiis ascribed to the
swimming-bladder of Hesione.
The Pscudoh(xmal System.
The principal trunks of a pseudoha;mal system were observed
by Treviranus in Aphrodita, and the vessels in that genus wore
also noticed or described by Williams, Quatrefages and Selenka.
In the Polynoina, however, Claparede states that vessels are
altogether absent, and this statement is confirmed by Huxley
(Anat. of Invert.) as regards Polynoii squamafa. I have found a
pseudohffimal vascular system in five of this family, viz. : — Ayitinoe
Walii, Kinberg, Antinoe prceclara, mihi, Antinoe ascidiicola, mihi,
Polyno'e ochthccbolepis, mihi, and Thormora aryiis, Baird. It
presents dorsal and ventral contractile trunks, the former, which
is rather the larger, running along the middle line close under
the dorsal integument as far as the posterior termination of the
retracted gizzard ; the latter lying close above the nerve-cord
and running in the axis of the testicular or ovarian follicles, when
these are present.
In Antinoe prceclara the dorsal vessel turns over to the left,
opposite the hinder end of the retracted gizzard and runs forward
parallel with the left border of the latter till it reaches the head
where it turns in again towards the middle line. The direction
of the peristaltic contractions is from behind forwards in the
dorsal vessel. Both dorsal and ventral vessels give oflt lateral
transverse branches corresponding in number to the segments.
All the vessels, even the principal trunks, have extremly delicate
walls and their contents are perfectly colourless, and these
characteristics may account in many instances for the failure to
detect their presence. In one case I observed in the fluid
amorphous, transparent, colourless corpuscles. In Thormora
aryus, which possesses a very opaque integument, through which
no trace of vessels can be seen, transverse sections reveal the
presence of psoudohgemal trnnks ; and it is not unlikely that a
270 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTKALIAN APHRODITEA,
careful investigation will reveal their presence in most, if not all,
members of the family.
B. Classification.-''
Fam. APHEODITACEA.
Genus ApniioDixA, Linn.
Aphrodita australis.
Aphrodita australis, Baircl, P.L.S., vol. viii., p. 17G.
Body ovate, oLlong, 3^ to 4 inches long-, and from 1^-to 2 inches
broad, narrower posteriori}^, convex on the back, which is covered
with a thick felty substance, consisting of a thinnish membrane
and numerous fine hairs matted together, concealing the elytra ;
head-lobe small ; tentacle very short ; palpi of considerable
length, yellowish. Eeet-bearing segments of body 42, feet 42
pairs, biramous, ventral branch strong and much corrugated,
obtusely rounded at extremity, inferior cirrus rather strong and
of considerable size, Bristles of this branch strong, of a bronzed
colour, simple, disposed in two fascicles, of which the inferior
are short and lighter coloured, the superior much stronger and
not numerous. Upper or dorsal branch of feet furnished with
two fascicles of bristles : the lower consisting of very numerous,
simple and slender hairs, presenting, as in A. aculeata, an
iridescent fringe along the sides, but not nearly so beautiful as
in the European species, being more of a bronzed metallic hue.
The upper fascicle of bristles penetrate the felty covering, and
lie down on the back. They are very long, each being at least
14 lines in length. They are of a pale colour with a slightly
metallic hue, become slender at the extremity and are simple.
The dorsal cirri are stout, setaceous and white. The ventral
surface of the animal is brownish and rough, with very numerous,
small points or projections. \_Baird.\
Port Lincoln ; Port Stephens ; Port Jackson ; Tasmania.
* The cirranLfemcnt followed is that of Kinber«r.
BY WILLIAM A. IIASWELL, M.A., E.Sc. 271
This species is, as remarked by Dr. Baird, tlie representative in
Australian seas of the European Sea-Mouse fAj^hrodila aculeataj,
I have only had the opportunity of dissecting* one specimen of
this species, and that a very old spirit-specimen ; but there seems
to be little, if any, material difference in the internal structure.
The form and arrangement of the intestinal ca)ca, the enclosure
of the dorsal portions in the transparent dorsal tubercles, form-
ing the so-called '' branchiso," and the structure of the nerve cord
are precisely similar.
The xlustralian Sea-Mouso does not seem to be by any means
so common as its European congener ; but this may be due to
the operation of trawling not being carried on by Australian
Fishermen, as the majority of the specimens obtained on the
English coast are got by tliis means, or from the stomachs of
hshes obtained by deep sea-lines.
Aphrodita Terra}-Keginpe, sj). n.
The body of this species presents 38 segments, elytra being
present on the first, third and every alternate segment. The
head is small and covered by the front pair of scales. The
tentacles are about \ of an inch in length, smooth, tapering. The
scales are delicate, semitransparent and covered by a thick matting
of felted hairs. The dorsal cirri are very long and slender ; the
ventral ^^yy short, tapering, not reaching to near the extremity
of the ventral setpc. The ventral surface is minutely tuberculated.
The ventral seta) are about half a dozen in number in each
parapodium, brown, short, rather stout, slightly curved at the
tip without serrations or teeth. The dorsal setae are very yellow;
stout, rather flexible, about \ of an inch in length, straight and
unarmed.
Dredged near Cape Flinders, Northern Queensland, at a depth
of a few fathoms.
272 A MONOGBAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
Genus Hermione, Blainv.
Hermione brachyceras sp. n. (PI. VII., figs. 1 — 3.)
In this species the setiferous segments are 32 in number and
the elytra 15 pairs. The prsestomium is small and the mesial
tentacle is a very short and stout process ; the buccal tentacles
on the other hand are very long, geniculate, cylindrical and
tapering ; around their bases are a series of short processes. The
first body-segment has a small parapodium with short seta3 and a
long slender ventral (tentacular) cirrus. The neuropodia and
notopodia are distinct, the former are long and narrow, the latter
much shorter and wider ; and the ventral cirri are very short.
The notopodia, as in most species of the genus are divisible into
two sets in accordance with the arrangement of the setae ; in the
second, fourth, and every alternate segment the seta) are few,
iVths of an inch in length, pointed at the extremity and
provided with a double row of obscure serrations ; in the third,
fifth, and every alternate segment the setee are much more
numerous, and are arranged in two series, of which the inner, to
the number of six, lie flat on the scales, while the outer, to the
number of about a dozen, are directed upwards and backwards,
and are quarter of an inch in length ; the setae on the second set
of parapodia are pointed and mostly provided with a double
series of conspicuous barb-like teeth; a few, however, are simple
and very slender. The ventral setae, which are only three in
number in each parapodium, are stout, nearly 1-1 0th of an inch
in length, bifurcate near the extremity, one branch being short
and broad, while the longer branch bears a denticle near its apex-
The elytra are delicate, colourless and translucent. The ventral
surface and the parapodia are papillose. The length is |ths of
an inch, and the breadth ith of an inch.
One specimen of this species was obtained on a coral reef in
Port MoUe, Whitsunday Passage, during the surveying cruise of
H.M.S. ''Alert." Its nearest ally appears to be H. Math^i oi
Uuatrefagea from the Isle of France.
BY WILLIAM A. IIASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 273
Hermioue Macleari, ,sp. n.
The head of this species is small and entirely concealed by the
anterior scales and dorsal set?o. The mesial tentacle is small,
very slender, and has a slight enlargement near the extremity,
followed "by a thin tapering apical portion which again ends in a
very slight knob. The buccal tentacles are about twice the
length of the mesial, and of similar shape. The body consists of
39 segments, with 14 pairs of elytra. There are no barbed seta)
on the parapodia. The dorsal seta) are 15 to 23 in number in
each parapodium ; they are long, slightly arcuate, trigonous, with
a series of denticles ou each border, and are arranged in a
radiating manner round the apex of the notopodia, the inner
ones nearly meeting those of the opposite side across the back
In addition to the setae the notopodia are provided with a small
quantity of flax-like hair. The ventral seta) are four or five in
each parapodium, short, bifurcate near the tip, one branch being
very short. The ventral cirri are very small, with a scarcely
perceptible enlargement a little beyond the middle, followed by a
thin terminal portion. The dorsal cirri are larger than the ventral,
but of a similar form. The scales are delicate and colourless.
Port MoUe, 14 fathoms.
Hermione (Aphrogenia) dolichoceras, sp. n. (PI. VII., figs. 4 — 7.)
The body contains 35 segments bearing setoo. The head has a
very prominent facial tubercle covered with papillae ; the mesial
tentacle is broken off near the base, on each side of which is a
prominent subspherical eye. The buccal tentacles are extremely
long, about a fourth of the length of the body, tapering, non-
ciliated. The first pair of parapodia have a few hair-like setae ;
the ventral cirri of this segment are longer than the dorsal, about
ith of the length of the lateral tentacles, with a club-like apex ;
the dorsal cirri are slightly dilated near the apex, which is acute
The dorsal cirri of the remaining pairs of parapodia are very long,
as long as the breadth of the body, slightly dilated near the apex j
274 A MONOGEArn of the Australian aphroditea,
the ventral cirri are very sliort. The scales are delicate, colourless
and semitransparent. The dorsal setse are partly filiform, partly
curved and simple ; one or two of them are straight, with harpoon-
like teeth near the apex, three on one border and four on the
other. The ventral setse are two in each parapodium, abruptly
bent near the apex, with a strong, pointed tooth opposite the
bend, and two smaller teeth and a fringe of hairs in the apical
portion — the ax^ex acute, slightly hooked. The length is three-
(juarters of an inch.
Port Molle, 1 5 fathoms.
This species differs from Aphrogcnid alha of Kinberg, (Eugenics
Eesa, p. G, pi. ii., fig. 6.) which it rather nearly resembles, in
tlie much greater length of the lateral tentacles and of the dorsal
cirri, and the i)resence of harpoon-like dorsal seta).
Genus Triceratia, {iwv.)
Similar to Uermione, but with three tentacles on theprjcstomium
and without barbed seta). Scales covered with a layer of felted
hairs.
Triceratia aroeoceras, sp. n. (Pi. VII., figs. 8 — 13, and PL VIII.,
figs. 1 and 2.)
The body presents 42 segments bearing setoo. The pra^stomium,
which is completely concealed by the scales, is very small and
bears three long and extremely slender tentacles, the middle one
longer than the lateral, all three with a slight swelling near the
extremity. The peristomium is not distinct, but has a pair of long
and stout tentacles ornamented with minute papillce. The first
segment of the body has a bunch of Hax-like hairs on the
rudimentary parapodia, and slender dorsal and ventral cirri.
The neuropodia and notopodia of the following segments are
distinct ; the former have four stout brown setae, Voth of an inch
in length, bifurcate at the extremity, one branch being very short
and tooth-like. The dorsal settc arc partly directed upwards and
BY "WILLIAM A. KASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 275
outwards, and i3ar% lie flat on the scales ; tlioy are stout, i Jotli
of an inch in breadth, slightly arcuate, pointed, and ornamented
with several rows of distant minute tubercles ; to the inner aspect
of the notopodia is attached the hemj^-like hair which covers the
scales. The ventral cirri are very small, and consist of a thick
proximal, and a slender distal portion. The surface covered with
minute papillro. Tlie scales are very delicate and semitransparent.
The total length is about an inch, the breadth about a } of an
inch.
Two specimens of this species were obtained with the dredge
at a depth of 15 fathoms in Port IMoUo. One of tliese I dissected,
and noted the following peculiarities : —
There are no teeth, but otherwise the oesophagus and the major
portion of the muscular gizzard (pi. viii., fig. 1) very much resemble
those of Pohjnoc ; the epithelium (pi. vii., fig. 11) consists of
cells filled with granular material, having a tolerably broad base
where they abut on the cuticle, but tapering externally into a
slender thread ; between those slender external prolongations
of the epithelial cells are a number of irregularly arranged nuclei
and pigment granules. Towards its posterior end the crop
becomes much narrower, and the epithelial lining becomes thrown
into a series of regular ridges, presenting the appearance shewn
in fig. 12, the ridges being separated by furrows in which the
epithelial lining is very thin ; the cells constituting those ridges
(fig. 13), £.re much longer than in the epithelium of the anterior
j)ortion of the crop, but present the same general characters.
The anterior portion of the intestine is very wide, and the hinder
portion of the crop is completely embraced by it for a little
distance. The rest of the intestine, however, is a narrow tube
giving oflt complex cpocal appendages. The ceeca (pi. viii., fig. 2)
which are given off from the dorsal aspect of the intestinal tube,
and begin in the second or third segment, have a Jiong narrow
neck, giving off numerous branches, each of which ends in a slight
dilation filled with '' hepatic" cells.
276 a monogbaph of the australian aphroditea,
Fam. IPHIONEA.
Genus Iphioxe, Kinberg.
Iphione ovata.
Iphione ovata, Kinberg, Oefvers Vet-Akad Forh., 1855, p. 383,
and Fregat. Eugen. Resa, p. 8, tab. iii., figs. 8, 8a — 8e ; Quatre-
fages, 1. c, p. 269 ; Baird, 1. c, p. 181.
Antennse and cirri ciliated, cylindrical, with a long attenuated
apex ; bases of the antennfe longer than the cephalic lobe ;
antennae shorter than their bases and the cephalic lobe ; elytra
free from cilia on the margin. Body 12 mm. in length and 7 in
breadth, convex above, robust. Eyes placed in the postero-
external part of the cephalic lobe ; buccal cirri long, half the
length of the palpi. Elytra reticulate, the areolets in turn with
hexagonal reticulations, obliquely reniform, the outer part broader,
minutely tuberculous. Feet uniramous, the dorsal and ventral
setse of the same length. Dorsal cirri short, scarcely longer than
the setse, cylindrical with a long subulate apex; ventral cirri
styliform, reaching the apex of the feet, sparsely ciliated.
A species of Iphione very common on coral reefs on the coast
of Queensland is seemingly the /. ovata of Kinberg. There are
a few points of discrepancy between my specimens and the
descriptions and figures in the '* Voyage of the Eugenie," but they
are not of great importance. Thus the thin terminal portion of
the outer peristomial tentacles is not nearly so long in my
specimens as in Kinberg's figure, and the reticulations on the
scales (which are formed of beaded lines) are not nearly so large.
I obtained specimens of this species from Port Curtis, Port
Molle, Port Denison, and Thursday Island. It was found at
Honolulu during the voyage of the Eugenie.
The dorsal tubercles in this species are transversely elongated,
and the integument covering them is thin and transparent. The
mouth leads into an eversible oesophagus, the walls of which in
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.8C. 277
the retracted state, are longitudinally folded. Following upon
this is the powerful muscular gizzard, which is armed with teeth
very much resembling those of Polynoe. The intestinal cseca
are branched, and though more complex, very much resemble
those of Pohj7io'c in structure. The ventral ganglionic chain
does not present distinct dilatations, but remains, as in many of
tlie order, of tolerably uniform diameter throughout ; the cord
itself is surrounded by a layer of large ganglion-cells which are
not confined in ganglia, but run along the whole length of the
cord ; here and there they may be seen to give off processes into
the interior of the cord.
Iphione fimbriata.
Iphione fimhriataf Quatref., 1. c, p. 271.
Head very small, covered. Antennre long, dilated towards the
apex. Inferior tentacula very stout, very long ; upper long, only
bifurcate towards the apex. Body composed of 28 rings. Elytra
26 ; first small, rounded ; rest moderate, scarcely decussated in
the middle of the back, not reniform, fimbriated on their whole
external margin. Upper antennae very long. Cirri with subulate
apices. \_Quatrefagetr\
Torres Straits, [Paris Mus.]
Fam. POLYNOINA.
Genus Tiiormora, Baird.
Thormora Jukesii.
Thormora Jalce8iij'^2iiv(\.y 1. c, p. 199.
Animal about 1 1 inch long, rather more slender at the anterior
extremity, elongated, and of a very dark colour. Antennae and
tentacla nearly of tlie same length, incrassated a little below the
apex, where they suddenly become produced to a fine slender
point. Palpi longer than antennae or tentacle, conical at the
base, setaceous at the point. Buccal cirri of about the same
278 A MONOGKAnr of the ArSTRALIAN APnnODITEA,
length as the palpi, and, like the antennro and tentacle, incrassated
below the apex, and terminating suddenl}' in a sharp slender
point. Elytra 12 pairs, but apparently small, and leaving the
middle of the back and lower portion of the body uncovered. They
are of a rounded form, tuberculated on the surface, and ciliated
on the external margin. The feet are stout, biramous. ]3ristles
of ventral branch stout, of a yellow colour, somewhat curved
near the apex, and a little below the point strongly serrated and
striated across. Tlie fascicle of bristles springing from the
dorsal branch is composed of two kinds — one numerous, slender
when compared with those of ventral branch, straight, acute at
the point, and very finely serrated on both sides; the other,
slender hairs, longer than the others, very numerous and quite
smooth, appearing like a brush of fine hairs intermixed with the
bristles. The dorsal cirri are, like the antennae, incrassated
below the apex, and ringed with black, and terminating suddenly
in a fine slender point. Yentral cirri of feet setaceous, and
reaching nearly to the apex of the ventral branch of the foot.
Anal cirri stout, and of the same structure as the dorsal. — [^Daird.']
The locality of this species was uncertain but it was supposed
probably to have been obtained in New Zealand or Australia.
Thormora argus. (PI. YIII., figs. 5 — 12.)
Pohjnoe- ar(jus, Valenciennes; Quatrefages, 1. c, p. 247.
Head small, subquadrate, covered. Middle antennoo long,
nearly twice the length of the lateral ones. Tentacles very thick,
conical, longer than the antennce. Body con^osed of 26 thick,
broad segments. Elytra (12 pairs) of moderate size, the anterior
decussate and imbricate ; median and posterior (?) scarcely
imbricate, not decussate, rounded, very slightly tuberculated, not
fimbriated. Cirri rather long. Appendages, with the exception
of the tentacles and inferior cirri, tumid near the acute apex.
[^Qiwiref(iges.~]
Port Western.
BY WILLIAM A. IIASWELL, M.A, B.SC. 279
This species is placed by Quatrefages in his second "tribe " of
Polij7ioc, characterised by having the middle of the back not
covered by the elytra. He makes the following additional
remarks on the species : — '' This species is 32-33 mm. in length.
Its head is small, nearly square. The median antennae, long and
nearly cylindrical above the basilar portion, is nearly twice as long
as the lateral. Both are dilated near the apex. The inferior
tentacles are very thick, longer than the median antenna, and
simply conical, without terminal dilatation. The body only
contains 26 segments, the last being quite rudimentary. The
posterior extremity bears four elongated cirri, similar to the
median antenna, and proceeding from the two last segments.
The other segments of the body are thick and broad. The 2 — 3
first are entirely covered by the elytra which then become
separated behind on the middle of the back, which is naked in all
its median portion. It ought to be nearly the same behind to
judge from the size of the elytra which remain in the two
specimens that I have examined. These elytra are rounded, a
little oblong. Their surface is covered in part with small tubercles
which are elongated now and then in front into cylindrical
mammillae. There is no trace of fimbriae."
"The feet are short and thick; the setiferous mammillae very
distinct. The notopodium bears a bundle of numerous, long,
curved, smooth, light coloured setae, directed outwards. Tlfe
neuropodium has a bundle of less numerous, straight, strong,
blackish-brown setae, of which the extremity is expanded into a
curved spatula with strongly denticulated borders and a simple,
straight point. The dorsal cirrus is longer than the feet. It is
dilated like the antennae near its extremity. The ventral cirrus,
which is very short but thick, is placed near the middle of the
A sj)ecies extremely common between tide-marks in Port
Jackson is probably the same as that above described.
S
280 A MON^OGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
The ventral setse in this species (figs. 5 and 6) are 25-30 in
number, stout, and of a form very common among the members
of this genus ; the terminal portion of the seta, namely, is bent
back on the rest at a very obtuse angle, and is armed from the bend
to near the apex with two rows of slender spines, about a dozen
in number in each row, the last being larger than the rest. The
dorsal setse are much more numerous than the ventrals, are
about ^rd of the thickness of the latter, nearly straight, with an
acute apex, and some smooth, while others are ornamented with
numerous transverse rows of exceedingly minute spinules. The
elytra are dotted here and there on their upper surface with
larger and smaller hollow ciliated processes (fig. 8). The
preestomial tentacles are nearly always subequal, but vary some-
what in this respect ; they and the peristomial tentacles and cirri
are ornamented with brown bands.
This is the commonest species of the order in Port Jackson.
It is found among beds of mussels both between tide marks and,
more rarely, in deeper water. It is of very sluggish habits, and
is incapable of voluntarily parting with its elytra, which, when at
rest, it habitually holds in an oblique position well off the dorsal
surface.
I was at first disposed to identify the species which I here
refer to T. argus, with Lepidonotus oculatus of Baird, but the
latter is placed by Baird in the genus Lepidonotus, and a distinct
genus created for those species which differ, like the above, from
the typical species of Lepidonotus in having the elytra small and
not overlapping across the middle of the back ; in other points
L. oculatus and T. argus seem nearly related.
A specimen of what seems to be a variety of this species (figs.
9 — 11) was dredged by me at Griffiths' Point, Western Port. It
differs slightly from the Port Jackson form in the shape of the
ventral setae and other minor points.
BT WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 281
Genus Lepidoxotus, Leach.
Lepidonotus oculatus.
Lepidonotus oculatus, Baird, 1. c , p. 184.
Animal about 1^- inch, long, and, including the setae, about ^
an inch broad, nearly equal in breadth at each extremity. It is
of a light yellow colour.
Head rather small ; tentacle and antennae rather short, of
nearly equal length, club-shaped near extremity, which terminates
suddenly in a slender point. Palpi stout, conical, setaceous, only
a little longer than the tentacle and antennae. Feet stout
biramous. Bristles of dorsal branch few in number, short,
straight, sharp-pointed and finely striated across. Those of
ventral branch are more numerous, much stronger, slightly curved
at the point, but becoming broader near the extremity, where it
is serrated, the teeth of the serrations being long and prominent.
The elytra are twelve pairs, rather rounded, extending laterally
beyond the body ; smooth on the edges, roughly tuberculated on
the surface, and near the centre marked with a large round black
spot, like an eye. Dorsal cirri of considerable length, incrassated
or club-shaped beneath the extremity, which is marked by a black
ring and, like the tentacle and palpi terminates suddenly in a
sharp point. Ventral cirri nearly reaching the extremity of the
ventral branch of the foot, slightlj^ incrassated beneath the
extremity which terminates in a fine point. Anal cirri of con-
siderable length, and, like the dorsal cirri, club-shaped near the
extremity, blackringed and sharp-pointed. \_Baiyd.']
Australia, (Brit. Mus.)
Lepidonotus striatus.
Lepidonotus striatus, Kinberg, Ofversigt af K. Yet.-Akad.,
Forhandl, 1855, p. 381 ; Baird. 1. c, p. 183.
Polynoe striata, Quatrefages, 1. c, p. 227.
282 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
Antennse equal to the tentacb, twice as long as the cephalic
lobe, reaching half the length of the palpi, like the rest of the
appendages and the dorsal cirri, smooth, cylindrical, attenuated
at the apex ; elytra 1 3 pairs, broadly striated ; inferior setae
bidentate, serrulate below the apex.
Body about 22 mm. in length, and about six in breadth includ-
ing the setee. Cephalic lobe rounded at the sides. Tentacle,
antennse, tentacular and buccal cirri almost equal, smooth,
attenuated. Palpi very long, attenuated, smooth. Pharynx
exsertile with f equal papillae. Notopodia little distinct, with a
style and short seta serrulate at the apex. Neuropodia strong,
'the aciculum rather long, the setse bidentate, serrulate below
the apex, with transverse series of spinules. Dorsal cirri longer
than the neuropodia, of similar form to the tentacles. Ventral
cirri shorter than the neuropodia, slender, acute. Elytra spotted
in striee, seen under a power of 300 diameters to present large
oval and angular cells. Posterior part of the body not known.
\_Kinherg.']
Port Jackson (Kinberg).
Lepidonotus Jacksoni. (PL IX., fig. 9.)
Lepidonohts Jachsoni, Kinberg, Ovfersigt af K. Yet.-Akad.
Porhandl, 1855, p. 383, Eugenies Eesa, Aunulata, p. 11. pi. iii.,
fig. 11 ; Baird, 1. c, p. 182.
Polynce Jachsoni, Quatref., 1. c, p. 223.
Antennae longer than the cephalic lobe ; tentacle much longer
than the antennae which are stout, scabrous, and, like the rest of
the appendages and the dorsal cirri, inflated below the apex ;
ventral setae deeply serrated near the apex; elytra, of twelve
pairs, fimbriated at the margin.
Cephalic lobe rounded, the sides obtusely angulated in the
middle, eyes small. Palpi inflated below the apex, thick, with
minute cilia. Tentacle longer than the palpi, strongly inflated
Bi' WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 283
near tlie long apex, smooth. Tentacular cirri shorter than the
antenniD. First pair of parapodia long, armed with a few seta).
Buccal cirri long, scarcely shorter than the tentacular cirri, inflated.
Notopodia short, with stout, short, whitish setoe scarcely reach-
ing the extremities of the parapodia, numerous, serrulate.
Neuropodia with long yellow setce, a little curved near the
apex, with few stout, profoundly serrated spines. Dorsal cirri
swollen below the apex, short, smooth. Elytra twelve pairs,
granulose, triangular, the margin ornamented with long fringes,
with oval or rounded quadrangulate cells. \^Kmierff.']
Near Port Jackson (Kinberg).
This species occurs in beds of mussels, betv^een tide-marks in
Port Jackson. In the specimens I have examined the inner
peristomial tentacles are not papillose as in that figured and
described by Kinberg.
Lepidonotus stellatus.
Lepidonotus stellatus, Baird, 1. c, -^. 185.
The animal is about 8 lines in length and three in breadth.
The dorsal surface and elytra are of a somewhat uniform olive-
colour. The ventral surface is yellow. Head rather small ;
tentacle unfortunately destroyed. Antenna) slender rather short ;
palpi stout, conical, short, about the same height as the antennae.
Feet stout, biramous ; bristles of ventral branch longer than
those of the dorsal, bidentate at the point and serrated a little
below its apex. Bristles of dorsal branch short, straight and
serrated throughout their whole length. Dorsal cirri about the
length of the feet and bristles, setaceous. Elytra 12 pairs in
number, oval, marked across one half with two divaricating rows
of pustules. When seen under the microscope each scale is very
prettily marked with numerous lucid dots, like stars. The
margins are quite smooth, segments of body 26 in number ; last
segment terminated by two short anal cirri. \_Baird.~\
Australia (Brit. Mus)
284 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
Lepidonotus Bowerbankii.
Lepidonotm Bowerhanhii, Baird, 1. c, p. 185.
Animal six lines in length, and about two broad. The colour
is greyish on the back and yellow underneath. Head, antennae
and palpi much the same as in the preceding species (Z. stellatus).
The bristles of the ventral branch are not bidentate at the point,
but are more loosely or longly toothed or serrated below the apex.
The bristles of the dorsal branch are slender, and finely serrated
and striated across. The elytra are 12 pairs in number, the
upper ones nearly round, becoming more ovate as they descend.
When seen by the microscope the surface is covered with very
minute granulations and the external margin is densely ciliated.
They are of a light colour, but speckled all over with, light fawn-
colouied spots. \_Baird.']
Australia (Brit. Mus.)
Lepidonotus melanogrammus, sp .n. (PL YIII., fig. 13).)
The body in this species contains 25 segments with 12 pairs
of scales. The mesial tentacle is about thrice the length of the
head, and is slightly dilated near the apex. The other tentacles
are all of about the same length as the mesial, and are all of
similar shape, except the inner peristomials, which are stouter
than the others. The parapodia are not divided, and there are
no dorsal setce. The ventral setae are similar to those of Thomora
argus, with a small tooth near the apex. The anal cirri are
situated on a prominent lobe. The elytra, which are situated on
the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th, and every alternate segment, are rather
delicate, smooth, not fringed, marked out into polygonal arese.
The cephalic and peristomial tentacles are black, except the bases
and the tips which are colourless ; the cirri are banded with black ;
the ventral surface is marked with four rows of brown spots.
The scales are dark brown on their free portion, light brown on
a subcircular space corresponding to the surface of attachment.
The length is 1:^ inch ; the breadth f ths of an inch.
BY WILLIAM A. HA3WELL, M.A., B 8C. 285
A single specimen of this species was obtained with thedredgo
off Broughton Islands near Port Stephens, at a depth of about
30 fathoms.
Lepidonotus lissolepis, sp. n. (PI. YIIL, figs. 3 and 4.)
The body consists of 25 setiferous segments with 12 pairs of
elytra. The mesial and lateral preestomial tentacles are subequal,
slender, tapering, smooth. The peristomial tentacles are nearly
equal in length, the inner much stouter than the outer ; the outer
together with the cirri are slightly swollen near the apex, which
is attenuated. The scales (which occur on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th
—21st segments) are smooth, rather delicate, not fringed, of a
dark slatey-brown colour, the pigment being arranged in minute
dense lobed corpuscles instead of separate granules. The para-
podia are not divided. The ventral set^, about 25 in number,
are constructed on a type similar to that exhibited by those of
Thormora argus, but have a small acute tooth near the apex. The
dorsal setse are slender with spinose transverse ridges assuming
the appearance of longitudinal lateral rows of teeth. The length
is 1th of an inch ; the breadth ^th of an inch.
Nelson's Bay, Port Stephens, 5 fath.
This species seems to be aUied to L. striatus of Kinberg, but
evidently differs from it in the minute structure of the scales, an
well as in the greater relative shortness of the inner peristomial
tentacles.
Lepidonotus simplicipes, n. s, (PL IX., figs. 1 and 2.)
The body is composed, like that of the preceding species, of
25 segments bearing 1 2 pairs of elytra. The praestomial tentacles
are subequal, of a shape similar to those of the preceding species
and banded, as well as the other tentacle and cirri, with dark
brown. The inner peristomial tentacles are very thick, not
subulate, brown. The outer peristomial tentacles are equal in
length to the prsestomials and of similar shape. The anal cirri
286 A MOT^OGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
are very long. The parapodia are undivided and there are no
dorsal setce. The ventral setee are on a type similar to that
presented by those of Thormora argus, but near the apex there is
a small tooth which has rather the appearance of a step than of a
prominent tooth. The elj^tra are delicate, not fringed, ornamented
with a band of very minute processes near the outer border.
Griffiths' Point, Western Port.
This species comes near L. striatus, but is distinguished among
other points by the form of the ventral setae, which in the latter
species are strongly bidentate.
Lepidonotus seololepis, sp. n. (PI. IX., figs. 3 — 5.)
There are 25 setiferous segments, with elytra on the ord, 4th,
6th, 8th and every alternate segment. The praestomial tentacles
are slender, the median nearly twice as long as the lateral ; like
the other tentacles and the dorsal cirri, they have a slight swell-
ing near the extremity followed by a slender tapering portion.
The inner peristomial tentacles are longer than the outer, shorter
than the mesial, but longer than the lateral praestomial tentacles,
smooth, cylindrical. The outer peristomial tentacles are shorter
and more slender than the internal one. The ventral cirri are
short and conical, the ventral tubercles conspicuous. The anal
cirri are longer than the praestomial tentacles. The parapodia
are divided, the neuropodium being much larger than the noto-
podium. The ventral setae are about 15-20 in number, xoVoth
of an inch in breadth and iroth in length, and are of a type similar
to that represented by those of Thormora argus ; the apex is
curved and subacute, and the lateral spines are five or six in
number in each row. The dorsal setae are simple and extremely
slender, straight, with the exception of a slight bend near the
apex — the thickness being slightly increased at the bend. The
elytra are delicate, fringed, and marked with numerous subcircular
or polygonal figures. The elytra and the dorsal surface below
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 287
them are marked with spots of dark blue, there are bands of a
similar colour on the cex^halic tentacles, and two dark blue spots
on the ventral surface of each segment. Length about f ths of
an inch ; breadth ^th.
I found specimens of this species under stones between tide-
marks on Thursday Island.
Lepidonotus torresiensis, sp. n. (PI. IX., fig. 6.)
The body contains 25 segments bearing 12 pairs of scales,
which are imbricate and decussate. The mesial prrestomial
tentacle is about twice the length of the head, with a subapical
swelling and filiform extremity, as in most of the preceding
species ; the lateral praestomials are a little shorter than the
middle and of similar shape. The inner peristomials are rather
shorter than the outer in one specimen, a little longer in another,
thick at the base, acuminate at the apex. The outer peristomials
are as long as the proestomials and of similar shape. The scale-
tubercles arp» very prominent. The ventral setse are very similar
to those of L. simjolicipes ; the dorsal setoe are short with two
longitudinal rows of short spines. The scales are subreniform,
thickly, fringed ornamented on the upper surface with a few
conical and clavate processes. The colour is light grey, with a
darker spot at the point oi attachment of each scale.
Dredged off Thursday Island in 3-5 fathoms.
This species seems to resemble L. Bowerhankii'va. some respects,
but the presence of a tooth on the ventral setfe distinguishes it
from the latter.
Lepidonotus dictyolepis, sp.n. (PI. IX., figs. 7 and 8.)
There are 25 segments bearing setae and 12 pairs of elytra.
The prsestomial tentacles are nearly equal, inserted in a line, the
mesial rather longer, twice the length of the head, the basal half
rather stout, the distal half slender, rather clavate at the apex
288 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
and not dilated subapically. The inner peristomial tentacles are
very stout, subconical, as long as the preestomials, transversely
ringed ; the outer peristomials have the undivided basal portion
very long, as long as the head, the distal portions of about the
same length, and in shape similar to the praestomials. Dorsal
cirri rather short, of shape similar to that of the tentacles, but
more distinctly clavate. The scale-tubercles are rather prominent.
The elytra have the inner and posterior surface divided by narrow
cuticular ribs into very irregular polygonal areae ; anteriorly and
externally the centres of these arese project as rounded elevations,
and round the border these are succeeded by a series of very
stout cylindrical ^' cilia." The ventral tubercles are inconspicuous.
The ventral setse are similar to those of Thormora argus, curved
at the extremity, and subacute, with four teeth in each lateral
row, the last tooth longer than the rest, triangular and acute :
the dorsal setae are very slender, like those of Iphione ovata,
pinnate with broad lateral teeth. The body is almost colourless ;
the head red with black markings near the base of the tentacles.
A male and female of this species full of ripe sexual products
were dredged in shallow water near Watson's Bay, Port Jackson,
in the beginning of June.
Genus Antinoe, Kinberg.
Antinoe (?) grisea.
Antmoe {?) australis, Baird, 1. c, p. 193; Polynoe grisea ^
Quatrefages, 1. c, p. 250 ; Polynoe australis, Schmarda, Neue
Wirbellose Thiere, I., ii., p. 154.
The body is flat, 14 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, with 27 rings
and 13 pairs of elytra. The back is reddish -yellow, the ventral
surface yellowish-grey. The seven feelers are smooth, yellowish,
and provided towards the end with a transverve black band. The
elytra are bluish-grey ; their surface is provided with scanty
small elevations, visible only under high power ; the borders
BY WILLIiLM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 289
smooth. The attachment to the scale-tubercle is excentric ; the
form of the elytra is oval. The dorsal cirri are smooth ; the
ventrals small. The teeth of the dorsal setae are curved, slender,
and distant. In the neuropodium the seta? are of two kinds.
Of these the one set are straight and have few but pointed teeth,
pointed in opposite directions ; the others are somewhat waved
and broad, bear large three-cornered teeth only on one side, and
have the apex divided into two teeth. {Schmarda).
Port Jackson (Schmarda).
I have not seen this species. The two forms of ventral setae
described and figured by Schmarda are evidently the same form
viewed from two different sides.
Antinoe Wahlii.^'
Antime Wahlii, Kinberg, I.e., p. 19, pi. vi.,fig. 28; pi. x.,fig. 55.
The body contains 36 or 37 segments with 14 pairs of elytra.
The head is deeply divided, each lobe being slightly produced and
pointed anteriorly. The anterior pair of eyes are placed close to
the anterior angles. The mesial tentacle is fully twice the length
of the head, papillose, with a slight swelling near the apex, and
a terminal slender portion. The lateral praestomial tentacles are
extremely short, not longer than the head, and slender, springing
from below the apex of the cephalic lobes. The inner peristomial
tentacles are as long as the mesial praestomial, stouter, pointed,
the upper outer peristomials are rather longer than the inner,
and of the same shape as the mesial tentacle ; the lower are rather
shorter. The elytra are delicate, not fringed, black behind,
lighter in front with a circular black spot in the centre of the
surface of attachment, and with small white dots in the posterior
black portion ; there is a band of very short papillae near the
outer border. The anal cirri are as long as the last eight segments.
* I have elsewhere preriouslj referred to this species under the proyisional
name of Polynoe tAyrtiUcola.
290 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA
The ventral tubercles are not prominent. The ventral setae are
numerous, similar to those of Thormora argus, but with a
subapical tooth. The dorsal setse are about half the length of the
ventral, stouter, slightly curved, with the appearance of a row of
obscure serrations on the convex side produced by a series of
transverse ridges. The colour is light reddish-yellow with short
transverse grey bands on the dorsal surface ; the head is purple ;
the tentacles are ornamented with blackish bands ; the cirri are
colourless.
Found among mussels both between tide marks and at a depth
of 15 fathoms in Port Jackson.
Antinoe prseclara, sp. 7i. (PL IX., figs. 10-12.)
The body contains 37 segments with 14 pairs of scales. The
head is rather prominent, broadening slightly behind. The mesial
tentacle is 2^ times the length of the head, ornamented with
scattered cilia, and very slightly dilated near the apex. The outer
praestomial tentacles are extremely short, not more than a third
of the length of the mesial, and slender. The inner peristomials
are as long as the mesial tentacle, stouter, pointed, not dilated
near the apex and not ciliated. The outer peristomials are shorter
than the inner, slightly dilated near the apex, and with a slender
terminal portion. The parapodia are distinctly divided. The dorsal
setae, which are about twenty in number, are very slightly curved,
and very slightly recurved at the extremity, which is subacute ;
on the convex side in the distal half are numerous transverse
rows of minute and short spinules, or transverse ridges terminated
by spinules, which only extend about half-way round the seta.
The ventrals are of two kinds ; the one kind are very much longer
than the others, slender, subacute and almost imperceptibly
arcuate, bidentate ; on the concave aspect, in about its distal
fifth, each seta is armed with two short longitudinal rows of
alternating transverse combs of minute spinules, and on the
convex side with a row of strong teeth ; the other set of setae are
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 291
strongly arcuate near the apex, and in the arched portion are
armed with two rows of harpoon-like teeth which vary in size
and degree of closeness in different setae. The scale-tubercles
are very prominent. The scales are imbricate and decussate, and
are covered with short conical projections which at the border
are produced into a few short filiform appendages or '' cilia."
This species is found among mussels between tide-marks in
Port Jackson. It is usually tolerably transparent ; but some-
times the integument of the dorsal surface is rather thickly
pigmented. Various points in the anatomy of this and the
preceding species have been alluded to in the first part of this paper.
Antinoe ascidiicola, sp. n. (PI. IX., fig. 16.)
The body contains 37 segments bearing setse. The head is
large ; the mesial tentacle is four times the length of the head,
ciliated, slender, very slightly swollen near the extremity, the
swelling being followed by a slender terminal portion. The
lateral prcestomials are scarcely half the length of the outer,
tapering, ciliate ; the cilia arranged in rows. Outer peristomials
of similar shape to the mesial prsestomials, rather longer, densely
ciliate. The feet are divided, though not deeply. The setse
are similar to those of the preceding species. The dorsal cirri are
long of the same shape as the prsestomial tentacles, and, like
the latter and the outer peristomials, brown with white tips ; they
are covered as in A. prceclara and A. Wafdii, with larger and
smaller papillae, mostly about — oVo-thof an inch in length, but some
two or three times that length, consisting of a slender cylindrical
peduncle supporting a globular head. The ventral tubercles are
distinct. The scale-tubercles are rather prominent ; the elytra
ovate, covered on the upper surface with minute conical or
cylindrical processes, with a few cilia on the margin : along the
margin are sometimes a few pear-shaped vesicles. The length is
1:1^ inch ; the breadth ^ inch.
292 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
This species is somewhat nearly allied to the preceding, bat
the differences in the proportions of the tentacles and the numher
of the segments are constant. Both these species particularly
A. ascidiicola, are characterised by their very great activity
and the astonishing celerity of their movements, as well as the
readiness with which, when irritated, they part with their elytra,
Very numerous specimens of this species were found among the
colonies of an Ascidian obtained with the trawl at the mouth of
the Parramatta River. Allied to this species, though probably
distinct, is one which occurs under stones near high-water mark
in Port Jackson, and which is charactarised by the thickness and
density of its elytra. The head of this species {A. pachylepis) of
which I have only seen one specimen, unfortunately mislaid, is
represented in plate ix., fig. 17, and the minute structure of the
elytra in plate x., fig. 1.
Genus Polynoe, Savigny.
Polynoe asterolepis, sp. n. (PL X., figs. 3 — 7.)
There are 49 setiferous segments in the only specimen of this
species which I have found, but several of the posterior segments
have been lost. The head is large : the mesial tentacle is more
than twice the length of the head, with a thick basal portion and
acuminate at the extremity ; the lateral preestomial tentacles are
shorter than the mesial, and of similar shape. The inner peri-
stomial tentacles are large and thick, extending beyond the
extremity of the mesial tentacle, and are subacute ; the outer
peristomial tentacles are smaller than the inner, and of a shape
similar to that of the preestomials. The parapodia are not
divided, the notopodium being represented only by an aciculum.
The ventral setae are of two kinds, viz. (1) slender, curved setae,
provided with two rows of serrations (spines) in their distal
portion, and (2) stouter setae with the form of those of Thormora
argus, but with a tooth near the apex. The scales, of which there
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 293
are 20 pairs, are imbricate and decussate ; they are subcircular
in outline, delicate and translucent, and not fringed. The colour
is light brown, with the head purple, and a brownish-purple band
along the centre of the body ; on each scale is a circular brown
mark irregularly bordered with black at the point of attachment,
and numerous white dots scattered over the surface.
This species I found in the interstices of a specimen of
Tuhipora on Thursday Island, Torres Straits.
Polynoe ochthoebolepis, sp. n. (PL X , figs. 8 — 10, and PI. XL,
figs. 1—3.)
This species has an elongated form, there being fifty segments
bearing parapodia. The prsestomium is produced into two
rounded lobes, and behind it on the dorsal surface of the peri-
stomium are two pairs of rounded prominences. The unpaired
tentacle is five times as long as the head, stout, and, like the cirri
and paired tentacles, slightly swollen near the extremity, with a
slender apical portion. The lateral praestomial tentacles are
rather shorter and much more slender than the unpaired one ;
the peristomial tentacles are as long as the mesial. The peri-
stomium has a pair of acicula. The parapodia are not divided,
the dorsal branch being represented by a small tubercle with a.
few short setae. The ventral setae are similar somewhat to those
of Thormora argus, but with a long tooth near the apex, and 15 — 17
spines in each lateral row. There are no dorsal setae, the noto-
podium being only represented by a tubercle. The ventral
tubercles are distinct. The scale-tubercles are prominent, with
the surface of attachment longitudinally ovate. The elytra are
decussate and imbricate throughout the entire length of the
animal. They are irregularly ovate, thick-punctate, not fringed,
with minute papillae on the hinder portion, and are marked with
oblique lines of dark purple. The length is about 1 ^ inch, and
the breadth ^ inch.
294 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIA^- APHRODITE A,
Specimens of this species were dredged at a depth, of 5 fathoms
in Port Denison, and in Port Molle at 15 fathoms, during the
cruise of H.M.S. " Alert " on the Queensland Coast.
The peristomium, as in many other species of Polynoe, is armed
with an aciculum. The oesophagus exhibits, when retracted, a
number of narrow longitudinal folds ; the epithelium is thickly
pigmented, and bears a strong resemblance to the hypoderm.
The gizzard is extremely powerful ; the teeth large, triangular
and subacute. The intestinal walls exhibit a longitudinal folding
of the mucous membrane, such as I have not noticed in any other
species of Polynoe. The CEeca are given off from the dorsal
aspect of the intestine ; a short neck leads into a tolerably
spacious sac, which gives off upwards a branch ending under the
dorsal integument, then curves towards the base of theparapodium,
where it ends in the ventral portion of the caecum. A pseudo-
heeraal system is evident. In a female young ova were observed
to be developing both around the cseca and round the ventral
pseudohsemal trunk.
Fam. sigalionina.
Genus Thalenessa, Baird.
Thalenessa microceras, sp. n. (PL XL, figs, 4 — 8.)
The only specimen of this species which I have obtained is
incomplete, but contains over 70 segments. The head presents
in front a very minute process, which seems to represent a mesial
tentacle ; behind are the two pairs of sessile eyes placed close
together. The tentacular cirri consist each of a stout base or
peduncle and two rami — a ventral and a dorsal — about equalling
the peduncle in length, cylindrical and tapering ; the peduncle
presents near its base on the dorsal aspect, just in front of the
mesial tentacle a minute conical appendage ; at its distal extremity
are a few fine setse. Inserted close behind these are the extremely
elongated, smooth, tapering buccal tentacles. The first pair of
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 295
parapodia extend far in front of the head ; at their base, repre-
senting a tubercle, is a short globular protuberance with five
short papillDG. They are biramous, the notopodium however, being
very small. The neuropodium ends in a phylloid expansion and
possesses a number of short filiform appendages ; the compound
setae consist each of a straight peduncle serrated near the
extremity, and a curved terminal appendage, articulated with
the peduncle, and ending in a bifid cheliform apex. The noto-
podium has also a few filiform appendages ; its seta) are very
delicate and obscurely serrated. Just below the dorsal setco on
the dorsal aspect is a little button-like process. The ventral
cirrus of the first parapodium is longer than the rest and placed
at the base ; the rest are very short and situated towards the
middle of the ventral surface of the parapodium. The dorsal
cirri are short, and the scale-tubercles are usually also slightly
produced externally in the form of a cirriform appendage. The
elytra are imbricate, but do not nearly meet across the back.
They occur on every second segment; they are ovate, and
delicate, with a fringe of quadrifid appendages on the outer
border ; the subcuticular squames are thickly pigmented along
the inner border, the pigment being red in the preserved
specimens.
Dredged at a depth of 15 fathoms in Port Molle.
Explanation of Plates. "^^
Plate VI.
Fig. 1. — Intestinal caecum of Antinoe 2^ r cedar a, seen from the
dorsal aspect, magnified about 40 diameters, a,
outline of intestine ; h, opening of the caecum into
the intestine.
,, 2. — Grreen cells from the caeca of the Polynoina, X 500.
* Through inadvertence, the numbers 6 and 7 have been repeated in the
plates of this volume, the plate here numbered 6 being in reality the eighth-
T
2961^ A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
Yig. 3. — Section through the nerve-cord and ventral body-wall of
Antinoe prcBclaray magnified, showing the ventral
pseudohfemal vessel {a\ and the testicular follicles
(*. h).
^^ 4. — Subcuticular glands from the ventral integument of
Antinoe prcBclar a, X 300.
,, 5. — Developing ova of Thormora argus.
Plate VII.
Fig. 1. — Head and anterior portion of the body of Hermione
hrachyceras, from the dorsal aspect, magnified, a,
mesial tentacle ; c, tentacular ventral cirri of the
first somatic segment.
2. — The same, from below in front. «, mesial tentacle ; h,
buccal tentacles ; c, ventral cirri of the first somatic
segment.
^^ 3, — Setse of the same x 1b\ a, ventral setse; h, c, d,
dorsal setse.
4. — Head of Hermione (Aphregenia) dolichoceras, from below
magnified, a, base of mesial tentacle ; h, lateral
tentacles ; c, parapodium of first somatic segment.
5. — Extremities of the tentacular cirri of the first segment
of the same, more highly magnified ; a, dorsal ; b,
ventral.
,j 6. — Dorsal set£e of the same, X 200.
J, 7. — Ventral seta of the same.
8. — Head and anterior portion of the body of Triceratia
arcBoceraSy from below, magnified, a, prajstomial
tentacles ; i, peristomial tentacles (buccal cirri) ;
c, tentacular cirri.
,, 9. — Ventral seta of the same, x 75.
,, 10. — Dorsal seta of the same, x 75.
,, 11. — Section of the mucous membrane of the gizzard of th©
same, x 375.
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC, 297
Fig. 12. — Section of the lower end of the gizzard of the same.
,, 13. — A portion of the mucous lining of the same, more
highly magnified ( x 200).
Plate VIII.
Fig. 1 . — Portion of section through the anterior region of the
body of Triceratia arceoceras, magnified, a, nerve
cord ; h, ventral longitudinal muscles ; c, neuro-
podium ; e, dorsal longitudinal muscle ; /, gizzard ;
g, necks of anterior gastric caeca surrounded by the
generative products.
,, 2. — Section of the posterior region of the body of the same,
magnified ; a, nerve-cord ; i, ventral longitudinal
muscles ; c, neuropodium ; d, notopodium ; e, dorsal
longitudinal muscles ; /, intestine ; g, g, cseca.
,, 3. — Head and anterior portion of the body of Lepidonotus
Ussolepis, from above, magnified,
,, 4. — Ventral seta of the same X 200.
,, 5. — Ventral seta of Thormora argus.
,, 6. — The same, lateral view ; 6», another form of the same.
,, 7. — Portion of dorsal seta of the same, X 375.
,, 8. — One of the larger processes on the surface of the elytra
of the same, x 200.
,, 9. — Head of variety of Thormora argus. from Victoria, from
above, magnified.
,, 10. — Ventral seta of the same, X 200.
,, 11. — Dorsal seta of the same, x 200.
,, 12. — Head and anterior portion of the body of the Port
Jackson form of Thormora argus, from above
magnified.
,, 13. — Head and anterior portion of the body of Lepidonotus
melanogrammus, from above, magnified.
298 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AJSTRALIAN APHRODITEA,
Plate IX.
"Fig. 1. — Head of Lepidonotus simplicipes, from above, magnified.
,, 2. — Ventral seta of the same, X 200.
j^ 3. — Ventral seta of Lepidonotus csololepis, y 375.
,, 4. — Dorsal seta of the same, X 375.
,, 5. — A portion of tlie subcuticular layer of the elytra of the
same, X 500.
,, 6. — A portion of dorsal seta of Lepidonotus torresiensis, x 375 .
,, 7. — Ventral seta of Lepidonotus dictyolepis.
,, 8. — Portion of dorsal seta of the same.
,, 9. — Head of Lepidonotus Jacksoni, from above, magnified.
,, 10. — Head of Antinoe prcsclara, from above, magnified.
,, 11. — 14. — Various forms of the ventral setse of the same.
., 15. — Dorsal seta of the same.
,, 16. — Head of Antinoe ascidiicola. from above, magnified.
,, 17. — Head of A. pachjlepis.
Plate X.
Fig. 1. — Portion of one of the elytra of Antinoe pachjlepis, X 375.
,, 2. — Papilla from the dorsal cirri of the same, X 500.
,, 3. — Head and anterior region of the body of Polynoe.
asterolepis, from above, magnified.
,i 4. — The same from below ; the proboscis partly exserted.
,, 5, and ba. — Ventral setae of the same, X 200.
,, 6. — Another form of the setae of the same, X 400.
„ 7. — Portion of one of the elytra of the same, X 375.
,, 8. — Head and anterior portion of the ho(\y of Polynoe
ochthoebolepis, from above, magnified.
yf 9. — The same from below.
„ 10.— Section through the anterior region of the body of the
same, shewing the jaws, a, nerve-cord; h, b,
ventral longitudinal muscles ; c, neuropodium ; d,
notopodium ; e, retracted oesophagus ; f, J\ teeth.
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 299
Plate XI.
Fig. 1. — Section through the head and peristomium of Pohjnoii
oclithoeholepis. a. cerebral ganglion ; h, posterior
©y© ; ^. ^> peristoniial tentacles ; d, bases of lateral
praestomial tentacles ; e, peristoniial aciculum ; /,
parapodium of first segment ; h, aperture of mouth.
Fig. 2. — Section of intestine of the same.
,, Vi. — Ventral seta of the same, X 400.
,, 4. — Head and anterior portion of the body of ThalenesRa
microceras, from above, X 22.
,, 5, — The same, from below.
,, 6. — Ventral seta of the same.
,, 7. — Outline of elytron of the same, magnified.
,, 8. — Appendage from the border of the same, X 200.
CORRIGENDA.
The correct title of the paper by Dr. Williams, quoted on p. 257, is
" Researches on the Structure aud Homology of the Reproductive Organs
of the Annelide.''
Page 251, linos 10 and 11, the ^ord " another " should come in after
"affords."
Description of two new Birds from the Solomon Islands.
By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., &c.
Phlog^nas salamonis.
Total length 11 inches; wing 6-5 inches; tail 4; tarsus 1*3 ;
bill from the forehead 1, from the nostril 0-5, from the angle
of the mouth M inch. Bill brown, legs and feet carmine. The
bill is strong and much curved at the tip ; the tail rounded, of
twelve feathers. General colour reddish chocolate-brown above,
slightly tinted with rich metallic violet-purple, which becomes
very bright on the wing-coverts, and interscapular region ; the
primaries and secondaries, and the inner webs of the tail-feathers
and their under surfaces, dull dark brown ; head chocolate colour
300 DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW BIRDS FROM SOLOMON ISLANDS,
without metallic reflections, the sides of the face lighter, the
throat of a paler tint ; the chest, breast, and foreneck cinnamon-
brown, lightest towards the abdomen, a few feathers on the sides
of the chest tinted with the same rich metallic hue as the mantle
and wing-coverts ; the remainder of the under surface dark, dull,
reddish chocolate-brown, deeper in tint and inclining to rufous
on the under tail-coverts. The feathers of the breast being of a
light cinnamon tint contrast greatly with the dark chocolate-red
of the remainder of the under surface.
This specimen is said to be a male, and was obtained by Mr.
John Stephen in April last, (1882) on San Christoval, one of the
Solomon Group. It is probably the species referred to by Canon
Tristram under the name of Phlogcdnas Johannce, of Sclater, which
it certainly is not.
DiCRURUs fChihiaJ longirostrts, sp, w.
All the body black with a steel-bluish tint in certain lights ;
the wings and tail black above, black with a brownish tint in
certain lights below, having the outer webs of the feathers above
margined with glossy steel-green ; the scapulars and all the upper
wing and tail-coverts glossy metallic-green, some of the feathers
of the rump and flanks tinged with the same ; feathers of the
head scale-like, black, conspicuously tipped with metallic-green
gloss, those of the neck above and below lanceolate in form,
tipped with the same tint, those of the breast with a rounded
spot of the same colour at the tip, and with narrow wavy cross
lines when seen obliquely. There is no metallic gloss on the ear-
coverts or chin, velvet-like plumes cover the nostrils, the rictfe
are very short, weak and in some specimens obsolete ; the tail is
even, the outermost feathers scarcely longer than the rest, but
have their tips curved outwards and upwards ; of the under
wing-coverts, those on the shoulders below, are glossed with green,
the remainder black, a few only having a whitish spot at the tip ;
the plumes of the flanks silky and rather long ; the under tail-
BY E. P. KAMSAY, F.L.S.
301
coverts black, glossed with green. In some specimens apparently
immature the under tail and wing-coverts are tipped with fulvous.
** Iris dark red-brown" (/. Stephens)) legs feet and bill black.
The bill is strong and laterally compressed, about one-third
longer than the head.
Measurements.
Length about
.. 12 inch.
12 inch.
12 inch.
Wing
0*7
5-7
5-75
Tail
5-3
5-5
5-3
Tarsus
M5
1-1
1-2
Bill from forehead . .
l-8o
1-7
1-83
Bill from nostril
1-3
M5
1-25
Bill from gape
1-8
1-6
1-75
Bill, height at nostril
0-5
0-5
O'o2
Bill, width below nostril . .
0-3
0-3
0-3
Sex
.• S
?
?
Hal. San Christoval.
Several specimens of both
sexes obtained at '* Wano " San
Christoval in April last (1882).
This species comes near B.
IcBmostictus, but
differs
from all
other species in the length and
laterally compressed form of bill.
Description of a new species of Coris from Lord Howes'
Island and New South Wales.
By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., &g.
Coris semicincta.
D. 9—12. A. 3—12. L. lat. 80. L. transv. about 4-5.
General form elongated and laterally compressed ; the length
of the snout is more than twice the long diameter of the eye,
which is six times in the length of the head ; the head is four
times in the length of the body without the caudal. The height
302 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
of the body at the first anal spine is four times and a half in the
length, without caudal, and five and one-fifth in the total length.
Coloration — A blackish band along the lower half of the dorsal
fin ; commencing on the second dorsal spine is a band of bright
canary-yellow, widening out towards the tail and margined
above with a narrow line of pale lilac ; an oblong dull longitudinal
reddish-yellow spot on the forehead, snont light brown, a broad
band on either side extends through the eye along the body on
to the tail, with transverse short bars descending down the sides
of the body at right angles from it ; these bars are occasionally
confluent on the tail ; there is also a broad subterminal band of
brown, on the hinder limb of the operculum, the outer margin
being lilac, the throat and the sides of the head from below the
eye are rich lilac ; pectoral fins yellowish translucent, tipped
conspicuously with black, the ventral and anal fins and the
belly yellow, the interspaces between the bars on the sides lilac
like the cheeks, the caudal fin is bright canary-yellow, narrowly
margined with lilac ; the upper half of the broad lateral band is
paler than the lower, and is tinged with lilac.
The specimen from which the above description has been taken
was caught near Broken Bay, and forwarded to the Museum in
a fresh state by Mr. H. Breakwell. I had previously obtained a
specimen from Lord Howe's Island, through Capt. Armstrong.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
The Hon. W. Macleay exhibited a specimen of Chersydrm
annulatus of Gray. He said that he was indebted to Mr. De Vis,
of the Queensland Museum, for this specimen, which was the
first he had ever seen of the kind. It is a freshwater snake,
found in the rivers of India, Sumatra, and New Guinea, but
never hitherto known as an inhabitant of Australia. The present
specimen came from Cairns.
P L S. Vol 7.
Pl.G. (reprint)
W A.M. del.
S.Tlei^hiiCo^Uth.
PL.S. Vol 7
PL. 7 (REPRINT)
WAKd£L
R L S VOL 7
PL. SCreprint.)
W.A.E. del
\T.Leigh.&Co,Uth.
PLS. Vol. 7.
PL. 10 (REPRINT)
yf.AH. del.
/^ b
P L.S. Vol. 7.
Pl. II. (reprint)
}V:AK del.
ST.Iei^l£Co.,Iuk.
JfOTES AXD EXHIBITS. 303
Dr. Thomas Dixson exhibited, under the Microscope, pre-
parations made by himself of the Bacillus described by Ebert as
peculiar to typhoid fever. Other preparations were exhibited,
showing the occurence of germs, very like typhoid germs, in a
cesspit, but the absence of any such in diarrhoea.
Professor "W. J. Stephens exhibited a few specimens of a
lost Eucahjptus w^hich had been lately rediscovered by his brother,
Mr. T. Stephens, in the immediate neighbourhood of Hobart.
He stated that the plant (Eucalyptus cor data) had only once been
seen by Botanists since the Expedition of d'Entrecasteaux, and
then only in two isolated and remote spots. Perhaps some now
present would recollect an old gum tree, near the present entrance
from the Botanic Grardens to the Garden Palace, with remarkably
glaucous foliage, and papery bark like some Melaleucas. This
was a specimen of Eucalyptus corclata, which must have been
brought here, long since, either as a seed or as a young plant,
from Tasmania, and which survived until a short time back. At
preseut there was no example of the plant in our collections.
In closing his notice Professor Stephens expressed the hope that
this re-discovery might be suggestive to collectors that their
own immediate neighbourhood may probably furnish facts new
or unexpected, remarking how forty years of oblivion had given
a curious dignity to the otherwise not very attractive specimens
that he now laid before the Society.
Dr. AY. D. C. "Williams exhibited the os penis of the AY alms
{Triclieclius rosmarusj, obtained in the Arctic Expedition of Mr.
Leigh Smith to Eranz-Josef land in L880. Dr. AVilliams also
exhibited a collection of weapons from the field of Ulundi, in
Zulu Land, comprising an oxhide shield of the smaller size,
carried by the Zulu riflemen, two nob-kerries, an assegai with
iron head spirally twisted, two assegais with lance-shaped heads
and iron fore-shafts, two assegais with double concave grooved
heads, and a Zulu warrior's bead head dress.
U
\-/^
\^.
SOi irOTES AIs'D EXHIBITS.
Mr. E. P. Kamsaj exhibited tlie fruit of a small species of
coeoanut fGocos), from the Island of Ugi, Solomon Group. He
stated that there are only two or three trees of this kind of
Coeoanut known in the island, and that these are held in special
respect by the natives, who have planted numerous varieties of
Crotons and Coleiis round the roots, and fenced each tree in with
blocks of coral.
In the conversation which ensued, it was observed that a similar
species, if not the same, is common at Malacca, and that it is
also found, but not treated with any special regard, in other
Melanesian islands. It might therefore represent an ancient
and indigenous type of Cocos, gradually receding before the
larger species in ordinary cultivation, and so appearing only at
distant intervals. The reverence paid to the trees in Ugi, might
probably be a survival of an ancient worship of the wild or
indigenous tree, which had died out under the cultivation of the
larger and improved species. It would be more natural to pay
religious honour to a plant which owed nothing to human labour
than to one which the people had introduced and propagated of
themselves.
Mr. Eamsay also exhibited specimens of the birds described
in his paper, viz., Dicrurus (Ohihia) longirostris, and a new Pigeon
FliJogcerias salamonis, both from the Solomon Islands, collected
by Mr. John Stephen, of ITgi.
♦-♦
WEDNESDAY, 26tii JULY, 1882.
The President J. C. Cox, M.D., E.L.S., &c., in the Chair.
MEMBEES ELECTED.
Edwin Daintrey, Esq., Sydney.
Thomas R. M'Dougall, Esq., Baan Baa, Narrabri.
Edwin Haviland, Esq., Redfern.
Dr. Greorge Hurst, Oxford Street.
DOXATIONS. 305
It was announced tliat the Council had elected Mr. Edgar A.
Smith, F.Z.S., o£ the British Museum, and Mr. Chas. W. De
Yis, Curator of the Queensland Museum, corresponding memherf^.
nOXATIOXS.
" Annales de la Societo Entomologique de Belgiquc, Tomes 23,
" Yerhandlungen des Yereins fiir Naturwissenschaftliche
Unterhaltung zu Hamburg," Band 4, 1877.
'' Yerslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van
Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Deel 16, Stuk 1, 2, en 3.''
" Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen
Amsterdam, 1880."
" Proceedings of the E-ojal Society of Edinburgli, Session
1880-81."
" Yerhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen zoologiscli-
botanischen Gresellschaft in "Wien, Band 31, 1881."
Tenth annual report of the Zoological Society, Philadelphia,
1882."
" Southern Science Eecord, Yol. 2, No. 5, May, 1882."
"Report of the Trustees of the Australian Museum, for 1881."
'' Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, Yictoria,
Yol. 18, for 1881."
" Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South
Wales, A^ol. 15, for 1881.
PAPERS READ.
Botanical Xotes ix Queexslaxd. — No. III.
Br THE Rev. J. E. Texisox- Woods, Yice-PRESiDEXT, &c.
In this paper I intend to give the result of my collections on
tke Mulgrave River, about which I believe no botanical notes
have hitherto been published. I must premise that the river in
306 EOTAXICAL ]S^OTES OX QUEEXSLA^^D,
question is broad and shallow, taking its rise in the Herberton
[Ranges, and issuing into the sea at a short distance south of
Cape Palmer, or 20 miles south of Cape Grrafton, in about Lat.
17'40 8. The river during the whole of its short course, runs
through some of the most abrupt and precipitous mountain
gorges in Australia. In no part does it ever flow through a
broad alluvial valley, but the mountains rise abruptly from the
waters, seldom leaving even a narrow terrace between their
precipitous sides and the water. The consequence is that the
stream is liable to extraordinary inundations. Flood marks are
found 70 and 80 feet above the bed, and on these high water-
marks enormous trees are stranded. In the more open places
the sand and alluvial accumulations form considerable ridges.
The formations of rock on the banks vary between granite,
paleozoic slates and newer volcanic rock. These occasionally
make falls and rapids in the stream. The steep banks are usually
volcanic.
As a rule the banks are clothed with dense tropical forest,
formed of lofty trees and a dense undergrowth of palms and
ferns, amongst which are Calamis australis, Ali)inia cocrnlia^ Pteris
onarginata, P. trcmida^ As2)idiwn conjliiens, Alsophila Leicli-
liardtiana, and JBleclimim cartalafjineum. It will be observed
that in this list but few of the forest trees are mentioned. The
reason of this being, that I was making a hurried journey, and
unless I was able to recognize the species at a distance, I had no
opportunity or time to collect flowers or fruits for identification.
The country is very little explored and the natives are extremely
savage and fierce. But there are a few places where cedar getters
have cut down some of the timber and the trees in falliug have
given a facility for galheriug both flowers and fruits, which would
otherwise be out of reach. It is remarkable, that on the banks
of the Mulgrave, or rather on the slopes rising from the banks,
there are many forests almost made up of ^'mc—Amucaria
Cunninr/hami, and though the Mijrtaccce are well represented the
BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S.
307
JEucaJi/pts almost entirely disappear. In the following list the
localities where the plants were gathered, were along the banks
of the stream from Alley's crossing, on the road between Cairns
and Ilerberton and the township of the Lower Mulgrave
diggings, a distance of about 12 miles. The land is all alluvial
and volcanic, until the township is reached, where the surface
deposit of trap disappears and vertical paleozoic slates with
quartz reef take its place. The vegetation is rich, and the forest
in places almost unpenetrable.
Ahromafastuosa, E-. Br.
Abroma sj?.
mhiscus maneliot, Linn.
H. sp.
Tliesjpizia populnea, Corr.
Ahufiloii graveolens, Willd.
A. muticum, R. Br.
JJrenci lohata, Linn.
Somhax malahariciim, DC.
Turrcea jpuhescens, Hellen.
lonidium swffruticosum, Gring.
Cupania anacardioides, A. Hich.
Alphitonia excelsa, Heissek.
Oeijera salicifolia, Schott.
Sypericum gramiueiim, Forst.
JPomaderris sj^.
Coluhriiia asiatlca, Brongn.
Staclclwusia vimiiiea, Sm.
Acacia pacliystacliyia ?
A. linervata, DC.
A. aulicocarjya, A. Cunn.
Acacia, two sp.*
A. Solandri, Benth., or leptos-
tacliya.
A. julifera, Benth.
Alhizzia sp.
PifhecoJobiii^mprmnosic in, 'Benth.
Flemingea lineata, Boxb.
Yigna latea, Griay.
Ccesalpinia nuga, Ait.
Derris uliginosa, Benth.
Crotalaria striata, DeC.
Drosera indica, Linn.
Eucalyptus tereticornis, Sm.
E. corynibosa ?
Eucalyptus, three sp.
Lorantlius dictyoplilebus, F.v.M.
E. Jongijiorus, Desv.
Eandia densijlom, Benth.
Eentella repens, Porst.
Ludwidgia parviflora, Boxb.
Melotliria Cunninghami, E.v.M.
Melaleuca leucodendroii Linn.
M. genistifolia ?
* In this and similar cases -where the specific name is not given, the flowers
or seeds, or both ware not to be obtained, and the other characters were such
as could not be referred to any known species.
308
BOTAIflCAL XOTES OX Qt'EEXSLAXD,
Leptospermum Jlavescens, Sm.
Heliclirysum sp.
Conyza cegypiiaca, Ait.
Tterocaulon ( Monenteles)
ipacelatus, Labil.
Polymeria amhigiut, It. Br.
Ipomea sp.
Biiclcnera uHicifolia, E, Br.
Jasminum cemulum, R. Br.
Tournfortia sarmentosa, Lam.
N'otolcea sp.
Goodenia grand iflora.
Leucopogon sp. This occurred
on open granite flats above
the banks of the river. The
Epacridea) are very poorly
represented in this part of
Australia, and none are found
except on poor open sandy
soil.
MelicJirus rotatus, H. Br., on
soil derived from granite only
Tahernamontanapuhescens, B. B.
ILoya australis^ B. Br. In the
crevices of granite rocks, far
from river scrubs.
Justicia procumbens, Linn.
Mitrasacme polymorpha, B. Br.
8olam(,m nemophilum, P.v.M.
Solamwi, two sp.
Deeringia altissima, F.v.M.
Grevillea clirysodendron, B. Br.
G. gibhosa, Br.
a'sp.
Buchingliamia sp. ?
Plectrantlnisparvijlorus^ Willd.
Anisomeles salvifolia, B. Br.
JPisonia aculeata, Linn.
Amarantlius sp.
Bolhophyllum Freniieei, F.v.M.
JPoranthera micropliylla, Brongn
Galadenia carnea, B. Br.
Dendrobmm spteciosum, variety
fiisiforme, F.v.M.
-D. unduJatum, B. Br.
Ohcronia palmicola, B.v.M.
Dinris maculata, Sm.
Fetalostlgma quadriloculare,
B.v.M.
3Iacaranga tanarius, Muell. Arg.
Eiipliorhia eremopliila, A. Cunn.
IE. Macgillivrayi, Boiss.
Vallisneria spiralis, Linn.
Colocasia antiquorum, Schott.
Pandanus aquaticus, F.v.M.
P. pedunculata, Br.
Fotamogeton tenuicaulis, F.v.M.
Hhapliidoplwra quinata^ Schott.
Very abundant with simple
and pinnate leaves, in all the
dense jungle, where it climbs
the stems of the highest trees
by stems two inches in
diameter and throwing out
leaves one and two feet long.
It is called here the " Climb-
ing Bern."
BY THE REV. J. E. TENISOX- WOODS, F.G.S.
309
Fotlios Loureiri, Hook. This
is also a verj abundant climber
on the stems of all the high
trees, but not so conspicuous
as the last named, as the leaves
seldom exceed four inches in
diameter and the stem is
seldom over half an inch in
diameter. It is however a
very graceful plant, extends
through all the forests up to
3,000 feet above the sea.
Dianella lavis, R. Br.
Eurycles Amhoinensis, Loudon.
FAistrepluis anrjustifolius, 11. Br.
FJageUarla indica, Linn.
Cordijline terminalls, Kun.
Draccona anc/ustifolia^ Boxb.
Commelyna cyanea, B. Br.
C. ensifolia, B. Br.
JPoUia macrophylla. Bur.
Tricoryne ancei)s, B. Br.
Hcemodorum coccineum, B. Br.
Lepturus repens, B. Br.
Isclicomum triticeum, B. Br.
SeJaria ylauca, Beauv.
JEriocliloa punctata, Hamilt.
Antliistiria ciliata, Linn.
Andropogon sericeus, B. Br.
derates loiigifoJia, B. Br.
Pliragmitis communis, Kin.
Cyperus exaltatus, Bctz.
BiLICES.
L. lanuginosa, Wall.
L.Jlrthsllidata, Dry.
Angiopteris cvscia, Hoffm.
Grammatis MioeUeri, Hook.
Adiantmn hispidulum, Sw.
A. (Jdtliiopicum, Linn.
Dauallia elcgans, Sw.
D. speJimccB, Baker.
Aspidium confluens, Metten.
A. molle, Sw.
A. unitum, Sw.
A. ramosiim, Blume.
JPteris qimdriaurita, Betz.
P. ensiformis, Burm.
P. marginata, Bory.
P. tremula, B. Br.
P. aquilina, v, esculenfa, Borst.
Schizcea dichotoma, Sw.
IlymenophyUum javanicum, Sp.
Clieilantlies tenuifoUa, Sw.
C. nudiuscida, B. Br.
Gleiclienia dicliotoma. Hook.
G.flahellata, Br.
Lygodiiim japon iciim, S w.
L. scandens, Sw.
Hypolepis tenuifoUa, Benth.
Acrostichum au7^eic?n, Linn.
A. scandens, Sm.
A. repandum, Bl.
Trichonianes pyxidifera, Linn.
Doodia caudata, Cor.
Polypodium rigidulum, Sw.
P. quercifolium, Linn.
LindsiBct ensifolia Y.heteropliylla, M.arattia fraxinea, Sm.
Sm.
310 rORA&E-PLANTS II^TDIGENOTIS IX I^EW SOUTH WALES
Asplenium ? sylvaticum, Prest. LYCOPODiACEiE.
Asplenium simplicifrons, F.v.M. Selaginella Jlahellata, Spring.
AIsoj)hiIaLeicJiha)'dtiana,Y.y.M., S. concinna, Spring.
A. Reheccce, P. Muell. Lycopodium p>hlegmaria, Linn.
OlS' THE rORAOE-PLAlSTS IISTDIOEXOUS IX NeW SoUTH WaLES.
Bx W. WooLLs, Ph. D., P.L.S.
In a country like Xew South "Wales, of wliicli the length is
000 mile??, the mean breadth 600 miles, and the superficial area
upwards of 300,000 square miles, we may naturally look for great
diversity of soil and climate, and hence the forage-plants of some
parts of the colony are very different from those of others.
Taking, however, a general view of the subject, such plants may
be divided into two classes, viz. : those of the coast-districts, and
those beyond the Dividing E-ange, though it will be found that
some species are common to both.
1. The coast districts, which have a varying breadth of from 30
to 100 miles, lie to the East of the Dividing Eange, and as they
constitute the earliest settlements of the colony, they comprehend
a greater portion of introduced plants than the wide plains of
the interior. In some cases, it is difilcult to determine whether
certain species are indigenous or not, seeing that they have taken
j)ossession of extensive areas, and, if really of foreign origin,
have long since become naturalized amongst us. Of these
Cynodoii dactijlon (Pers.) or Couch Grass is the most remarkable,
as affording excellent pasture and being capable of resisting
extreme drought. As this grass (though probably of Asiatic
origin) is described in It. Brown's Prodromus (1810), and is
enumerated amongst Baron Mueller's " Select Extra-tropical
Plants," I cannot but regard it as one of our most useful forage-
plants in the Coast Districts, as it contains I'OO per cent of starch
and 3*60 of sugar (P.v.M. and L. Eummcl), and is much relished
BY V.'. WOOLLS, PU. D., P.L.S. 311
by slieep and cattle. Owing to the spread o£ this grass in the
Coast District, and the introduction of foreign plants from
different parts of the world, many of the native grasses are not
so abundant now, as thej were in the early days of the Colony,
Whenever, however, circumstances are favourable, the following
species are valuable as bush grasses, and decidedly nutritious :
Andropogon sericeus, (E-. Br.) Deyeuxia quadriseta, (Benth. )
A. cram's, (R. Br.) Anisopogon avenaceus, (E/. Br.)
A. refracfus, (E.. Br.) DantJioniasemiannularis,^^.^.)
Clirysopogonparvijiorus^ (Benth.) Ohloris truncata, (E. Br.)
Sorglium jylumosum, (Beauv.) Eragrostis tenelJa, (Beauv.)
Anthistiria ciliata, (Linn.) E. Broivnii, (Nees.)
Microlcena stipoides, (E. Br.) Eoa ccBspitosa, (Forst.)
Dichelacline crinita, (Hook.) Festuca hromoides, (Linn.)
Deyeuxia Forsteri. (Kunth.)
These may be regarded as the principal bush-grasses near the
coast, and so far as they have been analysed, they contain
elements decidedly favourable for the growth and fattening of
cattle. Anthistiria ciliata, (according to F.v.M. and L. Eummel)
does not contain so large a proportion of starch as Couch G-rass,
but it is said to have 3 '06 per. cent, of sugar, whilst the different
species of Andropogon, Sorglium, Foa, and Festuca, contain gluten,
starch, gum, and sugar in varying proportions, beino^ in a greater
or less degree adapted to grazing purposes. Whenever the
season is not unusually dry, these grasses grow readily and afford
abundant pasture ; whilst some of them are capable of living
under a great amount of heat. The following grasses grow in
or near water, and, though not equal to those enumerated in
amount of solid nutriment, they are nevertheless relished by
horses and cattle :
Fanicum flavidum, (Eetz.) Faspalumscrohiculatum, (Linn.)
F. crus-galli, (Linn.) Oplismenuscompositus,(JiGBMY.^
F. ohsepttmn, (Trin.) Isachne australis, (E. Br.)
Ch^mcdraphis paradoxi, (Poir.) Fhragmites communis, (Trin.)
312 FORAGE-PLANTS INDIGENOUS IN NEW SOUTH WALES
Semartliria compressa, (E. Br.) Glyceria fluifans, (E. Br.)
^aspalum disticlmm, (Linn.)
In seasons of drought, when tliebiisli-grasses fail or are burned
up, these species, which flourish in marshes, or near creeks,
lagoons, and moist places, afford valuable pasture, for, although
they may not have the fattening properties of the harder grasses,
they keep the stock in fair condition. Pasjjalum disticJium or
the AVater- Couch, which appears to have been regarded by E.
Brown as a sea-coast grass (being called by him P. littorale) has
established itself on the banks of our rivers, and though trouble-
some in cultivated ground on account of its rapid growth and
spreading roots, is a fine grass for stock. Faniciim ohseptuni
also flourishes round the margins of lagoons, and floats sometimes
on the surface of the water. It is eaten by sheep and cattle,
and, in places where it abounds, may be regarded as a substitute
for more solid grasses. Glycerla Jlnitans i^i not so abundant, and
occurs for the most part by the side of rivers, creeks, or stagnant
water. It is a very sweet grass, and the seeds as well as the
foliage are very nutritious. Pliragmifes communis is n coarse
species and seldom eaten, excepting in very dry seasons. In
addition to these grasses, there arc other aquatic plants (such as
the species of Trujlocliin, Pofamor/eton, Ttjplia, Heleocliaris,
Cyperus, and Carcx), which are also eaten by cattle when other
herbage perishes, but they contain very little nourishment.
Amongst dicotyledonous plants, horses and cattle frequently
browse on the leaves oiDaviesia lunhellatc/, (vSni ) and Z>. Jatifolia
(E. Br.), which have a bitter taste, and on those of Casuarina
suherosa (Ott. et Dietz.), which are subacid. These plants occur
for the most part on mountains or Eanges. Branches of
Angoplwra infermedia (DC), A. suhvelutina (F.v.M.), and
Sterculia diversifolia (Gr. Don.), are sometimes cut down to keep
cattle alive in dry seasons, as the leaves arc relished by them. It
is a striking fact in the distribution of plants on this side of the
Dividing Eange, that so few of the native Leguminosae can be
EY Vr. WOOLLS, PK. D., F.L.S. 31S
utilized for pasture. With the exception of the Daviesias, which
seem to be relished rather for their bitter flavour than for any
nutriment, there is scarcely any species of the order available for
grazing purposes. Indigofera australis (Willd.), and Lotus
corniculatus (Linn.), are sometimes eaten when grass is scarce,
nor do they appear to be injurious near the coast ; but Trifolium
repens (Linn.), Medicago sativa (Linn.), M. dcnticulata, (Willd.)
and Vicia sativa (Linn.), which are of foreign origin, are decidedly
superior to any indigenous Leguminos* for forage, and, in some
districts of the colony, they are taking the place of native grasses.
In IS'ew South Wales, there are about 160 species of indigenous
grasses, but many of these are gradually disappearing in the
settled districts, and it is only in enclosed spots, such as cemeteries,
the sides of Eailway lines, &c., to which sheep and cattle have not
access, that some of the species, which, in the early days of the
colony, flourished in the immediate neighbourhood of Sydney and
Parramatta, now spring up in any abundance. Of these Sorghum
pJumosum (Beauv.) and Anthistiria ciliata (Linn.), deserve
especial mention, as they are highly esteemed in most parts of
the colony, — the latter species in particular being one of those
grasses which are found capable of supporting horses and cattle
when travelling from the interior better than any other native
forage.
2. On the other side of the Dividing E-ange, or in that portion of
New South Wales which extends to the Great Western Districts
and beyond the Darling, the plants available for forage differ
very much from those of the Coast Districts, and, in addition to
grasses properly so called, they include many varieties of herbs
and shrubs, which in dry seasons supply the place of ordinary
forage. Among the grasses, the following may be enumerated i
I*anicicmdivaricatissi3}mm,{'R.'B.) Anthistiria aveiiacea, (F.v.M.)
P. effmum, (H. Br.) Alopectirus geniculatus, (Linn.}
P. dccompositum, (R. Br.) Danthonia raceniosa, (R. Br.)
P. trachyrhachis, (Benth.) Astrehla triticoides, (F.v.M.)
314 FOllAGE-PLA^'TS TNDIGEXOrS IN XEW SOUTH WALES
jP. spectahile Leptocliloa suhdigitcda, (Triu.)
NeurachneMitcheUiana, (Nees.) Diplachne fusca, (Beauv.)
Andropogon sericens, (E. Br.) Glyceria Fordeana, (F.v.M.)
A. hombyeimcs, (E-. Br.) G. ramlgej'ci, (F.v.M.)
A. refractus^ (E-. Br.) ^romus arena rius, (Labill.)
In favourable seasons, tliese grasses spread over tlie vast plains
of the interior, and, although certain species of Stipa and Aristida
are sometimes injurious to sheep bj the pungency of their seeds,
yet no species of indigenous grass is known to possess any
deleterious properties. The uncertainty of the seasons, however,
in Xew South Wales, and the inequality of the rain-fall, render
it a matter of great importance to graziers to look beyond the
mere grasses for the depasturing of stock. The average rainfall,
therefore, and the average temperature also require duo consider-
ation in forming any comparison between the forage plants of
the coast districts and those of the interior. It appears that,
whilst the average annual rain-fall in Sydney may be estimated
at 51 '521 inches, that of Bourke, on the Darling may be placed
13 '653 inches. In the matter of temperature, likewise, the
maximum and minimum in Sydney are reckoned at 107'9 and 36'S
Fahr. respectively, whilst at Bourke they are 121"5 and 29'9.
Fahr. Owing then to the extreme dryness of the seasons, the
great heat of the summer months, or the prevalence of bush-fires,
the grasses may fail ; and hence, had not nature supplied herbage
of other kinds, large tracts of land would be useless as sheep or
cattle runs, excepting when tlie rain-fall is abundant. ' In most
countries, plants of the Salsolaceous kind occur most frequently
in salt-marshes or near the sea-coast, but in New South "Wales,
in addition to species common to such localities, many of the
Salt-bush kind arc found in the arid interior, and such plants, in
conjunction with the hardier grasses afford a plentiful supply of
nutriment in all seasons.
The Salsolacea) of the colony comprise 13 genera and 60 species
and of these, Rhagodia Jiastata, (It. Br.), H. pamhoUca, (H. Br.)
BY AV. WOOLLS, PU. D., T.L.S. 815
Atriplex semihaccata, (E/. Br.), and Koch id villosa, (Lindl.), are
tlie most esteemed amongst what are called Salt or Cotton Bushes.
Bliagodici nutans (B. Br.), M. linifolia (R. Br.), Clienopodium
auricomiDn, (Lindl.), C. album, (Linn.), and C. triangioJare (E-.
Br.) may be placed in the same category ; but it is to be feared,
that, unless more care is exercised in the feeding of sheep and
cattle in the interior, same of the Salt Bushes will become as
rare as certain indigenous grasses are now near the coast. It is
too much the custom to let the stock feed year after year
on certain runs, without dividing the same into paddocks
and removing the sheep or cattle from one to another ; and hence
the older Salt-bushes are eaten down to the very roots, whilst
the young plants are consumed almost as soon as they germinate.
In addition to the Salsolacere, there are some good forage plants
of the Greraniacese, Umbellifera>, Amarantaccce, Eicoidcte, and
JS'yctaginea", which in the absence of grasses are highly useful in
the economy of nature. Some of these are popularly called
Crowfoots, Wild Carrots, and so on, but perhaps amongst them
all, none is more useful than Boerliaavia diffusa (Linn.), which,
having a long tap-root, can withstand a considerable amount of
drought, whilst it affords pasture early in the season ere the
grasses are fully developed. Of the Leguminosre of the interior,
some are decidedly injurious to sheep and cattle, especially when
in dry seasons they can find no other herbage to feed on. Such
are some species of Swainsona, Indigofera, and Lotus, to which
very bad eifects are attributed. The first of these, in the species
S. Greyana (Lindl.), and S. galegifolia (B. Br.), has been looked
upon with much suspicion, and there can be no doubt that, in
certain seasons (probably when sheep and cattle feed on such
species exclusively,) they produce strange effects on the brain,
causing animals to see objects larger than they really are, and
giving them a propensity to climb. From observations made
near Mudgee, it does not appear that S. galegifoliai^ deleterious
when eaten with other herbage, nor indeed have the poisonous
316 rORAGE-PLAXTS IXDICrEXOUS IX XEW SOUTlt WALES
properties of S. Greyana been detected in cultivation. One of
the most useful of the Leguminosse in the interior is that which
is found near the banks, or in the dry-beds of the rivers. It was
first noticed by Sir T. Mitchell, in 1835, and called by him
"Australian Shamrock." This jolant is a species oi Trifjonella
(T. suavissima, Lindl.y, and whilst remarkable for connecting the
vegetation of Australia with that of the South of Europe, it has
nutritious qualities which render it worthy of cultivation. Sir
T. Mitchell (Vol. 1, p. 251) says, "The perfume of this herb, its
freshness and flavour, induced me to try it as a vegetable, and
we found it to be delicious, tender as spinach, and to preserve a
very green colour when boiled." This opinion has been con-
firmed by subsequent travellers, and recently a gentleman who
feels interested in such subjects, has collected and distributed
seeds for cultivation. As the species is already known as a
useful herb for pasture and is allied to T.fcenum grcecum (Linn.)
— a plant esteemed by the ancients and still cultivated in the
South of Europe — it may become more generally utilized. In
dry seasons, such plants are of importance, as the grasses are for
the most part limited to alluvial flats or scrubs. There, Sporololus
virginicus{lL\\.\\i\\.^jEleiisiiiecsgijptiaca (Pers.), Gli/ceria FonJeana
(F.V.M.), and Le2)tocliloa siibdlgitata (Trin.), have been found
very serviceable ; but perhaps of all the grasses of the interior
that most widely diffused and most highly valued for depasturing
purposes is Panicum decompositum, (E,. Br.), in its varying forms.
This grass (the seeds of which used to be collected and eaten by
the blacks) has been found to yield under cultivation four tons
of hay per acre.
During the winter, however, as well as in dry seasons, the
stock find more nutriment from various herbs than from grasses,
and in addition to those plants already enumerated, there are
some species of the Composite family which are eaten by them,
particularly of Hellchrysum^ Helipterum, and Craspedla^ but at
least one species of the last is reckoned among suspected plants.
BY W. WOOLLS, PH. D., F.L.S. 317
The harsh, dry and frequently woolly texture of many composites
in the interior is admirably adapted to stand the long droughts
•which frequently prevail there, though it is certain that they
yield only a temporary nutriment in dry seasons. It is remark-
able that the large order of the Composites in Australia affords
so little fodder available for sheep and cattle, and that of the 30
introduced species, now spreading as weeds in many parts of the
colony, scarcely any, with the exception of Sonchus oeraceus or
the common Sow-thistle can be utilized for that purpose. Eabbits
and hares are very fond of this plant, and it is eaten by goats,
sheep, and pigs, but not by horses. In Baron Mueller's remarks
on Australian Vegetation (1867), he dwells forcibly on the great
importance of the storage of water and the dissemination of
fodder plants in the interior, and the late drought has given
additional weight to his suggestions, for on the runs least
improved by art, there has been the greatest loss of sheep and
cattle. There can be no doubt that the storage of rain-water, or
the raising of water by the process of boring is the great desider-
atum of the present day, and as the population increases, it will
be found more and more necessary to resort to artificial means to
supply the wants of man and beast. Could the water so procured
be rendered available for the purpose of irrigation, it is easy to
foresee a vast increase of native vegetation as well as the possibility
of cultivating fodder plants from other parts of the world. The
Baron suggests that "the scattering of the common British
orach (Atriplex patitla), an annual, but autumnal plant, would
on the barest ground realize fodder for sheep." It may be added
that two of our indigenous salsolaceous plants {Rhagodia hastafa
and Atriplex semihaccata) are also admirably adapted for the same
purpose, and that they have been cultivated with success even in
soils differing very much from that ot' their native habitat. On
the whole then we may reasonably conclude with the Baron that
many barren tracts of the interior are capable of vast improvement
by the hand of art, and that "patient industry and intelligent
318 DESCHIPTIOX OF THEEE XEW EISHES OF QUEEXSLAXD,
judgement " may foiiucl many a lordly possession in regions now
frequently desolate.
Description of Tiieee New Eishes of Q,ueexsla:n'd.
By Chas. W. De Vis, B.A.
It is due to tlie discrimination of Mr. E. Spalding, Taxidermist
to the Queensland Museum, that doubts long ago arose as to the
identity of a large fish prepared by him, with the Olirjorus terrcG-
reqincG described by Mr. Ramsay last year, in the Proceedings of
the Linnean Society of K'ew South "Wales, vol. v., p. 91. My
attention having been directed to it, I could not hesitate to regard
it as an entirely distinct form. It is clear that two species at
least of these great perches exist together in South Queensland
waters. Apart from other characters, the convex nape and deep
chest of the one, contrast sufiiciently with the flattened anterior
profile and lighter girth of the other, to render their distinctive-
ness obvious. The fish described is a mounted specimen measur-
ing seven feet over all from the upper lip, and two feet in height.
It was netted after some pursuit by fishermen in Moreton Bay,
and objecting to capture well nigh demolished their net.
Oliciohus GoLTATir, n. s.
D. 12/15. A. a/7.
Height 31- in the total length. Length of head 2-3- in the same.
Snout and interorbital width i of length of head. Predorsal
profile convex, lower profile rather more convex: than uj^per.
Lower jaw longer than upper. A single spine before the
opercular angle, which is unarmed. Preoperculum serrated on
posterior limb, denticulated on lower angle and emarginate above
that angle. L^niforni brown, except that a narrow premedian,
light vertical bar crosses the caudal fiu. There is a short weak
spine behind the tenth dorsal spine — this may be an individual
15Y CIIA.S. W. DE VIS, IJ.A. 319
abnormality — if constant and found to arise from an interneiiral
of its own, the dorsal formula will be 13/15.
StNAPTURA FlTZROIEXStS, n. s.
D. 53. ? A. 55.? C. 13. P. 7. ? V. ? Lat. 115.
Height barely 2^ in the total lengtli. Head J- of same. Snout
3f in length of head. Interorbit ,V, and cleft of mouth (equal
on both sides) 3:} in the same. Dorsal commences on the
occiput, opposite the angle of the upper opercle. Dorsal and
anal rays branched, scaly to the tip. Yentrals small, equal,
jugular. Anal commencing about their length posteriorly.
Pectorals distinct, subrudimentary. Eyes small, lower one
contiguous to rictus, upper one a little in advance. On the upper
lip three or four short thick tentacles. Lateral line extended on
caudal, which is pointed. Eyes on right side. Head on right
side scaled, on left naked, anteriorly with numerous skinny
filaments. Scales of opercle on left side rudimentary. No
visible nostril. Scales strongly ciliated. Dark grey on right
side with three short dark bands on the back, and dark blotches
on the abdomen, suggesting continuity with the dorsal markings.
Elesh- white on left side. Lips white.
For this specimen the Queensland Museum is indebted to
Thomas Mcllraith Esq., of Rockhampton. It is one of two
recently taken at the mouth of of the Eitzroy, by Mr. Marcrow
senr., Eisherman of that town.
In the year 1878, Count Castelnau described (Proc. Linn. Soc.
of N.S.W., vol. iii., p. 51) among other fishes received from the
Norman Eiver his Engraulls nasiitiis. Either there are two
species of Anchovy in that river, or there is an error in the locality
ascribed to E. nasufas. I have before me two species, E. nasutus
taken at the ])re,sent time in the Brisbane Biver, and another
undescribed. The colours of a recent E. nasutus are a play of
iridescent gold-blue and green, gold predominating on the back,
blue on the abdomen. The upper part of the dorsal and the caudal
V
320 DESCHIPTIOX OF THEEE l^EW FISHES OF QUEENSLAND,
are golden-yellow, the lower part of the dorsal is transparent.
Behind the preopercle and orbit are blotches of bronze-red, and
on the mandibles are streaks of the same ; on the base of the
pectoral rays are bright red stains. The head from the snout,
the shoulder, back, and caudal are punctured with black. The
pupil is black, the iris iridescent blue and red. The maxillary
does not extend heyond the gill- cover — the anal rises opposite
the end of the dorsal, and extends to the caudal peduncle. The
lower profile of the snout anterior to the mandible is distinctly
convex. At this season the fish is plentiful in the Brisbane Eiver.
Hearing lately that a graving dock was being pumped dry, I
sent for anything there might be left in it — a dozen small fish
brought to me included seven of this species. Since then the
Chinese Shrimpers hawk them about the streets. The Anchovy
from the Norman Biver will constitute a third species.
E. CAKPENTARItE.
D. 15. A. 21.
Teeth in both jaw^s. Maxillary not reaching heyond gill-cover.
Height and length of head 41 to 5 in the length, without caudal.
Snout i, and orbit \ of length of head. Anal rises opposite
middle of dorsal. Dorsal rises nearer to caudal than to snout. A
strong, longitudinal ridge on the head. Colour of skin, (scales
lost) orange, with a rather broad, silv^ery streak. Head pale,
silvery. A large black spot on each side of occiput with a few
black dots around it. Black dots along the spine and on
each intern eural joint of the dorsal and anal. Caudal punctated
with black, other fins white, immaculate. Average length \\.
It is hardly necessary to say that this fish is very different to
the E. Bussellii, Bleek, which Mr. Macleay informs us is " said
to have been observed on the northern coast of Australia, but on
insufficient evidence."
BY ClIAS. W. DE TIS, B.A. 321
Description op a species of Squill FROii Moreton Bat.
By Ciias. W. Ve Vis, B.A.
Lysiosquilla Miersii, n. s.
Two species of Australian Lysiosquilla are described in Mr,
Haswell's Catalogue of our Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crustacea.
L. acantliocarpus Gr., and L. Brazier i, Miers, both belonging to
Mr. Miers' second section of the genus. The occurrence on the
Eastern Coast of a third species representing the first group, or
that in which the appendages of the antepenultimate joint of the
three posterior pairs of thoracic limbs are almost linear, is not
without interest. The present species though approaching
somewhat near to its natural ally, L. maculatus, Miers, has salient
characters of its own, whi-ch may be recognised in the following
diagnosis :
Carapace smooth, in the form of a truncate isosceles triangle,
rounded at the posterior lateral angles. Bostrum elongate,
cordiform, acuminate, with a median ridge on its produced limb.
Exposed segments with irregular longitudinal wrinkles on the
dorsum, which is slightly depressed, the wTinkling and depression
becoming more pronounced posteriorly. An irregular semi-lunar
depression on each segment near the lateral line. Penultimate
segment, narrow, deeply sculptured in a grotesque fashion.
Telson smooth, with a bold sagittate median ridge and four teeth
on the lateral margiu, of which the anterior two are strong. Ten
long sharp teeth on the dactyli of the raptorial limbs including
the terminal one, which near the tip is anteriorly dilated and
presents a sharp edge. All the teeth finely serrated on the
posterior edge. Eour long sharp teeth on the propus, the
posterior one moderately recurved. Colour light horn-brown.
Exposed thoracic segments with a broad black basal band. Post-
abdominal segments with a similar band at each suture. Carapace
and penultimate joint of raptorial limbs with three broad, dark
bands, appearing beneath the surface, a large black blotch on
322 HABITAT OF CYPEJEA CITETXA OF GEAT,
each side of the telsoD, and on the rami of the appendages of the
sixth segment ; a conspicuous white longitudinal band on each
side of the dorsum.
Log. Moreton Bay, on sand banks.
Habitat or Cyprcea citrina of Geat.
Br J. Beaziee, C.M.Z.S., &c.
There appears to be some doubt about the correct habitat of
this species. When first described by Gray he gave the locality as
Madagascar. Eeeve in his Monograph of the genus makes no
mention of any locality. Sowerby in his Conchological Illustra-
tions and Thes. Conch, gives Madagascar. Through the kindness
of Mr. J. P. Bailey of Victoria, I am enabled to give a true and
correct locality of this rare species. In the month of May of
this year, Mr. Bailey bought a large quantity of shells from a
Chinaman, who obtained them while pearling at the Kowley
Shoals, on the North- west Coast of Australia ; and in the lot
Avere a large quantity of veiy fine Cifprcca Mauritiana, reticulata,
ci/lindrica, suhcylindrica, lielvola, pmitherina, and one example of
citrina.
LtPONIA citeixa.
Cyprcea citrina. Gray, (non Kiener) Zoological Journal, vol. i.,
p. 509, No. 79, (1825), vol. iv., p. 8G (1828); Conch. Illust., pi. 2,
sp. 48, fig. 9. Eeeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 16, species 78, (1815).
Jay's Catalogue of Shells, p. 388, No. 10,111, (1850). Sowerby,
Thes. Conch., pi. 25, fig. 218-219 (1870). Pa?te], Catalog der
Conchylien-Sammlung, p. 7,52, (1873).
Hob. — ? fJReeve)', Madagascar /'(xr^// and >S'o{r('';'iy) ; Eowley
Shoals, North-west Coast of Australia (Bailey).
Tlie specimen described by Gray was from the collection of
Mr. Humphrey who had it under the name of the Small faJ&c
BY J. EEAZIER, C.M.Z.S. 323
argus of Madagascar. Gray also mentions it in volume iv., o£ the
Zoological Journal add. "Woods Cat. App., pi. 3, f . 9. I have not
found any such reference as quoted. The figure given by Kiener
in his Monograph Coquilles Yivantes is C. Jielvola, Linne. Paetel
appears to make citrina and lielvola identical, it is quite evident
he never had clirina in his collection when he compiled the
catalogue.
j^^EW VARIETY OF Oviilitm clepressum, eouxd at Lifou.
By H. C. Eossiter, Corr. Mem.
OvuJum dejjressum, Sowerby, Journ. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1875, p.
128, pi. xxiv., fig. 1. Yolva depressa, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc,
N.S.AV., 1810, p. 182.
Sab. North-west Coast of Australia, {Captahi DemcheJ; Isle
Amede or Lighthouse Island near Noumea, New Caledonia,
fB. G. Bossiter); Bampton Reef (Brazier).
Variety rosea.
Shell rose, or flesh colour, highly polished, very finely striated
on the dorsal surface, strins more distinct near the extremities ;
outer lip very much thickened, light orange colour round the
margin ; base on the columella side with a callus deposit, very
much thickened in the middle, tapering off and forming a ridge
round the margin that extends from end to end, colour bright
orange yellow, then white with a tinge of pink on the inner side ;
interior of the aperture rose pink, extremities tipped with
Vermillion red above and below. Length 20 millemetres.
Hah. Lifou, Loyalty Islands, found on a block of Coral, (B.
C. BossiterJ.
324 XIDIFICATIOX OF THE SPOONBILL AXD HEEOX,
O* THE Breeding Place of Platalea flavipes ak"d Ardea pacifica.
By K. H. Be>'xett, Esq.
On the plains some 30 miles north of the Lachlan Biver is
situated a large hollow or depression thickly overgrown with box
trees ; this hollow is about a mile wide, and winding through it
in various directions are several deep channels, fringed with
Polygonum. The average depth of this depression below the
level of the surrounding plain is between four and five feet, but
in the channels it is much deeper. For several years prior to
1870, very little water collected in this, and what there was, was
confined to the deep channels ; but in the year above mentioned,
owing to the unusual quantity of rain, and the surrounding
country having become harder from stocking, this place assumed
the appearance of a lake, and with the exception of seasons of
drought, large quantities of water have collected there, increasing
or diminishing according to the time of year. It has thus
become a favourite resort and breeding place of large numbers
of water fowl, and amongst them Spoonbills, Platalea flavipes —
the only breeding place of these birds I ever met with. During
the month of January 1877, I had occasion to pass this place,
and my attention was drawn to a large number of Spoonbills
constantly flying in and out of a thick patch of trees near the
centre of the swamp, where I concluded they were breeding. The
water at this time was low, and chiefly confined to the channels.
Wishing greatly to obtain the eggs of this particular bird,
never having seen even a description of one of the species,
I eagerly made for the clump of trees through a dense growth of
" Boley Poley " bushes, that had sprung uj) as the water receded,
riding as far as I could, and leaving my horse, when the ground
became too soft. After some difiiculty, owing to the boggy
nature of the soil, I reached the trees in question, and found
that my surmise as to this being a breeding place was correct,
but to my intense disgust, I was too late, all the nests (amongst
BY K. II. BENNETT, ESQ. 325
which were a number of those of the "White Prouted Heron —
Ardea pacifica), containing young in various stages, four being the
maximum. The nests of the spoonbills were large structures
of sticks, loosely interlaced, with a considerable depression
lined with the soft fibre of decayed bark. Those of the herons
were much more scantily built, and were almost flat, composed
of sticks loosely put together and entirely without lining. The
eggs as I subsequently found were placed on the bare sticks
through the insterstices of which they could be seen from
below. Finding there was no chance of obtaining a Spoonbills
egg, or even the broken shell of one to give an idea of the colour
&c., I turned my attention to the birds, old as well as young,
and truly it was an amusing, and from a naturalist's point of
view, a most interesting sight. The clump or rather belt was
some fifty yards long, the trees composing it being low and
gnarled, their crooked and distorted branches crossing one another
and forming capital foundations for nests ; an advantage the
birds had evidently recognized, for every available place was
occupied by a nest, either of Spoonbill or Heron. In some
cases two or more nests were placed close together, and in these
instances it was amusing to watch the conduct of the parent birds
as one or other of them returned with food to its insatiable
progeny ; for in its hurry, and through the close proximity
of the nests, it would alight on the wrong nest, an intrusion
the others would fiercely resent, and a battle would occur,
accompanied by loud angry croakings, which on one occasion
resulted in a young one being knocked out of the nest during
the struggle : at other times a ravenous youngster in its eager-
ness to obtain the coveted morsel brought by his unwearying
parent, would overstretch himself and topple out of the nest, his
descent being sometimes stopped by head, leg, or wing being
caught in some forked branch, where he would hang feebly
fluttering until death ended his sufferings. I saw many dead ones
suspended in this way ; in other cases the young one falling on
826 XIDIFICATIOX OF THE SPOONBILL AXD IIEROX,
the soft ground or in the water, quickly became the prey of the
crows and hawks of various kinds, which were having a " good
time of it," whilst now and again a hawk apparently preferring
game of his own capture, would swoop down on a nest and
clutching a struggling, croaking victim, bear him off to some
adjacent tree, there to be devoured at leisure. Meanwhile the
flapping noise of the birds' wings as they flew to and fro, the
hoarse croaking sounds emitted by both adults and young, the
cries of the herons, the cawing of innumerable crows, and the
shrill whistle of the eagle — Haliaster splienurus — made up a Babel
of sounds not soon forgotten, and altogether formed one of the
most animated scenes in nature that it has been my fortune to
witness. I have said these birds hatched four young ones, but
judging from the mortality I saw amongst them, I should think
that scarcely half that number arrived at maturit}^ I took a
couple of the young Spoonbills home, and although not confined
they became thoroughly domesticated.
Having occasion about two years subsequently to revisit my
father's station, " Yandeenbah," from which this swamp is distant
only a few miles, I availed myself of the opportunity to* pay
another visit to the breeding places of the Spoonbills ; and as I
felt sure in the event of the heronry being still occupied, I should
this time be successful in obtaining eggs, I took a small bag in
which to stow my spoil. On arrival at the place I found that
owing to the recent and heavy rains the whole swamp was con-
verted into alake, but to my great satisfaction I saw that the clump
of trees was still tenanted by the Spoonbills. To tie up my
horse and strip off my clothes was but the work of a few minutes
and taking my bag I started. For some distance the water was
shallow, reaching to my waist, but this was decidedly the worst
of the trip, for the ground was covered with a dense growth of
the terrible thorny plant, known in the district as " Roley Foley "
bushes, which it was impossible to avoid, and of which I still
retain a lively recollection. As tbe water deepened, I took to
BY K. n. BEXXETT, ESQ. 327
swimming, and thus got clear of the " llolej Poleys," and with
the exception of encountering a few snags and stumps made a
rapid and uneventful voyage to within a short distance of my
destination. Here again troubles commenced ; tlic water shallowed
and the dreaded "E-oley Poleys" Avere as thick as ever. ]My
naturalist's spirit, however triumphed, and I made my way to the
nearest tree ; which contained three nests, from each of which
a Spoonbill flew as I approached. Eager to secure my prize I
commenced climbing the tree ; but numbers of the large " Bull-
dog" ant had taken refuge in the branches, and of their presence
I was soon painfully aware by numerous stings ; but the Spoon-
bill's egg I was determined to have in spite of the ants, and wath
an occasional muttered imprecation at each additional sting, I
at last had the gratification of beholding my first Spoonbill's
eggs, which were rather long, and pointed, the colour white.
Each of the three nests contained four eggs, and from where
I stood, I could see into several other nests ; none of which con-
tained more than four. The Herons Inoticed, were also breeding,
their nests containing the same number of eggs.
Having any quantity to choose from, I contented myself with
some half dozen of the best looking eggs of both Heron and
Spoonbill, taken from various nests. Whilst taking these eggs I
discovered the nest of a Whistling Eagle in a tree a short distance
away, and on which the female bird was sitting, doubtless with
the idea of reaping a rich harvest for herself and young, in the
not far distant future. In this — so far as her present embryo
family were concerned, she was mistaken, for I soon had her
fine pair of eggs transferred to my bag, and as there was nothing
else to be obtained just there, I continued my exploration by
visiting other parts of the lake, w^hich resulted in discovering
several additional species of nests and eggs, amongst which were
two nests of the Xankeen Heron — fNycticorax CaledonicusJ, each
containing four eggs, about the same size and colour as those o£
Ardea pacijica, but of a paler tint. The nests were similar in
328 Is'OTES AT^'D EXHIBITS.
construction and position to tliose of A. pacijica. By this time
my bag was pretty well full, so I made my way sliorewards and
returned home well pleased with the result of my day's labours,
though smarting dreadfully from the combined effects of " Eoley
Foley " thorns, and the stings of ants, to say nothing of sun-
burned shoulders.
KOTES AI^D EXHIBITS.
Dr. Ewan exhibited a sample of nitrate of uranium, a most
j)Owerf ul irritant, also of caffeine. He gave an account of the
preparation and characters of this drug, and remarked on its
physiological action, it first producing spasm and then paralysis
in dogs, rabbits, cats, birds, and fish ; one grain injected into the
vein of a small dog being sufficient to destroy life. He said that
the peculiar effects produced by taking strong coffee were
attributable to the presence of a certain percentage of caffeine.
Dr. Ewan also exhibited specimens of citrate of caffeine, and
a large specimen of the gum resin of Eucalifptiis rjlohulus, from
near Launceston, Tasmania.
Dr. Cox, exhibited a specimen of Lcdirus Sfranr/ei, of A.
Adams, collected from the sea shore at Bulli. This species had
been so briefly recorded by Mr. Adams that it was difficult to
identify ; no measurement or figures being given. The length
of this rare specimen was one inch and a-quartcr. Mr. Strange
was the first to find the species, but one specimen has since been
collected by Mr. John Brazier, at the Bottle and Grlass rocks,
and one at Shark Island in Port Jackson. Dr. Cox also exhibited
a number of fossil nuts and seeds which had been presented to
him by Mr. William Newton, junr., who had obtained them at
a depth of 210 feet in washdirt found under the basaltic rock in
the shaft of the Grreat Extended claim, Eorest lieefs, Orange.
The specimens shown represented the species llhytldocaryon
]!fOTES AND EXHIBITS. 329
Wilkinsoni, ^hymatocaryon Machayi, P. angular e, Penteune
GlarJcei, Spondylostrohus Smithii, &c. Mr. Wilkinson explained
by a rough section the geological structure of the locality : An
old valley in the Silurian rocks, with its bottom of auriferous
drift, in which the specimens were found, had been filled up by a
flow of basalt from the neighbourhood of the Canobola Mountain,
through which the shaft above mentioned is sunk to the bed rock.
Dr. Cox exhibited in addition, a stone hatchet, obtained from
Kane's Paddocks by Mr. Newton, jun. This hatchet differs
from those usually found in not being made from a smooth water-
worn pebble, but from a piece of metamorphic rock, which has
been split and chipped so as to resemble the ordinary waterworn
stone hatchets.
Mr. T. Tenison-Woods exhibited a drawing of impressions
of the " red hands," made by the aborigines in a rocky recess in
the Mudgee district. This peculiar symbol, the exact meaning
of which was unknown, existed among all the tribes throughout
the whole of Australia. The speciality of this exhibit was that
the impression consisted of both hands, left and right, the right
hand impression being usually the only one made. Mr. Tenison-
Woods stated that he hoped to furnish the Society at a future
date with further observations on this practice of the aborigines.
Dr. Cox described the manner in which the impressions were
made.
The Hon. W. Macleay, T.L.S., exhibited some grape vine
cuttings much eaten by the larva of a weevil. He said that he
had received these cuttings from Mr. A. T. Holroyd, whose
gardener had discovered, in pruning his vines, that a large
number of them had been attacked in this way. The larva is a
small white, fleshy, curved, apod grub, evidently of the weevil
tribe, which commences its ravages at or near the extremities of
the young shoots of the vine, and works its way towards and
even into the old timber and roots of the plant, eating away the
330 >'OTES AXD EXHIBITS.
entire pith of tlie braucli, but never giving any external evidence
of its presence. The larvse of many of these Curculionidse were
so alike, that until specimens of the perfect insect were procured
he could not possibly tell the species or even genus of the beetle.
3Ir. Macleay also exhibited two large wall diagrams representing
highly magnified coloured figures of Fhylloxera vasfafrix, in all
stages of growth. He stated that Mr. Augustus Morris had
lately received these plates from France, and had kindly presented
them to the library of the Society.
Mr. E. P. Hamsay, Curator of the Australian Museum,
exhibited : 1, a flint nodule, from a chalk formation in the Solomon
Islands ; 2, seeds of a supposed new species of Cocos from the
Island of Ugi, Solomon Islands ; 3, branches of a Eucali/ptics,
said to be punctured b}^ the ovipositor of a Cicada, sent from
Pennant Hills by Mr. H. A. Richardson, of Piirramatta; and 4,
a photograph of a large specimen of the John Dory, Zeus aits frails
which weighed about 5 lbs., and was caught in Port Jackson.
Mr. Brazier exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Bailey, the specimen
of Cyjprcea cltrlna mentioned in his paper, and on behalf of Mr.
H. C. E-ossiter a specimen of Ovulum depressum, and the variety
■rosea. Mr. Brazier also exhibited parts 37 and 38 of Sowerby's
"Thesaurus Conchyliorum."
■♦ ♦•
WEDNESDAY, SOth AUGUST, 1882.
The President J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., &c., in the Chair.
nONATIOXS.
" Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute,"
Vol. 14, for 1881.
" Papers, Proceedings, and Report of the Royal Society of
Tasmania," for 1881.
DOXATIOXS. 331
" Annales de la Societo Malacologiquc de Belglqiie," tome 13,
1S78.
" Proces verbaux de la Societe Malacologiquc de Belgique,"
Oct. a Dec, 1880, Juin a Dec, ISSl, et Janvier, 1882.
" Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London," part 4,
1881.
" Eeport of tlie progress of the Geological and Natural
History Survey of Canada," during 1879-80, with four maps.
"Eesults of Double Star Measures, 1871 to 1881," by Mr. IL
C. E-ussell, B.A., Grovernment Astronomer. •
" Southern Science Eecord," Vol. II., Xo. 9, July, 1882.
" Journal of the Eoyal Microscopical Society of London,"
June, 1882.
" Preliminary Remarks on Observations made in Davos in the
winter of 1881-82, by A. W. Waters, P.L.S., &c, &c
" Journal of Conchology," Vol. III., Xos. 6, 7, 8, and 9, April
1881 to January 1882.
•^,
•APEES EEAD.
Botanical JS'otes ox Queexslaxd. — No. lY.
Bt the Eet. J. E. Tenisox-Woods, Vice-Peesidext, &c.
Myetaceje.
JEucalijpfiis terctlcorn'is, Sm. This is called the red gum iu
Queensland, and is similar in habit to E. rostrata of which it
may only be a variety. It grows near running water or in the
beds of streams. It is found on botli sides of the Dividing
Eange, and even on the very borders of mangrove swamps. In
well watered open forests it may be said to be the prevailing
gum tree. In the tropics, where the soil is rich, the banks of
the streams are so thickly clothed with scrub, that one begins to
lose sight of it, especially north of Card well, I remember seeing
332 BOTANICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
it on the Herbert River and on the Barron. But at Herberton
and on the tableland it is not uncommon.
E. platyphylla, E.v.M. This gum tree begins to appear about
Bockhampton and soon is the prevailing tree, on the poor dry
sandy land of the tropics. Its distinguishing character is the
great width of the leaves and the conspicuous cream-coloured,
smooth bark. Unlike most of the gum trees the bark of which
does not split, the deciduous portions soon fall off, so that there
are none of those strips and ribbons or dark crests of bark which
are so characteristic of the Australian bush. The bark is smooth
or slightly wrinkled and of bright colour. Thus the tree is
always conspicuous, and when the open forest is composed of it
as it is between Townsville and the tableland, the eifect of the
masses of white trunks is very striking. It is never a tall tree,
nor is the trunk thick ; the branches are usually straggling and
not stained with exudations of gum. The size of the young
leaves is astonishing, I have measured on young shoots leaves 18
inches long and 15 across. Most Eucalypts have some peculiarity
in the young state. In this case the leaves are not placed at
right angles to the stem, but are very much larger than in any
other Eucalypt of the east coast. It grows on the poorest sandy
soil and does not seem to require much moisture, though doubtless,
being in the tropics it gets a good deal more than it would be
likely to receive in more temperate portions of Australia. The
wood is very inferior, and not much used even for burning. As
it grows well on very poor soil it would be worth while to try it
in cooler colonies for the sake of its shade.
JE. licBmastoma, Sm. I do not know whether I am right m my
determination of this tree, and I have been exceedingly unfortu-
nate with my specimens, not one of which were preserved for
comparison. I wish to specify it, because next to E.platyphylla
it is the most common in all open forests and poor soils from
Moreton Bay to Cape Flattery. It may occur to the Bouth of
Moreton Bay, but I have not had an opportunity of examining,
BY THE EEY. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S. 333
It IS a poor tree, seldom 30 feet high, wood of no value, bark
very white but always rather thickly spotted with deciduous dark
brown scales, covering a spotted or variegated trunk. One
peculiarity in the species is that the bark does not split so much
longitudinally as transversely, so that there are many segments
in every scale which remains on the branches.
JE. corymbosa^ Sm. This tree which is generally known as the
Blood- wood, has been observed by me in all the open forests as
far as the waters of the Mitchell, and I have little doubt that it
is found round the coasts of Carpentaria. One never sees these
gum trees growing in a cluster, they are always scattered. The
brilliant red colour of the gum which is like fresh blood is perhaps
the origin of the local name. The gum occupies the interstices
of the wood to such an extent that the timber can always be
distinguished by this peculiarity.
H. terminalis, E. v. Muell. Very like the Bloodwood in habit
but it is never so fine a tree. The bark is more scaly and of a
pale red color and the trees cluster together more. It is, as the
bushmen call it, more " patchy." Sometimes you may journey
for a day or so without seeing it, and then you may have it in sight
all round for many miles. It has a very wide range ; I think I first
noticed it on the edges of "Brigalow scrubs" near the Comet
Hiver, north of that I think I have seen it in places all through
Eastern Australia. The natives about the Dawson call it " a-
rang-mill." The wood would be of some value were it not always
so small.
_£'. tesselaris, F. v. Muell. This is the Moreton Bay Ash of the
colonists. To look at the species it is certainly a graceful
ornament to the forest scenery. It grows tall and straight with
graceful, pendulous, bright green leaves. The stem for about
half-way up the trunk has a rough scaly bark, which splits into
small squares like tesselated or mosaic work. Above this the
tree is smooth with grey or green bark. This half-barked
334 BOTAT^'iCAL XOTES ON quee^'sla:nd,
character is Ter j constant aud peculiar, by it the trees cau always
be known. It grows in open forest and swampy land ; around
Moreton Bay, G-ympie, &c., the w^ood is not valued for any
purpose whatever ; about Bockhampton, Mr. O'Shannessy says
that the heart-wood is good enough, but the sap-wood soon
decays ; about Townsville, Charters Towers, the timber is highly
esteemed and used for all useful purposes. The only w^ay to
account for this is by supposing that the warmer climate is its
proper habitat. I have seen this tree in nearly all the open
lands of north-east Australia, but more prevalent about Moreton
Bay and Maryborough than anywhere.
_E'. raveretiana^ P. v. Mueller. This tree was first described by
the eminent Earon von Mueller in 1877, in the tenth volume of
the " Fragmenta Phytographia) Australise," (p. 99) and again
more fully in the Pirst Decade of the " Eucalyptographia." It
escaped the observation of botanists for so long because its habit
and appearance is somewhat like -£7. tereticornis. For my own
part I had very often passed it by without notice, although,
certainly, it is one of the finest of our tropical Australian
Eucalypts. My first acquaintance with it was on the Comet
Hiver, in Queensland, between Cometville and Springsure.
Standing one day at the foot of one of the lofty trees, on w hat
are called the flooded banks of the river, my attention was called
to the very small seed vessels which were plentifully strewn on
the ground. These were very much smaller than any gum tree
with which I w\as familiar. I soon perceived that the flowers
were also small, and the operculum though prolonged is different
from either E. tereticornis or its congener or variety E. rostrata.
A little research revealed tliat it was the Baron's new species,
which he named after M. Eaveret-Wattel, distinguished by his
important essay " FEucalyptus, son introduction sa culture &c."
After that I became familiar with the species. It is truly a
noble tree, towering aboA'C every other gum tree on the banks
aud even in the bed of rivers. I think it is best seen in the bed
BY TKE EEY. J. E. TEXISOX-WOODS, F.G.S. 335
of the Nogoa E-iver, not far from the town of Emerald. I have
never seen it except in the beds or on the banks of important
streams. Baron von Mueller has given such a complete description
of its characters, that I need add nothing here except the new
habitats in which I have observed it. On the Dawson Hiver it
is common, and also on the Med way at the foot of the Drummond
Kange ; I saw it also on the Pioneer Eiver under the main range
near Mackay. Again, on the Herbert it appears, on the Eoss,
Haughton, and more rarely on the Burdekin Elvers. I do not
remember ever having noticed it on the west side of the Dividing
Eange. It goes by the local names of Grey Gum, Iron Gum,
and Woolly-but, (far removed however, from the Is'ew South
"Wales tree of that name) and it is highly esteemed as a timber
tree. It was much valued for sleepers on the central railway,
but the plate layers told me that it was so hard that it destroyed
their tools. The wood is a dark brown and takes a beautiful
polish, besides being close-grained without any interstices filled
with gum. It is altogether one of the most valuable timber trees
of the tropics, in respect to size and the quality of the wood,
only it is not very plentiful.
E. melanopliloia, F. v. Muell. On all the barren stony ranges
right up to the Mitchell Eiver, and even perhaps beyond, the
traveller cannot help noticing a stunted gum tree with deeply
furrowed black bark and pale grey-green leaves with a whitish
bloom upon them. These leaves are nearly round, opposite,
without leaf-stalks and stem clasping, a peculiarity which all
observers will have noticed belongs to the young state of many
gum trees. But however old the tree, the leaves always have
this form. Another peculiarity about it is that the rough deeply
furrowed black bark extends to the very small branches. Xow
in most Eucalypts the bark however rough on the stem becomes
smooth on the smaller branches, but it is not so here. The bark
is always rough and always black and coarse looking. I used to
think that this was a stunted variety of E. crebrci or the Iron
W
336 BOTANICAL NOTES OX QUEEXSLAXD,
Bark, to be noticed presently, and I am still not very clear on
the subject as the trees are in many respects so very much alike.
But they grow side by side, and the opposite leaved character of
the present species is always maintained. Still the appearance
is that of a Eucalypt not fully developed, especially in that
whitish bloom on the leaves, and it never is seen of the size or
appearance of a fully grown tree. The only way to settle this
will be to sow the seeds of both and watch their growth. The
wood of E. melanopldoia is not valued for any purpose, but
mainly because it is so small and stunted. It never grows in
good soil and mostly prefers rocky ground. I have seen it
abundantly inland as far north as the waters of Carpentaria and
it extends into New South Wales. It generally goes by the
name of the silver leaved Ironbark, from the whitish bloom on
the leaves.
JE. crebra., E. v. Muell. jSTo one who travels in the interior of
tropical Australia can help being familiar with this tree. It is
the prevaling feature of all the open gum forests, and as a rule
is to be found on all poor level ground. It has a hard persistent
•deeply furrowed black bark, and like the last species this
character is maintained on the very small branches. It is a good
timber tree and attains a fair height in favourable situations. I
have seen it everywhere in the interior, and I believe it is common
in the northern parts of New South AVales as in Queensland.
I should say it is one of the most common gum trees in Eastern
Australia, and a verj' large vocabulary might be made of its
numerous local names. On the Peak Downs about Clermont
and Copperfield it is especially plentiful, and all around the
Hodgkinson diggings. I mention this fact just to show that
whatever febrifuge qualities the Eucalypts may possess, the mere
presence of some species will not be enough to dissipate malaria.
In the places I have mentioned fever and ague were common
enough, yet the prevailing winds used to blow through hundreds
•of miles of these gum tree^ ere they reached the infected localities.
EY THE REV. J. E. TENTSOX- WOODS, F.G.S. 337
E. creJjra, is a most valuable tree because it will grow almost
anywhere, aud the wood is much esteemed for nearly every
purpose. I am not at all sure that an attentive observation
would not show that this species is no more than a slight variety
of the A^ictorian Iron Bark, E. leucoxijlon. It would be very
hard indeed to draw any clear line of distinction between them,
except in the anthers, which in E. crehra are all fertile, and in
the Victorian Iron Bark have the outer row of filaments destitute
of anthers. As far as the habits of the two trees are concerned,
nothing could be more similar. An attentive study of E.
leucoxijlon has shown that it varies in a most remarkable degree,
and especially in that which is usually regarded as a good and
permanent specific distinction, that is, the bark. Baron von.
Mueller in the " Eucalyptographia," mentions that the Victorian
Iron Bark is the same as the White Grum of South Australia.
Prom "Western Victoria, that is west of the Grampian and
Victorian Ranges, such a thing as an Iron Bark tree is not known,
but instead we have, in all the poor soils a miserable tree, useless
in its wood and with a ragged deciduous bark, which comes off
in long strips. This tree is also found on the clay pans and wet
ground of the Murray scrubs, and more or less abundantly it is
found throughout the colony of South Australia for at least 100
miles north of Adelaide, that is over about 40,000 square miles
of country. Climate and soil we may say are the causes which
make the two strongly marked varieties, for as soon as we get
into stony quartzose ridges, somewhat above 700 feet over the
sea level, at once the white gum becomes Iron Bark ; the wood
is excellent, nay, one of the best, and the trees could not be more
unlike White Grum. This remarkable fact is surely worthy of
study and shows how much we have still to learn about the
variability of our Eucalypts.
E, gracilis, F. v Muell. This Eucalypt affords a good instance
of the local distribution of some of the species. It is nowhere
abundant, but it is found in desert portions of the colonies from
338 BOTAIN'ICAL Is'OTES OX QUEEXSLAXD,
"West Australia to Queensland. Mr. O'Shannessj in his
"Contributions to tlie Flora of Queensland " was the first to
chronicle the prevalence of this species in the tropics of North-
east Australia, and he states, that Mr. Tliozet discovered it on
Expedition Eange. Travellers by the Central E-ailway may
notice a small patch of this tree in the desert scrub about half-
way between the Comet River and Emerald. When once
identified the tree can hardly be mistaken for any other. It is
of graceful habit, so that its name is really well applied. The
white bark, slender stem, widely spreading branches with small
narrow leaves, make it always an elegant, but never a large tree.
The stem, says Mr. O'Shannessy, is generally fluted so as to
resemble the pipes of an organ, and this is a peculiarit}^ that I
have noticed as well. The farthest north that I have observed
this tree is on the dry sandy scrubs on the Burdekin E/iver, not
far from Charters Towers.
E. macidata, Hook., " Spotted Grum." This tree which is so
very common on the east side of the coast range in New South
Wales was thought at no very distant date to be almost confined
to this colony. But it changes its character, and under another
name, E. citrioilora or Lemon Scented Gum extends right up to
the waters of Carpentaria. It is always a fine tree and loves the
warm sheltered eastern slopes of the ranges. But in tropical
Queensland it becomes a very much finer tree. The peculiar
spotted appearance of the stem is exchanged for a uniform greyish
blue tint. The tree is tall and stately, with a large sound trunk
and in fact there are no Eucalypts which can at all compete with
it in size except E. raveretiana, and its leaves now send forth a
strong perfume which is most grateful at a distance and like
roses, but close it is moot powerful and pungent and exactly like
essential oil of lemon. This most extraordinary change of
characters deserves an attentive study, because it shows that there
is scarcely any limit to which variation in these trees may not go.
In the " Flora," Dr. Bentham thought that E. citrioilora was
BY TUE HEY. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.G.S. 339
very closely allied to E. corijmhosa, which was clearly an error,
but he also saw its resemblance to the Spotted Grum of New
South AVales. I have tried to fix the southern limit of the
citriodora variety. Between Maryborough and the Burnett is the
first j^lace where the peculiar smell of rose leaves becomes
apparent in the open forests. Mr. C. Moore is quoted as having
found it in AVide Bay. On the road between Grympie and
Maryborough, or about 120 miles north of Brisbane, the spotted
variety of E. macidata is very abundant on stony ridges. The
spotted character has disappeared somewhat and the trunks of
the trees have a uniform reddish hue which is very remarkable.
Here too, one notices that the trees exude great quantities of a
dark brown resin that ought to be of some commercial value.
The strong rose scent in the woods which is indicative of this
tree begins about the Burrum E/iver on the overland road between
Maryborough and Bundaberg. The tree is however, nowhere
abundant and I think places may be found where the two varieties
grow side by side on the Burnett. After this the spotted variety
disappears and the scented kinds are confined to a few stony spots
of the most elevated ridges as one journeys north. The farthest
north I have seen it was on the summit of the Slate Eange, 2,100
feet above the sea, on Carpentarian waters, in about Lat. 1Q° S.
It extends no great distance inland. Fifty miles from the coast
is the farthest I remember to have seen it : The wood is
esteemed for dray poles, but the Government will not allow it to
be used in the telegraph line. In the young state the shoots are
often hispid from an abundance of coarse glandular hairs of red
colour. This variety has more the odour of balm than of lemon,
and hence was described as a different species. This is E.
melUslodora, Lindley, of the Plora which was found by Mitchell
and described in " Tropical Australia." The appearance for a
young Eucalypt is very remarkable. The foliage is short and
rough and quite rusty looking, from the glands which become
bristly on the small branches. Altogether E. maculata is one of
810 BOTAIflCAL NOTES OX QLTEENSLAyD,
the most interestiDg as well as the most valuable of the Eucaljpts.
The oil from the leaves has a most powerful odour of lemons and
may be used yet as a substitute for the essential oil. The leaves
retain their scent long after they are dry, though it gradually
becomes faint. When freshly gathered and bruised it is quite
pungent, shghtly stinging the eyes and nose. It is said by Mr.
O'Shanessy, that a pillow of the dried leaves is a remedy for
fever and ague. They are certainly a specific against the cock-
roach and " silver fish " insects, which are the great domestic
pests of northern Queensland.
E. populifolia, Hooker. About the validity of this species
there was some doubt. Bentham regarded it as the same as E.
poli/anthema^ Schaur. However, Baron v. Mueller has given very
sufficient reasons for regarding them as distinct.* The tree is
very abundant about Kockhampton, where it goes by the name
of box. The blacks called it Egolla. But for the large leaves
which are very much like those of the Poplar, it is exactly similar
to the tree which goes by the name of Bastard Box through so
large an extent of Victoria and New South "Wales. The bark
is grey and persistent, not exactly furrowed but finely split so as
to show a very fibrous character. It is very much used by
settlers to make not only the roofs but also the walls of huts. It
strips off easily in sheets and is very suitable for buildings when
it has been pressed flat. A remarkable character in this tree is
the tendency to enlarge about the root, which often spreads so
as to form literally sheets of wood, or rises in huge tumefactions
or swellings on the roots and stems. This is also the character
of E. 'polyanthema (Bastard Box). As one is hurried across the
Liverpool Plains in the railway, it is worth while to notice the
number of trees which have these swellings upon their roots or
sides. Scarcely one will be found to be exempt. I attribute
the cause of this to the compact character of the bark which
See Eucalyptographiae, 3rd Decade.
BY THE EEY. J. E. TEJflSOX-WOODS, F.U.S. 341
prevents the shoots from emerging. But the subject needs
examination and is worth attention.
E. exserta, F. v. Mueller, which Bcntham regards as a
variety of E. rostrafa, (which is again perhaps only a variety of
jE'. fereficomis,) was noticed by me on the basaltic ridges between
Port Mackay and Clermont. This is the most northerly habitat
hitherto recorded. It is a fine tree and the wood is excellent.
I saw it also at Springsure, and again it has been pointed out by
Mr. O'Shancssy as flourishing near Kockhampton in one small
patch.
I find in my note book many other remarks about the Eucalypts
but unfortunately the specimens which corresponded with these
notes, were either lost in an accident which occurred to my pack-
horses near Trinity Bay, or the plants are too incomplete for
identification. I especially regret this as I had some remarks,
which I think were of importance, with reference to the Eucalypts
of Herberton and the Hodgkinson ranges.
Tristania exiliflora, E.v.M. I found this species on the summit
of Castle Hill or Mount Cutheringa, immediately behind Towns-
ville, at an elevation of nearly 1,000 feet above the sea, Bentham
says that the only distinction Avhich can be made between this
and T. laiirina, is that the flowers are small and the seeds not
winged. T. conferta and T. suaveolens, are the prevailing trees
in almost all open forests from Moreton Bay right up to the
Grulf of Carpentaria. The dense coriaceous foliage of T. conferta
makes it look like a fig-tree, but for the bark. It is a most
agreeable addition to the forest vegetation of all Queensland and
gives a refreshing shade.
Baclcliousia citriodora, F. v. Muell. From this plant, which
smells even more strongly of lemon thyme than the Eucalypt
already mentioned, Mr. Staiger the Government Analytical
Chemist, extracted a powerful essential oil. I noticed the tree
on the Kiver Burrum, but nowhere further north.
342 ox A COAL PLANT FEO^^I QUEENSLAND,
Lysicarpiis ternifolms, F. v. Muell. This is what generally
goes by the name of " Stringy Bark " in this part of the continent
and as far as the bark is concerned it is very like the tree of that
name elsewhere or Eucalyptus ohllqua. But the leaves are very
different and so I need hardly say, arc the flowers. It is only
quoted from one or two places in the " Flora," but I have found
it forming the principal ingredient of some of the scrubs between
the Comet, Nogoa, and Belyando E-ivers. The fibre is of such a
superior quality that it has been sought for by rope and paper
makers, but hitherto the price offered has not been sufficient
inducement for its collection.
3fetrosideros chrysanthus, E. v. Mueller, which Bentham
regarded as a distinct genus (XanthostemonJ was seen by me in
many forests around Trinity Bay, on the Barron and Mulgrave
Rivers.
Myrtus gonocJada, F. v. Muell. This tree is found in the sub-
tropical forests as far at least as the Burnett Biver. The wood is
called ironwood by the settlers, and is of extraordinary hardness.
It would be superior to box for wood engraving. It is seldom
above 25 feet in height and the stem is consequently small.
Cedar-getters do not like to use their axes upon it. It is very
common in shad}^ places.
On A Coal Plant from Queensland.
By the Bet. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.O.S., F.L.S., &c.
The plant imj^ressions which I exhibit this evening were taken
from the Tivoli Mine near Ipswich, Queensland. It will be
observed that amongst the fragmentary mass of leaf impressions
in the clay, there are certain disk-like forms of rather an
ornamental character. They are shaped like toothed wheels
with a small central perforation and a radiate ring of pear shaped
perforations near the edge. These disks are very abundant in
BY THE REY. J. E. TENISOX-WOODS, F.G.S. 343
some places and suggest the idea o£ fruits, but there are no
known fruits of this character, either living or fossil. A little
attention to the plant impressions by which they are always
accompanied will explain their origin. These might easily be
mistaken for JBliyllotlieca a closely allied plant, but they are not
of that genus. The whorls of leaves at the free ends of the
sheaths are never present. Instead of them we have the toothed
closely ad2)ressed sheath of Eciuisetum, which shows us that this
is the genus with which we have to deal. Now Equisetum is a
plant in which the stem is fistular and with one or two rings of
longitudinal cavities in its circumference. At intervals the stem
is divided by transverse disks, which have this single or double
ring of cavities. The outside ring is seldom seen as this is the
portion where the disks break away. As they contain a good
deal of silica they are easily preserved, they are always found
abundantly in the soft marshy ground on which Equisetum grows.
We have no such plants existing in Australia, but they occur in
all other portions of the globe except New Zealand. Eormerly
they played a most important part in the world's vegetation, and
many believe that Calamites, SplienopliylJum, and Annulariu
belonged to the same family of Equisetacecs.
Disks somewhat resembling the present have been found in the
Oolitic Coal of England, and in the Upper Trias of France and
Grermany. At one time they excited some little controversy as
to their nature, but there seems now to be no doubt of their
cryptogamic character.
Equisetum is not previously recorded from our Australian plant
formations. One species is described from the Gondwana beds
in India, by Oldham and Feistmantel — E. rajmahalensis. This
plant somewhat resembles our species, but the differences in the
diaphragmata are great.
In a paper I am preparing on the whole of our coal flora in
Australia, I shall deal with this species. In the meantime in the
3M OBSEETATIOXS ON A^' INSECT INJUEIOrS TO THE YIXE,
absence of any evidence that it is specifically identical witli any
described Equisetiun, I distinguish it as -C. rotiferum.
Nothing approaching the spore-bearing spikes was seen by
me, so that the fructification must remain unknownforthe present.
True Pliijllotlieca have not been met with by me in these beds.
Obseeyations on an Insect injueiotjs to the Vine.
By William Macleay, P.L.S., &c.
At the last monthly meeting of this Society I exhibited some
Coleopterous larvae which had been found by Mr. Holroyd to
have committed very serious havoc among his grape-vines. I
also exhibited cuttings of the injured plants, showing the pith or
centre of the branch com2:)letely eaten away along the entire
length of the season's wood, with, in some cases, the devastation
extending into the old wood and the roots. I said at the time
that the grub was the larva of a Curculionidous beetle, but that
until I had seen the perfect insect, I could not possibly tell the
species or even genus, so much alike were all the larva) of that
group. I am now, however, able to speak positively on the
subject.
A few days ago Mr. Holroyd brought me several specimens of
both sexes, some — in coitu, of a beetle taken by his gardener out of
the injured plants, and which arc most undoubtedly the outcome
of the grubs which had caused all the injury. I find them to be
specimens of Ortlwrhinus Khigii, of Schonherr.
The genus Ortliorliinus numbers about 20 species, and is found
only in Australia and a few of the Polynesian Islands. The
description of it, translated from Lacordaire's " Genera des
Coleopteres, vol. G, p. 462," is as follows : "Head subglobulose ;
rostrum much narrower than the head, rather robust, straight,
cylindrical, longer than the head. Antennae of moderate length,
ET TV. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 345
and sliglit ; scape not thicker at the tip ; funiculus of seven joints,
obconic, first and second elongate, from the third to the seventli
of variable length, getting gradually thicker ; the club oval,
articulated. Eyes large, vertical, sinuated beneath. Thorax
scarcely or not transversal, rounded at the sides, slightly bisiuuated
at the base, bulging out anteriorly, with the anterior border more
or less prominent, and profoundly sinuated on the antero-inf erior
border. Scutellum of a curvilinear-triangle form. Elytra
subcylindrical, rather wider than the thorax, and very slightly
sinuate at their base. The anterior legs elongated, in the males
particularly, slightly separated ; tibiae robust, compressed, bi-
sinuated in front, and strongly pointed at their extremity ; tarsi
spongy beneath, with the third joint much larger than the first
and second, the fourth of medium size, the claws of variable
length ; the second abdominal segment much larger than the
third and fourth united, separated from the first by a strongly
arcuated suture. Mesothoracic epimera rather large. Body
oblong, unequal, scaly.
The species 0. KJur/ii was first described in Schonherr's great
work on the Curculionidas, Yol. 3, p. 246, though it seems to have
been known previously to Hope, as Schonherr acknowledges
having received the insect from Hope with the name attached.
The specific characters given to the species by Schonherr are here
translated :
" Oblong, black, clothed above with deep brownish-red scales,
and beneath with lighter reddish-brown ; rostrum rather slender,
rugose-punctate ; thorax oblong, remotely and obsoletely tuber-
culated, in front bifasciculated, with a patch in front of the
scutellum of a reddish-brown ; the elytra finely striate-punctate,
marked with a transverse, oblique, reddish fascia, the alternate
interstices rather elevated, and with four rather large fasciculated
tubercles." The average length of the species is (female) eight
millemetres ; and the greatest width three millimetres. The
male is about half that size.
546 OBSERYATIOX^S ON" AX INSECT IXJUEIOUS TO THE TINE,
My cabinet contains specimens of tlie species from all the
Australian Colonies, from wliicli it may be inferred that it is an
insect of wide distribution, I have never however, until now
known of its being noticed for its destructive tendencies. This
however, may only be an evidence of want of observation, for
other better known species of the genus are extremely destructive
to fruit and forest trees. The largest species, of the genus —
Ortliorldnus cylindrirostris is very common, and sometimes very
injurious. I can well remember more than twenty years ago a
number of fine Pine trees at Elizabeth Bay being killed through
the agency of this beetle. But in truth all of the genus must be
from their habits necessarily destructive, whenever from some
cause or another they become more than usually numerous.
Their nearest ally in Eijrope the common Hylohius ahietls has
become more than once for a time so numerous as to threaten
with extinction the Eir Eorests of Northern Europe. I am not
aware what the native trees or plants are which O. Kliigii feeds
on or used to feed on, but it seems more than likely that if it
takes kindly to an introduced plant like the G-rape Vine, it may
develope into a very serious pest. The experience of another
reason will enable us to judge with more accuracy of the amount
of injury which these insects are capable of inflicting, than we
possibly can at present.
In the meantime it is most desirable that vignerons and horti-
culturists generally, should watch for the appearance of the
perfect insect, which is noio issuing from the pupa state, and
take particular note of what plants it shows a preference for, as
it is possible that the Grape Vine may not be the only product
of the Orchard which suits its taste.
The beetle itself does no harm, but it fixes itself upon a plant
which its instinct tells it to be suitable for the support of its
larva, bores in it a minute hole with its long rostrum and therein
introduces an Qg^. "When the larva is full fed, wdiich seems to
Br W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 347
be at the end of the season, it changes into the pupa state, and
in early spring emerges into the perfect beetle, when it bores a
hole for its escape. There can, I should say, be very little
difficulty under such circumstances, in keeping down the number
of these insects, a little care in the pruning season in cutting out
all the infected branches, and the immediate burning of them,
would almost ensure the complete destruction of the pest, if
their ravages were confined to the Grrape Alne, but as I mentioned
before, there may be other plants or trees liable to their attack,
and to ascertain what these are, must necessarily accompany any
effort to clear an Orchard of the insects.
XOTES AlfD EXHIBITS.
The Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods exhibited the specimens of
fossil Equisetiim referred to in his paper ; also a very large
specimen of Aplianaia rjirjantea, De Kon., the second which has
been discovered ; two specimens of Aijlmnaia Mitchell i, M'Coy ;
Spirifer glaher, W. Martin ; Plenropliorics Tenisoni, De Kon. ;
and a specimen of fossil coniferous wood. These fossils, with
the exception of the Eqidsetum, which was obtained in the Tivoli
mine, Ipswich, were found in the lower marine palaeozoic strata
at the quarries. Cemetery Hill, West Maitland. Mr. Tenison-
Woods also exhibited a beautiful specimen of a Hydroid zoophyte
{Sertiilan'a), with attached Hscliara, obtained by an amateur
fisherman off Bondi, and forwarded for exhibition by AVilliam
Cameron, Esq.
Mr. E. P. E-amsay exhibited bracelets from Eiji, the Solomon
G-roup, and Bougainville Island, all cut from large shells. The-
specimens from the Solomon Islands were cut from a species of
Spoiidtjlus, and the large Fiji specimens were ground down from
solid masses of the large Tridacna ; also a remarkable horned
lizard, from America, presented to the Museum by Mr. Webster.
548 XOTES AXD EXHIBITS.
Mr. Ramsay also exliibitecl a collection of Goleoptera, wliicli had
receutlj been received from Mr. Earnard, from the Dawson
Eiver. This interesting collection contained a great many rare,
.und some new, species of Buprestidcs, Cetoniidw (Schizorhiiia),
tScaritidcs, GlcindeUdcE, and some fine Lonr/lcorns.
The Hon. W. Macleay exhibited specimens of Ortlwrliinus
Klugii, received from Mr. Holroyd, and the subject of the paper
previously read ; also, specimens of a beetle, a true borer of the
family Scoljjtidce, which had completely destroyed during the past
season all the figtrees in a large orchard in the county of
Cumberland. He pointed out that while the first of these
insects was an instance of injury caused by an indigenous insect
to an introduced plant, the other was, he feared, an instance of
the introduction to the country of a foreign species belonging to
the most destructive family of Xylophagous beetles. He thought
that at the next Meeting of the Society, he would be enabled to
give some more definite information on the subject.
Mr. T. Tenison-AVoods, exhibited a Stone Tomahawk, said
to be from Northern Australia, but recognised by its smooth
make and general appearance as belonging to the Solomon Islands.
Mr. K. H. Bennett exhibited a nest of three eggs of the
ground graucalus {Pferopodocijs j^^^^siauella) . The nest is
remarkable for its size and compactness ; usually the birds build
but a scanty shallow structure of grass and cobwebs ; the specimen
exhibited, on the other hand, was a large structure about 10 inches
in diameter, very deep, and composed of a large quantity of wool,
cobwebs, and grass closely and neatly interwoven. The eggs
w^ere three in number, of a rich asparagus-green, with indistinct
dull brownish freckles and spots.
Prefessor Stephens read the following note from Dr. Woolls
relating to a grass (Fanicum spectahiJeJ on which thei'ehad been
some discussion at the preceding meeting of the Society : — " It
is not generally known that the grass cultivated under that name
IS^OTES AND EXHIBITS. 349
is uot a Paniciim at all, hu.t Audropoc/oii Ilalepcnsis (Sibthorp), oi*
Sorr/Jtum Salepense (Pers.). The grass was figured and described
as P. spectahile some time back in the " Sydney Illustrated JSTews."
But its long roots, a yard in length, and as thick as a little finger,
together with the white midrib mark it as Andropogon Halepensis.
Mr. Bentham seems to doubt Avhether it is really indigenous. I
have found it in an orchard at Parramatta, but believe it to have
been introduced from the north. Baron Mueller speaks highly
of it as a forage plant, but recommends that it should be kept
out of arable land. It is quoted as indigenous in the catalogue
of Queensland grasses compiled for the International Exhibition
of 1879, but the appropriation is doubtful.
■^-A>-
WEDNESDAY, 27Tn SEPTEMBEE, 1882.
The President J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., &c., in the Chair.
DOIS'ATIONS.
It was announced that the List of Donations received during
the month, as well as the Donations themselves, had been lost in
the fire at the Grarden Palace.
PAPERS EEAD.
On Myoporum platycarpum, a resix PRonrciNG teee of the
Intekioe of j^ew South Wales.
By K. H. Bennett, Esqr.
This tree known to Bushmen by the name of Sandalwood is
widely distributed over the Western portions of i^ew South
Wales, being found more or less throughout the Country from
the Murray below Moama to Wilcannia on the Darling. It is
also found in considerable quantities in some parts of South
Australia. It is very plentiful in a strip of arid country situated
350 ox MxopOEr:^ plattcahpum,
about mid way between tbe Laclilan and Darling E-ivers, and it
was from this locality that I obtained the gum or resin exhibited.
Small patches of this tree are to be met with about the " Pine
IRidge " on the " Old Man Plain " and also in the vicinity of
Hay on the Murrumbidgee Eiver. It nowhere attains a large
size, the largest that I have seen were between 30 and 40 feet
hiirh, with a diameter of trunk of about a foot or 15 inches, but
these dimensions are rare, the average height being about 20 feet.
"When young it is a handsome tree, the foliage being very dense,
and dark glossy green ; as the tree becomes old the foliage gets
spare, and it loses its handsome appearance. It flowers in
September and October, the blossoms are small, white and star-
shaped, growing in bunches of six or eight flowers along the thin
branchlets, which as a rule are pendulous. These blossoms,
evidently contain a large quantity of nectar, as during the flower-
ing period the trees are crowded by several species of honey-
eating birds, amongst which may be seen the — at other times
rare — JSLyzomela nicfva. The timber when dry is hard and some-
what brittle ; it has a fine grain, and when worked emits a
pleasant perfume ; it is also highly inflammable, a splinter of dry
wood burning with a clear steady light like a candle, emitting at
at the same time a strong but pleasant perfume. This inflam-
mability is caused no doubt from the large quantities of resinous
substance contained in the wood ; this resin or gum exudes from
the trunk and branches in a soft state, and in appearance exactly
resembling pitch, and in the form of nodules varying in size
from that of a filbert to that of a grain of large shot, which
harden by exposure to the air and drop off, the greater quantity
of these nodules being found on the ground beneath the trees.
This substance was in former times much used by the natives for
the same purposes as we use wax ; by melting it with fat they
produced an excellent wax-like substance, which they used on
the thread with which they bound their stone tomahawks to
the handles. It was used also in fastening on the heads of their
TIY K. H. BEXXETT, ESQ. 351
spears, &c., S:c. During tlie liot summer moiitlis auotlier and
totally different looking substance exudes from tbe trunks and
branches of some of these trees in large quantities. This substance
when freshly exuding from the tree resembles a thick froth, either
pure white and resembling sno\\% or of a pink or rose colour.
These exudations assume various forms and become solidified by
exposure to a certain extent to the air. Sometimes they are in
lumps as large as a man's hand, and sometimes in the form of
stalactites over a foot long, as large as an ordinary candle, and
gradually taj)ering to a point. This substance is of a highly
saccharine nature, with a peculiar sickly sweetness ; it melts in
the mouth like ordinar}^ sugar ; the natives arc very fond of it,
and either eat it, or by dissolving it in water make a kind of drink.
COXTRIBUTIOX TO A KXOWLEDaE OY THE ElSHES OF ISEW
GrUIXEA. — XO. II.
Er A7illia:m Macleat, F.L.S., etc.
Family BERYCID.E.
121. IIOLOCEXTEUM TIOLACETJir, Blcck.
Ounth., Cat. 1, p. 43.— Bleek, Atl. Ichth. Trachicht. pi. 1, fig. 2,
*'Tara'' of the natives.
122. HoLOCEXTRu:\i spixiferu:m, Forsk.
G-unth., Cat. 1, p. 39.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Trachicht. pi. 3, fig. 3.
— Holoceiitnim leo, Cuv. & Yal. — Less. Yoy. Coq. — Yoy. Astrol.
pi. 14, f. 3.
"Tara " of the natives.
123. ITOLOCEXTRUM CArDIMACULATUil, Eilpp.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 41.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Trachicht., pi. 2, fig. 3,
— Holocentnim spiniferum, Cuv. & Yal. — Rilpp., Atlas, taf. 23, f. 1.
X
352 FISHES or xew csuixea,
124. HoLOCEXTRUM RUERU^r, Forsk.
Guuth., Cat. 1, p. 35.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Tracliiclit. pi. 3, %1 4.
— JI. orlentale and margimtum, Cuv. & Val.
" Ivururu " of the natives.
125. HOLOCENTRUM SAMMARA, Forsk.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 46.— Bleek., Atl. lelitli. Trachiclit, pi. G fig.
5, <S:e. — II. Christ lanum, Cuv. & Yal., andEilpp., Atlas, p. 85.
" Kururu " of the natives.
12G. HOLOCEXTRUM DIADEMA.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 42.— Less., Toy. Duperr. Zool. 2, p. 220,
pi. 25, f. 2.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Trachicht, pi. 2, fig. 1.
127. HOLOCENTRUM GOLDIEI.
D. 10/tV a. 4/7. L. lat. 44.
Height of body nearly, and length of head quite four times in
the total length. Eye very large, the supraorbital ring forming
a slight convexity in the profile, the space between the eyes is
flat, channelled, and nearly equal to the diameter of the eye, the
distance from the eye to the snout is about half the diameter of
the orbit ; the maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye.
The armature of the suborbital and the spines of the preoper-
culum and operculum are unusually small for the genus. The first
dorsal spine is not much shorter than the second, the ninth is
very short, and the spine of the soft dorsal is also short. The
first spine of the anal fin is minute, the third very large and thick.
The colour is silvery all over, with a blackish base to each scale,
giving a striped appearance to the fish ; the scales on the cheek
are distinctly marked with groups of from three to five minute
black dots, each with a whitish or bluish centre. The fins are
immaculate. Iris yellow.
Several specimens about 6 inches long.
BY ^V. MA.CLEAT, F.L.S. 353
This species seems to resemble in some respects II. stercus
museorum of Cuv. & Val.
128. MriiiPEisTis ADUSTUs, Bleek
Atl. Ichtli. Trachichth., pi. 2, fig. 2.— Guuth., Cat. 1, p. 22.
'' Kururii " of the natives,
Family POLYXEMID.E.
129. PoLYXEMUs I'LEBEJUs, Limi.
Guuth., Cat. 2, p. 329.— Joura. Mus. Godef. Heft 9, p. 1< t3,
Taf. 77, fig. A.
Svn. — P. taeniatits, Gunth., Cat. — Trir/la asiafica, Forst.
*' Areola*' of the natives.
Family ACRO^^URID.E.
130. ACAXTKURUS HEPATUS, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 341. — Journ. ^lus. Godef., Heft. 9, p.
115, Taf. 75.
"Tanenaria" of the natives.
131. ACAXTIIUEUS LIXEATUS, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 333.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 9, p. Ill,
Taf. 70.
132. ACAXTIIURUS TEIOSTEGXJS, L.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 327.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 9, p. 10^.
Syn. — Teutliis aiist rails, Gray. — Acanth. subarmatus, Benn.
" Dara Dara" of the natives.
133. ACANTKUBUS GUTTATUS, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 329.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 9, p. 109,
Taf. 69, fig. A.
" Hegara '' of the natives.
351 nSHES OF XEW (iUIXEA,
134'. ACAXTIIURUS ^[ATOD)ES, Ciiv. & Yal.
Oiuith., Cat. 8. p. 330.—^. JBUcliii, Cuv. & Yal, 10, p. 209.—
Joiirn. 3Ius. Godef., Heft. 9, p. 109, Taf. 09, fig. v,.
" Aiiata '' of the iiative.s.
135. AcAXTiiLTtUs GAinr, Cuv. & A^al.
aimth., Cat. 3, p. 338.— Joiirn. Mas. Godef., Ileft. 9, p. 113,
Taf. 74.
'• Yaiiaka"' of the natives.
136. ACANTTTURrS OLlVACEUi^, El.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 336.— Joiirii. Mus. Godef. Heft. 9, p. 113.
8yn. — A. cparai, Less. Yo}'. Coq. 2, p. 117, pi. 27, fig. 1. — A.
Jiumordis, Cuv. Sc Yal. — A'oy. Bonite. — Jeuyus, Yov. Beagle.
" Yanaki *' of tlie natives.
137. ACA^'THURUS DOREEXSrs, CuA'. & A'al.
Guntli., Cat. 3, p. 332.
" Yaiiaki " of the natives.
138. AcAXTKUREs sTRKiosus, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 312.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 9, p. 110,
i. 79, figs. A. and e.
Syn. — A. cfcnodon, Cuv. and A'al. — -Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 312.
139. ACANTUURUS ELAVESCKXS, BeUU.
Gunth., Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 9, p. 116, Taf. 76.
Syn. — A. r/ioiiiboc6', Kittl., Guntli. Cat. 3, p. 312.
110, Naseus iJTL'RATi's, Cuv. &. A'al.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 353.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 9, p. 121,
Taf. 82.
Br W. ACLCLEAY, F.L.S. ^OO
Syn. — Asjjlsarus Caroluiarum, Quoy. & Graiiii., Voy. Uran. p.
375, pi. G3, fig. 1. — Prionurm cowne, Less. Voy. Coq. 2, p. 151:
111. Xaseus tuherosus, Laccp.
G-unth., Cat. 8, p. 353.— Joui-]i. 3tus. Godcf. Heft. 0, p. 123,
Ta£. 80.
Syn. — -V. ticher, Ciiv, & Yal. — iV! pwictidatits, Stelndaclmer.
"Halia-lalia " of the natives.
112. Xaseus :^r.vKfiTXATrs, Ciiv. & A'al.
auiitli., Jouru. Mus. Godef., Ileft. 9, p. 122, Taf. S3.
Syn. — JY. anmdatus, Bleek. and Guntli., Cat. 3, p. 352.
" Udulata" o£ tlie natives.
113. ^ASEUS rxicoRxis, Forsk.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 318.— Journ. Mas. Godef. lleft. 0, p. US,
Taf. 78.
'^jn.—'Jilonoceros Hail, Bl. — 21. hlaculcatits, 131. — Xaseus
front icornis, Cuv. & Val. — X. oUvaceiis, Guntli.
'•Haha-lalia " of the natives.
Family CAEAXGID.E.
111. Cakaxx hippos, L.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 419.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 11, p. 131,
Taf. 81.
Syn. — C.fallax, sem, Fosterl, sexfasciativs, Peronii, Lessoiiiiy
and Belenrjerii, of Cuv. & Val. — C. parajyistes, Richards, and C\
canimis, Gunther.
" Dan-dau " of the natives.
145. Caka>"x melampygus, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 116.— Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft. 11, p. 133,
Taf. 8G.
35G risHEs OF new anxEA,
^yn, — C, stellakis, Eyd. and Soul, Voy. Eonite, Poiss., p, 167,
pi. 3, fig. 2. — C. hixanthapterus, Eilpp. and Klunz.
" Tuialata " of the natives.
14G. Caeanx spECiosus, Lacep.
Guntli,, Cat. 2, p. 444^. — Onathonodon specwsiis, Bleek. — Caranx
poohosoOy Richards., Yoy. Ereb. and Terr., pi. 58, figs. 4-5.
" "Wirimagani " of the natives.
147. Cara:n'x ciliaris, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 454.— Joiirn. Mus. Godef. Heft. 11, p. 135,
Taf . 89.
Srn. — BJepliaris indicus, Cuv. & Val. — B.fasciatus, Eiipp.
" Uiueme " of the natives.
148. Caea^x Hasseltit, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 430. — Cormuv affinis, Eiipp.
"Keria" of the natives.
149, CAEAIfX CABA^'Ors, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 448. Syn. — C. clm/sos, el^ala, and xaniliopygns
Cnv. & Val. — C. Zessonii, Bleek.
^' Matacaea " of the natives.
150. Caea3<«x mandibulaeis, n. sp.
D. 8/.^-. A. 2/iV. L. lat. 60/45.
Of very compressed form, with the profile a little concave ; the
height of the body is half the length without the caudal fin, the
length of the head about one-third ; the eye is moderate, distant
quite its diameter from the sharp ridge of the forehead ; the
distance from the eye to the extremity of the upper jaw is about
eT]\ial to the diameter of the orbit ; the maxillary reaches to below
the middle of the eye, and is triangular and rather vsmall at its
BY W. MACLEAT, P.L.S. 357
extremity ; tlie teetli are extremely minute if any ; the mandibu-
lary bones are dee]), compressed, and much longer than the
maxillaries. The head is perfectly smooth and free from scales.
The scales of the body are exceedingly minute ; the breast is scale-
less. The lateral line is moderately bent and becomes straight
beneath the first fourth of the soft dorsal, the straight portion
numbering 45 scales, strongly armed towards the tail, the curved
portion about 60. The first dorsal fin consists of very feeble
spines, the last two very low and remote from the rest ; the
first ray of the second dorsal is almost equal to the height of
the body, the following three or four are shorter, the rest very
low ; the caudal fin is sharply forked ; the anal has the first ray
half the height of the body, the remainder as in the soft dorsal ;
the pectorals are long and falcate, reaching to beyond the middle
of the anal. The colour is entirely of a silvery yellow without
spot or mark of any kind. Length of specimens about 12 inches,
" Cale-cale " of natives.
151. Caranx obtusiceps, n. sp.
D. 7/tV a. 2/18.
The height of the body is one half the length without the
caudal fin, the length of the head about one- third ; the profile of
the head above the mouth is blunt and nearly vertical, below
nearly straight. The eyes are rather small, about one and a half
diameter from the ridge of the forehead, and two diameters from
the extremity of the upper jaw ; the maxillary reaches to below
the anterior margin of the eye, the intermaxillary reaches as far
back, and is distinct and fleshy throughout. Teeth minute if
any, the lower lip is shorter than the upper, and laps over in a
distinct fold. The whole body, the opercular bones excepted, is
covered with minute scales ; the lateral line becomes straight
under the first third of the soft dorsal, and ia very slightly armed
except on the tail ; the pectorals reach beyond the first third of
358 nsiiEs OF XEvr ouixea,
tlie anal ; the first two or three rays of the vertical fins are
longer than the others and falcate, but not elongate as in the last
species. General colour silvery- ^^ellow, back darker, fins yellow.
Length 1^ inches.
" Malacaca " of the natives.
152. Ca'raxx 3IoTiESBi'i:xsis, n. sp.
U. 7/^V. A. 2/^V.
Height of body one-third of the total length ; leugth of head
about one fourth. Upper profile much more convex than lower.
The eyes are about their diameter distant from the median ridge
of the forehead, on which there is a slight notch in front of the
eyes ; the distance from the eye to the extremity of the snout is
nearly two diameters of the orbit, the maxillary reaches to beneath
the anterior third of the eye, and is broadly triangular at the base,
the gape of the mouth is small, the teeth are uniserial and distinct,
there are teeth on the palatine bones ; the ^^hole bod}^, breast, and
preoperculum are scaly ; the lateral line is well curved anteriorly,
becomes straight under the second dorsal ray, and is strongly
armed towards the tail; the first rays of the dorsal and anal fins
are about half the height of the body, the others are low ; the
pectorals reach to the third anal ray. The colour is of a silvery-
grey, darker on the back and fins. Length 2 inches. No oj)er-
cular spot.
153. CiroRiXEMUs lysax, Forsk.
Guuth., Cat. 2, p. 471.— Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 1, p. 328.
8yn. — C. commersonianus, lijsan, and aculeafics, Cuv. & Yal. —
Scomber Forsferi, }^l. and S. mada(jascariensis, Shaw\
151. ClIOETXEAIFS TOLOO, CuV. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 173.— Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. AVales, vol. ],
p. 328.
*' Daragi " of the natives.
15 Y W. MACLIOAY, P.L.S. 359
155. TiiAcirYxoTrs otatvs, L.
Giintli., Cat. 2, p. 4S1.— Journ. Miis. Oodef. Ileft. 11, p. 189.
8yii. — T. moolcalee, hlocliii, ajfi}ils,falci</cr, drcpains^ Cuv. & Val.
" Miimcra '" o£ the natives.
156. Trachyxotus Bailloxji, Laeep.
amith., Cat. 2, p. 1.81'.— Journ. Mus. aodef. Heft. 11, p. 189.
Syn. — T. qiiadripimctatm aud russelii, Cuv. tt Yal. '
'' AV^iinera'' of the natives.
157. Platax a'espertilio, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 2,p. 189.— Cuv. E. Anim.— Cant. Mai. Fish. p. IGG.
Syn, — P. orhicularis, Cuv. & Yal. and Grunth., Cat. 2, p. 190.
— P. prntacantlm.'i. (/a'nnardi, guttulatus, hlocJiii. and ehreniov/ii,
Cuv. & "\'al.
158. Platax teira, L.
aunth., Cat. 2, p. 192.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 11, p. 141.
8yn.— P. Icsclu'iiaJdli, latavianus, and artlwiilcus, Cuv. & Val.
159. Platax pix'Xatus, Bleek.
Bleek., Atl. lehth. Cli£etod., pi. 20, fig. 2, and pi. 18, fig. 1.
" Boona*' of the natives.-
IGO. Zax'clcs corxutus, L.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 423.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 11, p. 142,
Taf. 92,— Bleelv., Atl. Ichth. Ch^etod, pi. 4, fig. 1-2.
" Metacutu " of the natives.
Family SCOMBRID.^.
IGl. Scomber loo, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 360.— Less. Yoy. Coq. p. 1G6, pi. 33.
'' Tore " of the natives.
360 fishes of new gl'i^'ea,
Family TEACHINID^E.
162. SiLLAGO siHAMA, Forsk.
Guntli., Cat. 2, p. 243.--Blcck., Atl, Iclith. Sillag , pi. 1, fig. 4.
Syn. — S. acuta and erythrcea of Cuv. & Yal. — 8. onalaharica^ Cant.
•*Urea " of the natives. Prom fresh water.
Family MALACANTHIDiE.
163. MALACA^fTHUS LATOVITTATUS, Lacep.
aunth., Cat. 3, p. 360.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft 11, p. 160.
— Quoy and Gaim., Toy. Astrol. 3, p. 71, pi. 20, fig. 3.
Syn. — M. tcenlatiis, Cuv. & Yal., and Eleek.
FAMiLr BATEACHID.E.
164. BaTPvACHUS GEt'XXIEXS, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 168.— Cant. Cat. Mai. Fishes, p. 305.
" Nohu " of the natives.
Family COTTIDJ^.
165. Platycepalus nematophthalmus, Gunth.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 181.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Platyc. pi. 3, fig. 3.
*' Nabiigawoa" of the natives.
166. PLATYCEPHALrs QuoYi, Blcek.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 180.— Eleek., Atl. Ichth. Platyc, pi. 1, fig. 2.
Syn.r — P. punctaftcs, Quoy & Gaim., Yoy. Astrol. pi. 10, fig. 2.
167. Syxanceia teerucosa, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 146.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 7, p. 84.—
Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Scorp. pi. 7, fig. 5.
Syn. — S, hrachio, Cuv. & Yal. — S. mnr^ulnolenta^ Ehrenb.
This fish should have been placed among the Scorpsenidje.
liY ^V. MA.CLEAY, F.L.S. 361
Family GOBIID.^.
168. Peeiophthalmus koeleeuteet, B1.
G-unth., Cat. 8, p. 97.— Journ. Mus. Grodef. Heft. 14, p. 185.
169. Eleoteis maceoleptdotus, B1
aimth., Jourii. Mus. Godcf. Heft. 13, p. 186, Taf. 112, figs.
Ji'. b'. b".
Syn. — I^. ctporos, Bleek. and Guntlier, Cat. 3, p. 109.
Family BLENXIID.E.
170. Salaeias ateatus, n. sp.
D. 12/20. A. 19.
Heiglit of body one-sixtli of the total length. Head a little
rounded and Tortical in front. Eyes prominent, on the forehead,,
and about half their diameter apart ; mouth small, at the inferior
angle of the profile ; dorsal fin profoundly notched, forming in
fact two fins, the second portion extending on to the caudal fin,
the anal fin is like the second dorsal but not quite so high ; the
caudal fin is rounded at the extremity ; the colour seems to have
been black all over, slightly lighter on the breast. Length three
inches.
Family SPHYE^ENID^.
171. Spiiyej^,na Foesteei, Cuy. & Yal.
aunth., Cat. 2, p. 337.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 13, p. 211,
Taf. 119, fig. A.
" Dwa-dwa " of the natives.
172. Sphye^na obtusata, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 331.— Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 13, p. 212,
pi. 119, fig. B.
Syn. — S.flavicauda^ Eiipp. — Gunth., Cat. 2, p. 340.
.13G2 risHEs OF xew guinea,
Family ATHEEINIDiE.
173. Atherixa Forskalii, Eiipp.
Giintli , Cat. 3, p. 397.— .1. hypsetus ? Forsk., p. G9.
Family MraiLID.E.
174. MUGIL CEPKALOTUS, Ciiv. & A'al.
aimtlL, Cat. 3, p. 119.— Kuer. Fish, Novara, p. 221.
Syn.— il/". dur^ Forsk. — M.japonicus, Schleg — -21. macroJejjulotus
Richards.
175. MuGiL AXILLARIS, Cuv. Si Yal.
Gimth., Cat. 3, p. 111.— Joiirn. Mus. Godef. Heft. 13, p. IIG,
pi. 220, fig. E.
" Lobo •' of the natives.
176. MuGiL suNDAXENsis, Blcck.
aunth., Cat. 3. p. 125.— Bleek., Atl. lelith, Mugil, pi. 1, f. 1.
" Lobo " of the natives. Froui fresh water.
177. Mugil Waigiexsis, Quoy & G-aim.
Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Freyc. Poiss. p. 337, pi. 59, fig. 2. — Bleek.
Atl. Ichth. Mugil, pi. 2, fig. 2.— Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 435.— Gimth.,
Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft. 13, p. 215, pi. 121, fig. l.
Syn. — 21. macrolepiJotiis, Rilpp, Cuv. & Val. and Cantor.
" Toriabala " of the natives.
178. Mugil Troschelii, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 3, p. 448.
Family POMACENTRID.F.
179. Amphipriox bifasctatus, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 3. — Procliilm hifasciatus^ Bleek., Atl. Ichth.
Pomac., Tab. 1, fig. 4-5-6.
" Latehua " of the natives.
in: W. MACLK.VT, F.L.S. 3G8^
ISO. PeEMXAS rWAfl'LEATL'S, El.
Giiiitli., Cat. 1-, p. 10.— Eleck., All. Tehth. Ponmc, pi. .3, fig^.•.
7 and 9.
Syii. — P. leucodesmus, frifasciatiiF, and semicinct/i^s, Cuv. t^A'al.
'• Dala '* of the natives.
181. DASCTLLrs AEUANUS, L.
Gimth., Cat. 4, p. 12.— MacL, Cat. Aust. Fislie.s, sp. 002.
Tetraclachnum arcuafum, Cant. — Eleck., Atl. Ichth. Pomac. pi.
10, fig. 3.
'• Kururu " of the natives.
1S2. DaSCYLLUS TEIMACULATUS, Elipp.
G-Linth., Cat. 1, p. 13.— Cuv. & Yal., V., p. 411.
Tct rati etch mum trimaculatuin, Elcek., Atl. Ichth. Pomac., pi. 10,
fig. 8.
183. Dascyllus EETicuLATrs, Eicharcls.
IleJlases reticuJdtus, Eichards., Ichth. China. — Grunth., Cat. 4,
p. 14. — -Teiradaclimum reticuJatnm, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Pomac.
pi. 10, fig. 3.
184. POMACEN-TEUS TETMAOULATUS, CllV. & Yal.
G-unth., Cat. 4, p. 10.— Bleek., Batav., p. 481.
Discliistodm triinacidatus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Pomac, 2^1. 5, f. 6,
" Laheta " of the natives.
185. POMACEXTEUS PEOSOPOTJEXIA, Blcck.
G-unth., Cat. 4, p. 23. — Dischistodits prosoiwicDuia, Bleek., At],
Ichth., Pomac, pL 8, fig. 8.
18G. PoMACEXTELs AMBoiXENSis, Bleek.
Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Pomac, pi. 7, fig. 7.
564 riSlIES OF >'EW GUINEA,
Tills species is identified only from Dr. Blccker's figure. I
have never seen any description of it.
187. Po:^rACEXTRUs cYAXO^tus, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 21.— Blcek., Atl. Ichtb. Pomac, pi. 9, fig. 3.
" Ku " of the natives.
188. POMACENTRUS AXALTS, 11. Sp.
D. 13/13. A. 1/14. L. lat. 25.
The height of the body is about one half the length excluding
the caudal fin. The bead is rounded between the eyes, these are
more than a diameter apart ; the snout is shorter than the eye ;
the preorbital has a strong hook-shaped tooth beneath the eye ;
the preoperculum is distinctly serrated ; the dorsal and anal fins
are pointed behind. The general colour is greenish yellow, darker
-on the back ; the base of the pectoral and the anterior rays of
the anal fin are black, and there seem to have been some blackish
markings on the spinous dorsal ; the outer rays of the ventrak
are also black.
Length three inches. There is only one spine in the anal fin
of the only specimen I have, it is strong, sharp, and but little
shorter than the rays.
189. GrLIPHinODOX C(ELESTIXUS, Cuv. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 38.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Pomac, pi. 9, fig. 5.
Syn. — G. saaatiJis, Riipp. — rahti\ Cuv. S: Yal. — fj[U(idrifasci((tm,
Bleek, — WaigiensiSf Bleek., and tyr whittle S/ichards.
" Boboda " of the natives.
190. Gliphidodon trifasciatus, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 42.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Pomac, pi. 11, fig. 3.
Syn, — G, curassoa, Cuv. & Val.
" Kibiri " of the natives.
BY W. MACLEAT, F.L.S. 3G5
191. Gliphidodon plagiomjitopox, Bleek.
Guutli., Cat. 4, p. 51. — Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Pomac, pi. 11, fig. 1.
" Rodu " of the natives.
192. Gltphidodox axabatoides, Bleek.
Guntli., Cat. 4, p. 51. — Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Pomac., pi. 9, fig. 7.
193. Gliphidodox Baxkieri, Eichards.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 54.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Pomac, pi. 9, fig. 8.
194. Gliphidodox bicolor, n. sp.
D. 12 14. A. 2/11. L. lat. 26.
Height of body one-half of the length, exclusive of caudal fiu ;
snout short and obtuse, teeth regular, but somewhat more conical
than usual in GUphldodon, suborbital aensely scaled ; soft dorsal
and anal fins pointed, the middle rays being elongate, caudal fin
with each lobe prolonged into a filament. The colour is a deep
almost black-purple from the snout to a straight line from the
commencement of the soft dorsal fin, to the middle of the anal ;
all behind that line is white. Length nearly three inches.
195. Gliphidodox filamextosus, qi. sp.
D. 13/10. A. 2/10. L. lat. 28.
Height of body a little more than a third of the length, exclusive
of the caudal fin. The spinous dorsal is in height about one-
third that of the body and increases very gradually and uniformly
from the first to the last spine, the soft dorsal as well as the
anal has the middle rays very elongate ; the lobes of the caudal
fin are also much produced. The colour is dark all over, probably
in life purplish, the dorsal fin seems to have been variegated and
the lobes of the caudal are black externally. Length 3 inches.
366 DESCRIPTION^ OF TWO FISHES FROM POET JACKSOX,
196. Heliastes axalis, Ciiv. & Yal.
Gruutli., Cat. 4, p. 62. — Chromis analls, Bleek., Atl. Iclitli.,
Pomac, pi. 6, fig. 1.
" Ku " o£ tlie natives.
Description of two Eisiies lately taken ix or near Port
Jackson.
ey ^y. Macleay, r.L.8.
ChILODACTYLVS MuLIIALLTI, Ql. Sjl.
D. 15 -A. A. 2/9. L. lat. 46.
Elongate, moderately compressed ; the lieiglit of tlie body is
one-fifth of the total length and equal to the length of the head ;
profile of head convex, the space between the eyes much rounded
and equal to four diameters of the eye, the distance from the
eye to the snout equal to three diameters. The snout is obtuse,
the lips thick and fleshy, and the mouth small, the maxillary
scarcely reaching midway between the snout and the eye. The
opercles are unarmed ; there are a few very minute scales on the
upper part of the preoperculum, and the operculum is covered
except near the edges with minute scales, the rest of the head is
naked. The scales of the body are large, cycloid and adherent,
excepting the thoracic surface which is naked or clothed with
very minute scales. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, the first
spine very short, the second about double the length, the third
about double that, the fourth still longer, and the fifth, sixth,
and seventh the longest ; the soft dorsal is in height scarcelj'- so
high as the longest spines, and decreases slightly and uniformly
to its termination ; the caudal fin is dee])ly forked ; the first anal
spine is very short, the second is longer and stronger, and only
one-fifth the height of the first ray. The six lower rays of the
pectoral fin are simple, and of this the second is the longest,
Br W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 367
but it does not exceed the length of the others by more than one-
eighth of its length. The general colour is bluish- grey on the
back, becoming whitish on the belly ; the head is variegated with
blotches of greenish and olive brown, the dorsal fins are of a
clouded greyish tint, the spinous seeming to have the base
red ; the caudal fin is almost black, the anal blackish with a white
margin and base, the ventrals bluish-grey with an indistinct
whitish patch near the base. Length 26 inches.
I name this fine fish after the Assistant Inspector of
Fisheries, Mr. Thomas Mulhall. His practised eye detected it
at once in the Sydney Fish Market as something unusual, and
he brought it to me. ]t now forms part of the collection of the
Commissioners of Fisheries.
Ammotretis zoxatus, n. sj).
D. 75. A. 53. A^ dext. 7, sin. 3. P. 11.
This species differs from A. rostratus, the only one of the
genus hitherto observed, in many respects, the most evident being
the general greyish-black colour, instead of the almost rufous-
brown of the other, in having across the body a broad irregular
indistinct zone of a whitish hue, in having the vertical fins
higher, the tail rather longer, the lower eye more distinctly in
advance of the other, and the maxillary flap smaller. The height
is considerably more than half the length of the body excluding
the caudal fin. Length 7 inches.
Hah. Port Jackson.
The type of this species also belongs to the Fisheries depart-
ment.
DESCRIPTIO^fS OF SOME NEW Ql'EEXSLA.XI) FiSlIES*
Br Charles AV. De Yis, B.A.
Fam. BERYCID.E.
CLEiDOprs, ;?. y.
Muzzle rounded, blunt, protruding. Cle^t of the mouth
oblique. Eye large. Teeth viliform on the jaws, palatines,
y
368 DESCRIPTTOX OF SOME XEW QUEEXSLAXD FISHES,
vomer, and tongue. Suborbital with a longitudinal ridge con-
tinued to the angle of preopercuhim. Scales large, bony, keeled,
forming a partial mail. Two dorsals, the first of partially webbed
spines. A'entrals reduced to a spine and a few feeble rays, the
spine articulated with a locking action. Eight branchiostegals.
Four gills, a slit behind the fourth. Air bladder large. Pyloric
coeca 2i.
CLETDOPrS GLORIA- MAllIS.
D. 4. 1/11. A. 1/11. L. lat. IG (from suprascapular) L. tr. 8
(from dorsal to last abdominal keel) — V. 1/4. P. 11.
Height half the length measured to the tips of the median
caudal rays. Head one-third of the same. Orbit one-third of
the head, snout one- fifth, second dorsal spine two-fifths, and
ventral spme four-sevenths of same. Snout gibbous in front of
the orbit with a subvertical profile. Intermaxillaries separated
by a deep notch. Lower lip with a symphysial groove and a
(scarlet) patch of soft skin on the anterior lateral angle. Nostrils
contiguous, adjacent to orbit. Three spines on the abdominal
keel. Caudal strongly emarginate. All the scales spinosely
ctenoid and striated with a large median spinous keel. Bones of
the head unarmed. Dorsal spines strong, obliquely divergent,
with very low webs, second and third the longest, fourth longer
than first. Spine of second dorsal and anal short, feeble. Second
dorsal rounded, the rays shortening from the first which is the
longest. Ventral spine very strong, rays short, feeble. Lateral
line not distinguishable. Scales of hinder part of trunk white,
with broad dark edges all round, many of them on the post-
abdomen and caudal peduncle orange at the base. Pore parts
more or less golden. Three short black diverging bands behind
the orbit and a longer horizontal one below them. Lips, chin,
and intermandibulary space jet black. Pupil black, iris golden
rayed with a dark maltese cross. Operculum golden with a black
oblique bar on the lower limb. Au elongated subrhombic patch
EY CKAS. AV. DE TIS, E.A. 369
of bright scarlet on tlie lower lip. The ventral s])ine is on pro-
traction, fixed in position by a trigger-like articulation. The
scales of the abdomen and thorax are pretty firmly compacted,
those of the fore part of the back less so, while those of the hind
parts are so loosely adjusted as to allow of more than usual
freedom of ]n-opelling motion.
Loc. Brisbane Kiver. Long. 8". Type in Queensland Museum.
HOMALOaRTSTKS LrCTUOSUS.
D. 12/14. A. 3/9.
Height three and a half times in the total length, head three
and one-third, snout one-fourth ; interorbital one-fourth, fourth
dorsal spine + \ of the head. One pair of upper canines,
distant. Intermaxillary reaches beyond the orbit. Spinous
dorsal rises beyond the angle of the operculum, opposite the
anterior third of the pectoral, it is nearly as high as the soft
dorsal which rises opposite the anal and ends beyond it. Dark
brown, with a purple tinge. Abdomen and chest purplish-red.
Soft dorsal, caudal, and anal edged with black. Two obscure
light bars across the tail. A very few black spots occur on the
fins and trunk.
Long 41". Loc. Brisbane. Type in Queensland Museum.
SCOLOPSIS SPECULARIS.
D. 10/8. A. 3/7.
Height two and two-thirds, head three and two-thirds in the
length. Orbit one-third of head. Preorbital one-half of orbit.
Eye covered by a thick protuberant transparent mucus. Pre-
orbital spine moderate with one precedent denticle. Posterior
limb and rounded angle of preoperculum strongly denticulated.
Anal spines subequal in length and strength. Eirst ray of pectoral
slightly produced. Tail emarginate. Preoperculum not notched.
Light brown — a conspicuous pearly line edged with black behind
370 DESCEIPTTO^'^S OF SOME XEW QrEEIfSLA:M) FISHES,
the hinder half o£ the second dorsal — another, formed of markings
on the bases of the scales, along the middle of the posterior half
of the body.
Long 0". Loc. Queensland. Type in Queensland Museum.
POKICTHTS QUEEXSLAT^DLE.
D. — /20. A. li.
Head three and three-fourths in the total. A line of pores on
each side of the abdomen from the throat to the tail— a line from
the nape along the back — ^pores rather obscure, mostly with short
skinny threads. T\yo or three pores under the eye. A curved
line of short filiform appendages on the vertex and occiput, both
jaws fringed with the same. Orbital tentacles long, broad,
fringed. A group of small canines on each side of the vomer.
Erown, lighter beneath. Head striated with dark brown. Throat
and abdomen with ill-defined brown spots. Postabdomen with
distinct, small, dark spots and two brown fascifc — both spots and
bands extending on to the anal.
Katlier than propose a new genus I place this fish in Porictlii/s
notwithstanding the multiplication of the vomerine canines.
Beneath the skin may be felt a moderately strong dorsal spine,
and on examination there are found two rudimentary anterior
spines lying side by side. The fish appears to be a coupling link
between liairaclins and Poricilnjs.
Lonl^toG". Loc. Queensland. Type in Queensland Museum.
Pleieoxectes MoRTO^'TEXs^s.
Section with teeth conical, and lateral line strongly curved over
pectoral.
D. 70. A. 51. Lat. 75.
Eyes on right sii'e. Jaws and denii ic^n eiiual. Teeth uni-
sorial. Height twice, and head thrice and two-thirds in the length,
without caudal. Doptb of the curve of the lateral line e(]uals
BY CHAS. AV. DE YTS, IJ.A. 371
two-fiftlis of its width. Maxillary foiir-iiiuths of the head,
Pectoral nearly two-thirds of same. Distance of dorsal from
caudal less than half the depth of the peduncle. Scales moderate,
ciliated. Kays of vertical fins and of caudal scaly. Profile of head
deeply emarginate over the orbit. Interorbit very narrow, elevated,
naked. Caudal cuneiform. Dorsal rises opposite front margin
of upper eye. Eyes nearly in the same vertical, lleddish-grey
marbled with darker grey. Three large light coloured black-
edged spots above and below the lateral line — similar smaller
spots on periphery of trunk. Verticals fins spotted.
Long 7 V'. Zo(7. MoretonBay. Type in Queensland Museum.
In development of the jaws and dentition, and size of the scales,
this fish diverges considerably from typical forms of Pleuronectes
to which however it belongs rather than to any other group
known to me. In this genus therefore I leave it for the present.
Physical Structure axd G-eology of Australia.
By the Eey. J. E. Texiso2s'-Woods, E.a.S., E.L.S., &c.
The Physical Geography of Australia gives a key to its
G-eolog}'. It is an immense table land, with a narrow tract of
land sometimes intervening between the edge of this elevated
area and the sea. The east side is the highest, averaging about
2,000 feet above the ocean. The west side is not more tlion 1,000
feet above the same. The north is a little higher. The south
side is either level with the ocean, or abuts in cliffs upon the sea,
ranging from 300 to GOO feet in height. The general character
of all the seaward side of the table land is precipitous ; but on
the south-east angle of the continent the tabular form disappears,
and there is a true cluster of mountains (the Australian Alps),
whose highest elevation is a little over 7,000 feet. This group is
near the sea (Bass' Straits), and then after an interval of about
372 PHYSICAL STEVCTUEE A^D GEOLOGY OE ATJSTEALIA,
200 miles of ocean, tliere is another group of almost equally liigli
mountains which forms the island of Tasmania. The inland
portion of the table land slopes by a very gradual incline towards
the central depression, which is south and east of the true centre
of the continent. Thus the incline is greater and shorter for the
east side of Australia, and it is on this side alone we find what
can properly be termed a river system. The elevation of the
west side of Australia being only half that of the east, or even
less, and the distance to the central depression being twice as
great, we have no drainage towards the interior at all. AVhatever
water falls from the clouds collects in marshes, which are generally
&alt. The soil is composed of disintegrated granite rocks which
are sterile and dry, forming little better than a sandy desert. All
the table land is more or less interrupted with ranges of mountains
which do not run for any distance, and arc not sufficiently high
to give rise to a river system. The general direction is north and
south, or east and west. These mountains seem to be quite
independent of each other and of the general axis of the Con-
tinent. The most conspicuous of them is the Elinders Eange,
which rises at Cape Jervis on the south coast, and continues
without interruption for five or six hundred miles into the salt
lake area, where it abruptly terminates. This chain is of an
exceptional character. It differs from the other ranges of
Australia in many particulars, and is probably older.
The base of all this table land of Australia is granitic. Isolated
mountains of granite crop out all through the southern and
western deserts. It forms the axis of the Australian Alps, and
the summits of a great portion of the table land on the west and
east coasts are of the same rock. There are also considerable
tracts in which the granite is replaced by upturned Paleozoic
f>t]'ata, mostly in the form of Slates and Schists, with an almost
vertical dip. It cannot be said that the granite is the cause of
this uplifting, for it has been mostly derived from the same slates,
and bears marks in some cases of stratification, inclined at various
BY THE REV. J. E, TENISOX- WOODS, F.Cr.S. 373
angles. Instances arc common of the granite passing into scliists,
gneiss and slates.
The inclination of the Paleozoic rocks is of a very ancient
origin, and has no connection with the present outline of Australia.
The slates show the same foldings and contortions which such
rocks display elsewhere.
Above the older Paleozoic rocks and granite, and lying un-
eonformably upon them, are certain basins of coal-bearing rocks,
belonging to both the Mesozoic and Paleozoic periods. These
are found mostly on the eastern and southern edge of the table
land, but there is good reason for believing that they are only
thinly covered elsewhere, and that a most extensive coal-bearing
area may be looked for on the western slopes of the same part of
Australia. Over the coal measures on the edge of the table land
all round the Continent there is a horizontal sandstone with
oblique laminations. This formation is also seen in the interior,
and I regard it as an eolian deposit. In most places there is no
other rock above these strata.
The great central depression or basin of Australia is like the
Sahara Desert, of cretaceous age. Its limits are unknow^i ; but
abundant fossils in blue marl are found on the very summit of
the watershed on the east side of Australia north of latitude 28*0
8., nearly to Cape York, and all round the Grulf of Carpentaria.
The western limits of this great cretaceous basin are unknown.
Fossils belonging to it have been collected considerably west of
the overland telegraph line, as also fossils from Oolitic beds.
On the south side of Australia, from the commencement of the
G-reat Australian Bight, the land is, with little interruption,
formed by a series of tertiary rocks, representing all the European
deposits, from the Eocene upwards. It is not known how far
they may extend inland. They extend some 300 or 400 miles at
the least, but they are not seen at any height above 600 feet.
On the Australian Bight the Miocene beds of limestone, full of
374 PHYSICAL STEUCTUEE AND GEOLOGY OF AUSTEALIA,
fossils, abut on the sea in cliffs of from 300 to 600 feet in lieiglit.
On other parts of the coast raised beaches with recent shells are
common, notably round the sea boundary of the colony of Victoria.
In the interior all these deposits are overlaid by either volcanic
tertiary lavas or by sands, clays, and marls which have been
derived from the sub-aerial weathering of the granite and other
rocks. The highest portions of all the edge of the table land,
and consequently the sources of all our rivers, are in recent
volcanic emanations. This is true for the whole extent of
Australia. These volcanic emanations are tertiary, and they are
all near the edge of the table land. They sweep round the eastern
side from north to south, curving round the south side. As far
as the Australian Alps they maintain a very uniform age, which
appears to be Miocene or later. AVest of Melbourne they change
their character, and become much more modern. Distinct ash
cones of craters are preserved, and ash beds, with remains of the
existing fauna and flora, are found. The extreme western limit
of this volcanic activity is about 100 miles south of the mouth of
the E/iver Murray, and here it would seem that the volcanic forces
in Australia died out. The raised beaches are found near these
craters, and have been, doubtless, elevated in connection with the
volcanic outbreaks. In this brief sketch no details of the nature
of formations have been given, and they will be now considered a
little more closely.
GrEANiTE. — Two formations of Granite have been recognised
in Australia, and there may be more. That which forms the
central axis of the table land has a peculiarity which differs from
the outer parts of the granitic axis in this, that it is rich in
mineral veins. It is in such formations that the valuable deposits
of tin are found. They also contain veins of silver, lead, and
copper. Grold has also been found in granite, but this metal is
more common in a formation to be mentioned presently. The
most of the richest Australian tin deposits are stream tin, that is
to say, tin washed out of Granite by streams and found in their
BY THE RET. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S. 375
beds. Eut veins of tin have also been found in Herberton
(Queensland) as rich as any in the world.
Earlier Paleozoic Rocks. — In connection with the Grranites,
the Slates and Schists of the Cambrian, and probably Laurentian
periods, are found. In these are the veins containing gold and
other metals. As a rule, the veins consist more of Felspar than
any other mineral, and their direction is more often meridional
than otherwise. It appears that the auriferous veins in the
Cambrian formation of the colony of Victoria are much more
nearly north and south than those of the Silurian.*
The gold veins in Cambrian E-ocks in the same colony are
probably eight times more numerous than the Silurian. Asa
rule the greater number of veins run parallel with the strata in
which they are enclosed, and the greater number of the richest
veins strike west of north. In California and Brazil veins run
parallel to the mountain chains. In Australia they do so on the
eastern side of the Continent, but where the edge of the table
land bends round to the north-west the veins still keep their
north and south direction. They are therefore independent of
the present configuration of the land. East and west veins are
usually poorer than the meridional ones, which is not the experi-
ence of other countries. It would appear also that, as a rule,
gold is not embedded in the quartz, but occurs in a comparatively
loose state in the midst of cavities and laminations.
* The terms used in the Geological Survey of Victoria are those of Murchison
and his divisions of upper and lower Silurian are followed in that colony.
But this system and nomenclature are not generally adopted, from the in-
justice it does to Sedgwick's prior investigations. Following the example
of many Geologists, I restrict the term Silurian to Murchison' s Upper Silurian
(Ludlowiks, Wenlock, May Hill, or Upper Llandovery). The Buala or
Caradoo are Siluro-Cambiian, and all the rest of Murchison's Lower Silurian
are Cambrian, But instead of using the term Siluro-Cambrian 1 should
much prefer that proposed by Prof. Lupworth (Geol. Mag.forJ879) Ordovecian
which has much to recommend it.
376 PHYSICAL STEUCTUEE Al^B GEOLOGY OF ATJSTEALIA,
Very ricli copper reins have been found in rocks o£ probably
Cambrian age in South Australia. The ore is sulphide. As a
rule, deposits of carbonates of copper in Australia have not proved
j)ermanent. Manganese, Antimony, Bismuth, and Grraphite are
also found in the Cambrian Eocks, but are not worked.
Characteristic Cambrian G-raptolites are found in connection
with gold-bearing veins. The species are identical with those
found in Sweden, Bohemia, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and the
United States of America. E/Ocks which, by their included
fossils, are seen to be the equivalents of the Silurian of Europe
and America are found in Victoria (Kilmore), iSTew South Wales
(Tass, &c.), Queensland (Eockhampton), and Tasmania.
Eossils identical with species of the AVenlock and Ludlow beds
and those most abundant forms of Bohemian Silurian life, as
Fliacops (^Portlochla) fecimdus, Barrande, are equally abundant
in the Yering beds, near Melbourne.
Devonian rocks, with characteristic fossils, often identical with
those of Europe, are found very extensively developed in Victoria
(North Gippsland), in New South Wales (Mount Lambie, Sofala,
Lachlan Eiver), in Queensland (Gympie, Burdekin, Mount
AVyatt). In connection with upper Devonian Eocks we have
metalliferous veins, gold, and copper. The mines in G-ympie
are of great richness. Devonian copper veins have not hitherto
proved very productive.
True carboniferous plants are found in a few places in New
South AVales ; not, however, in connection with coal, as at Stroud,
Arowa, and in Queensland, the Drummond Eange. Marine
carboniferous fossils are found in the basin of the Hunter Eiver,
generally throughout Tasmania, and in Queensland (Bo wen
Eiver). It is a remarkable peculiarity of these marine beds that
they are interstratified with plants of a character which is con-
sidered Lower Mesozoic in Europe and India. They are probably
Permian or Triassic.
BY THE HEY. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.G.S. 377
An entirely different series of plant remains, wliieh seems to
have nothing or very little in common with those of the Hnnter
EiYor, are found in connection with rich coal seams in Queens-
land, Ipswich, Barrum E-iYer, Bundaberg. The characteristic-
fossils of these beds are Thinnfeldia odontopteroides, Eqidsetum
rotiferum, and species of PalmacecB and Gijcadacecd. These beds
are also found in Tasmania. The age to which they can be
referred is still a matter of doubt. They cannot be older than
the lias, and possibly considerably higher in the secondary series.
In many respects they have considerable resemblance to the
Indian (Raniganj) coal plants. Some plant remains found at
Bacchus Marsh, the "Wannon RiYer, and at Bellarine (all at
places at considerable distances from one another in the colony
of Victoria), are referred to the same age. The evidence of the
connection so far is not very strong. There is no coal associated
with such remains, whereas it abounds in Queensland if worked
profitably.
It is just possible that the Wiannamatta beds of Xew South
Wales may belong to this formation, but if so, it must be under
the Hawkesbury Sandstone, which is a different horizon from
that hitherto given. This is only a suggestion, which more careful
examination may confirm or disprove.
Covering these remains is a sandstone in thick layers with
much cross-bedding and oblique lamination, and containing coni-
ferous wood with equisetaceous stems, leaves of cycads or palms
and ferns f Thinnfeldia) , &c. The species are often the same as
those of the Ipswich coal basin. The contained grains of sand
are rounded, and the deposit is in my opinion a sub-aerial one,
mingled no doubt in places with swampy and fresh water remains.
IS^ear Sydney such strata reach in the Blue Mountains a thickness
of over 1,000 feet. The same kind of formation is scattered
throughout the Continent in isolated masses of various extent .
They are generally precipitous, and consist, in my opinion, ot*
378 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AXD GEOLOGY OF AUSTRALIA,
hardened cores of aerial accumulations. The stratification is
entirely that of wind-blown rocks with ferruginous bands, which
are the remains of surface vegetation, from which the carbonized
roots of trees may often be seen depending. Unless by the
included organic remains, and superposition, we have no means
of determining what is the age of these beds. But it would be
wrong to attribute them all to one period. Similar conditions
would produce the same kind of rock in any epoch.
In jS^ew South Wales such beds lie upon the coal beds (Permian
and Lias) but not always conformabl}^ In Queensland they lie
upon the Cretaceous, and are clearly tertiary. It would be very
difficult, indeed, to draw any line of distinction between the
Queensland Sandstones, and those of Xew South Wales or
Hawkesbury Sandstones as far as lithological character is con-
cerned, and the included plant remains are common to both.
But in portions of the Hawkesbury Sandstone, fossil ganoid
fishes of the genera GleithroJejjis and 3I//rioIrpls hvq found, which
have strong resemblances (as far as imperfect specimens would
admit of a comparison) to Devoninn forms. In beds above the
coal bearing strata termed Wiannamatta, the Permian genus
Palceouiscus is found. Xevertheless it would be absurd to consider
the Hawkesbury Sandstone as of Paleozoic or even lower Mesozoic
age. The anomaly of the fish remains, we must explain, by
recalling that we have amongst us two species of the Liassic
andTriassic genus Cer«fo(/«^5, actually living in Queensland rivers.
Throughout Australia, therefore, we may consider that in desert
or sandy regions an eolian or aerial deposit has formed or is
forming. It hardens into stone in certain portions, and thus
gives rise to tlie ])reeipitous sandstone cliffs and flat-topped
mountains wliicli are so cliaracteristic of Australian scenery.
These formations are mentioned in this place because there is a
complete blank between them and the lower Mesozoic rocks in
most places in the colonies. Nevertheless we have some missing
links of the secondary deposits now to be specified.
3JY THE REV. J. E. TENISOX-WOODS, F.Ci.S. 379
In "Western Australia, on tlie Grreenoiigh River, apparently on
tlie margin of the table-land, there are beds containing fossils,
M'hich appear to belong to the Upper Lias and the Lower Oolite
or Jurassic. Many fossils common in Europe are found there,
such as the following from the Upper Lias — Ammonites saleiisis,
A. radians, A. ivalcottii, JS'autlliis semistriatus, Gresslija ilouaci-
formis, and Myacites liassi:tnus, the last rather referable to the
Middle Lias. From the Oolitic beds of the same locality, we
have the following fossils, common to European formations —
Ammonites macroceplialus, A. hrocliii, BeJemnites cnnalieiilatiiSj.
CucuJtcea ohlonrja ^pliolodonuja ovidam, Avicula munsteri, A. echinata
Pecten cinctus, P. calvus, Lima probosciJea, L. punctata, Ostrea
marsliii, RhijnchoneJJa variabilis, Cristellaria cuJtrata. The
peculiarity of these deposits is that they are lithologicallj similar
to the coniemporaneous strata in Europe. Thus the Lias fossils
are inclosed in a matrix perfectly identical with a ferruginous or
variegated limestone of the Upper Lias occurring near Bath, and
the Middle Lias, or marlstoue, is not left unrepresented. The
matrix of the Oolite fossils was equally characteristic. Mr.
Charles Moore in his paper on Mesozoic Australian Geology
(Quar. Jour. Geo!. Soc, London., 1870, p. 2j7,) says "that even
had no distinctive fossils been present, a geologist acquainted
with the secondary rocks of England and Europe would hardly
have failed to refer the greater number of the specimens to the
horizon of the Lower Oolitic rocks." In this way, lithologically
and almost without the evidence of the fossils they contain, the
AVestern Australian specimens might be decided to be contem-
poraneous with the lower Oolites, and the upper and middle Lias
of this country, from which they are so many thousand miles
separated. It is probable also that in the same locality Cretaceous-
rocks are to be found.
On the other side of the Continent, and on the edge of the
table, though like AV^estern Australia within the ocean watershed,
a number of fossils have been found which may be thus enumer-
380 PHYSICAL STEUCTURE AXD GEOLOCiY OF AUSTRALIA,
ated — lower Oolite, Grordon Downs, containing Ammonites,
JPleurotomaria, Homomija, ]?liolodomija, Myacites, and Tancredia.
About 120 miles south of these beds we find strata o£ a similar
or liassic character in the following localities : — Fitzroy Downs,
Wollumbilla Creek, Mitchell Downs, the Amba Eiver, the Nive,
the Upper Maranoa, Mount Abundance, Blythesdale, and
Bungeeworgorai.
A peculiarity in most of these fossils is" that they occur in
Tounded, nodular, or concretionary boulders imbedded in a brittle
marl in the creeks. This is also the case with outliers of the
■Cretaceous rocks when they are found on the highest levels of
the watershed on the table-land. Thus, at the Palmer E-iver, in
North-east Australia, w^e find Cretaceous fossils in nodules of
blue clay, with septaria, in widely separated localities, but no
traces of the original beds. The explanation of this may be that
the Oolite and Cretaceous underlie all the interior and that these
are fragments of outlines broken up and denuded at the upheaval
-of the table land.
The species identified with the European Upper and Middle
Lias from Western xlustralia are much fewer in number, but
t:his is partly owing to the fragmentary and imperfect character
•of the remains. Above these beds and horizontally stratified,
with but little disturbance, there is an immense area of the
interior of Australia covered with Cretaceous deposits and
characteristic Cretaceous fossils — Ammonites, BeJemnifcs,
Crioceras, Cj/prlna, Trir/onia, &c., with reptilian remains of
Jclithyosaiorus. The fossils have been but slightly examined, but
of their wide extent there can be no doubt — perhaps covering the
whole interior area of the Continent.
The tertiary beds already referred to as covering so large a
portion of the south portion of the Continent are apparently
divisible into regular horizons similar to those of Europe. The
chronological sequence ascertainable by the proportion of exist-
BY THE EEY. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.G.S. 381
ing species, enables us to correlate tliem as follows : — They are
divisible into three basins. 1. The Murray Basin. 2. The
Aldiuga and Southern Yorke's Peninsula. 3. The Great Aus-
tralian Bight, or, to use the nomenclature o£ Professor Tate, the
Bunda Plateau. The Murray Basin not only includes the basin
of that river, but passes across into the colony of Victoria,
extending to the western side of Port Phillip and North Tasmania.
The second basin, according to Professor Tate, occupies discon-
nected areas on the east side of St. Vincent's Grulf, and the strata
are found across Yorke's Peninsula, and probably continue round
the shores of St. Vincent's Gulf. According to Professor Tate
(who has given much attention to the subject, and whose researches
I can confirm as far as an extended examination of the fossil
corals are concerned), the Lower Aldinga strata are Eocene, and
contain scarcely three per cent, of recent forms. Mount Gambler
limestones are the equivalents of these in the south-east, and so
is the greater portion of the lower beds of the Australian Bight.
The Murray basin, including the Hamilton (Muddy Creek), and
Geelong beds (Corio Bay), are Miocene. All the beds are rich
in fossils ; but in the Murray basin, in all places, extremely well
preserved. Prom a careful comparative examination of the
Miocene fauna of these rocks, I have come to the conclusion that
about 8 per cent, of the organisms are living at the present time.
The Pliocene beds arenot so extensively or so richly represented
They are found generally as highly ferruginous outliers, with a
few fossils not easily identified. The Plemington series, near
Melbourne, are the best instances, some of the organic remains
of which have been illustrated by Professor M'Coy. The fauna
of all these deposits is characterised by its local character, which
though almost thoroughly distinct from the present Australian
fauna has still certain features in common. It has been stated
that the same tertiary fauna was found in New Guinea, as seen
in some fossil specimens brought by the Hon. AV. Macleay from
Hall Sound. I am enabled, however, to state that this is not the
382 PHYSICAL STErCTURE AND GEOLOGY OF AUSTRALIA,
case. Tliere is nothing in common witK our tertiary rocks amongst
any of the New Gruinea fossils, all of which I have carefully ex-
amined. There is no satisfactory evidence of any former partici-
pation in the great ice age by the Continent of Australia. One
or two instances of grooves or striations are recorded, but standing
alone in so vast a territory the ice origin is very doubtful. On
the whole, the evidence afforded by the animal remains is decidedly
in favour of a warmer climate for Australia than that which now
prevails, and this is borne out by the plant remains.
While the south portion of the Continent was slowly submerg-
ing under the tertiary sea, there is every reason to believe that
the eastern side of the Continent was raised above the sea level.
The period of this elevation must have been subsequent to the
Cretaceous, as marine fossils of that period are found on both
sides of the watershed, and on the table land. AV^e have no
marine tertiary beds on any portion of the eastern side of the
Continent, except a few post tertiary marine shells preserved in
ash-beds, which are scarcely above the sea level, and are only
seen where the shallow sea has been dammed back by a bank of
volcanic mud. Such an instance has been observed by me at
Cleveland, in Moreton Bay. The volcanic disturbance must have
occurred in places where our present fauna existed.
"We have on all the east side of Australia, and in many places
in Victoria, instances where vegetable remains are found in the
old drainage channels covered by lava streams. These have been
named and described by the illustrious Baron von Mueller. They
show a remarkable series of fruit-bearing trees, different from
those which occupy the same areas at the present day. Though
fruits were abundant it was not considered in most cases sife to
attempt to determine even the order to which the trees belong.
The only exceptions were in the case of a coniferous tree, and
one belonging probably to the Sapindacccs. No conclusions could
be drawn from the remains as to the age of the beds, but as they
UY THE KEY. J. E. TEJ^-JSON- WOODS, F.G.S. 383
were identical when found in widely separated places, sometimes
600 miles apart, it was seen that we here meet with a flora, which
has disappeared, but which must have occupied all the table-land.
Distinct from these deposits, and imbedded in siliceous rocks,
other plant-remains are very abundant on the edge of the table-
land. These are mainly distinguished by their resemblance to
such trees as Cinnamon and other Lauraceae and Myrtaceous
plants, Palma?, Cycads, and Ferns. The peculiarity of these
remains is that they are not usually accompanied by any
carbonaceous matter, but rather impressions in silex, probably
deriv^ed from thermal springs. There are not wanting proofs
that these are portions of the same flora to which the fruits, &c.,
belong, which are covered by volcanic deposits. They are certainly
late tertiary, and may be pliocene, or even later.
The most recent of all our formations are the raised beaches
and the various drifts and Eolian formations throughout the
Continent. The raised beaches are confined to the south side of
Australia, as far as we know, and they are of very limited extent.
The drifts are more extensive, and probably deposited at different
times and under different conditions. Two are distinguished by
Mr. Selwyn for Victoria, and they are of different ages, accord-
ing to his opinion, namely, Miocene and Pliocene. Such forma-
tions are extremely important, as they contain the remains of
those strata which denudation, during immense geological periods,
has left to us. Thus they also retain the gold which has been
derived from the Cambrian and Silurian rocks. Wherever these
drifts are found overlying auriferous quartz veins, they are also
rich in alluvial gold, and they have proved the richest deposits in
the colonies, besides being the source of all those large masses
of gold which are called "nuggets," some of which have been of
enormous size and weight. The alluvial is shallow, and easily
worked, but there are instances where it has been covered with
outpourings of lava of 300 and 400 feet thick.
Z
384 PHYSICAL STEIJCTUEE AXD GEOLOGY OF AUSTRALIA,
This is the proper place to mention that the surface and some
small portion of the upper part of gold veins are usually found
to be of much greater richness than the lower parts ; and this is
not because gold favours one portion of a vein more than another,
but because the surface represents the gradual detrital accumula-
tion from slow weathering in the course of ages.
The drift or sub-aerial deposits belonging to recent geological
periods are in Australia very important and extensive. An
illustration from one portion of Australia will explain the whole.
In the Murray basin, and through much of South Australia on
the west side of Spencer's Grulf, and north-west of Port Lincoln,
there are many isolated granite hills, which are the outcrops of
the basis of the whole continent. All around them is a sandy
desert supporting low shrubby thickets or " scrubs " of Acacia,
Eucalyptus, Cryptandra, Melaleuca, &c. The sand is a mass of
rounded grains of true desert character, that is of grains rounded
by having been blown about. It frequently lies in ridges and
hills like the waves of the sea, but generally covered with vege-
tation. The hills are interrupted by yellow clay flats, with an
open forest and a soil which a very little moisture renders boggy.
Both these accumulations arise from the slow subaerial weather-
ing of the granite. The quartz grains resist decomposition, and
get carried about by the wind. The felspar and mica decompose
rapidly, and form the basis of the clays to which the small portion
of iron per-oxides gives the yellow colour. It is remarked that
wells sunk into this clay only furnish an almost undrinkable
brackish water, doubtless from the salts of soda, potash, and iron
which the felspars contain. An analysis of these waters shows
them to contain such salts as chloride of sodium, sulphates of
soda, lime, magnesia, and potash, with variable proportions of
silica and iron. All these can be referred to chemical decompo-
sition from granites, notably felspars and mica. The taste of
salt (sodium chloride) by no means predominates in them. TIio
general surface of this kind of country, with the exception of the
EY THE EEY. J. E. TEXISON"-WOODS, F.G.S. 385
sand-drifts aud isolated granite mountains, is perfectly level, and
the sand lies loosely upon it. But in crossing such drift rido-es
one would often be deceived as to their character. They are
like mountain ranges, and the partly consolidated sand, which
forms isolated masses of calcareous sandstone, lends a support to
this impression. It may safely be stated that the greatest part
of Australia is covered by formations such as these.
deferring now to the fertile character of the country according
to its physical structure, it may be stated generally that the
narrow strip which lies between the table-land and the sea is well
watered by mountain streams, and the alluvial land in the neigh-
bourhood of these channels is rich and fertile. This includes
the larger portion of such areas. On the table-land, where the
mountains are not too rocky and rugged, the soil includes many
fertile areas ; but that is generally on the volcanic strata, which
are fortunately of wide extent. We may feel astonished at the
immense scale on which volcanic disturbance existed in Australia
in tertiary times, but probably it is less in proportion to the area
than that which took place in Miocene times in Britain. Thus
in the JS'orth of Ireland there is a basaltic flow, 500 miles long by
30 wide, or about 1,200 square miles, which attains in many
places a thickness of 900 feet.
The lands of the interior are, as a rule, poor, except in the
river valleys. Towards the central basin of the Continent they
are in all respects like the Sahara, or the table-lands and prairie
lands of America. The colony of Victoria is better situated with
regard to its lands than any other. It is well watered, and has a
larger share of the fertile areas (basaltic) between the table-land
and the sea. The portions of the table-lands themselves which
fall to its inheritance are also rich in volcanic tracts.
The colony of South Australia may be said to be, as far as the
richness of its lands is^concerned, all the valleys and slopes of
the riinders K-ange. As this is about 500 miles long, and of
386 PHYSICAL STRUCTUEE A?fD GEOLOGY OF AI'STEALIA,
gentle elevation, the tracts available for agi-iculture are consider-
able. Towards the north of a line parallel with the head of St.
Vincent's Gulf, the rainfall is small and uncertain, which renders
proprietors, both agricultural and pastoral, subject to great losses
from drought. The geological age of this range has never been
exactly ascertained. It is undoubtedly paleozoic, but so singularly
destitute of fossils throughout its whole extent that nothing
more definite can be stated.
New South Wales and Queensland are relatively in the same
position with reference to the table land. The capitals of the
colonies are built on the slopes between the plateau and the sea.
The portions of the upper part of the high lands included in both
colonies have much of the volcanic areas of great richness. The
lower lands are poor and sterile, except, as already stated, in the
river valleys. In the southern portions of Xew South "Wales
these are very numerous.
It has been noticed that the actual amount of the rainfall on
the interior slopes must be largely in excess of the drainage by
the rivers, and that therefore a great portion soaks into the
ground and drains along the incline towards the interior. On
this account the structure of the central basin must be especially
favourable for the formation of artesian wells. This was drawn
attention to by me in a paper read for me by Sir Eoderick
Murchison, at the meeting of the British Association at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, in 1863. In 1866, in a series of papers furnished to
the Australasian, I have advocated the same view. But it did
not receive much attention until recently, when the subject has
been revived with most beneficial results to the settlers of the
interior. One fact in the physical structure of the continent
should have indicated such stores of water in the interior. In
the central depression of the Continent there is a line of groups
of thermal and cold springs covering several hundred square
miles. These send forth water from great depths, and are, no
doubt, derived from a central underground reservoir whose sources
BY THE REV. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.G.S. 387
are on the slopes of the table laud. That the waters come from
great depth is seen from the fact of the temperature, and the
mounds of sinter or travertine around them. This, no doubt, is
the silica, &c., once held in solution by the thermal waters under
pressure, but liberated on arrival at a level where the pressure
was removed.
In these mounds are found deposits of bones, teeth, and other
remains of those gigantic marsupials which once roamed over this
Continent, but which are now totally extinct. We find also the
remains of extinct Crocodiles, even within the limits of New South
"Wales, as well as a gigantic Lizard, Tortoises, &c. The largest
of our extinct Marsupials, the Diprotodon, must have been as
large as an Elephant, and the abundance of its remains in almost
every cave and river bed shows that it was very numerous and
wide-spread. Its disappearance from the Continent was in very
recent times. In 1866 I found the remains of a Struthious bird,
much larger than the Emu, in one of the kitchen-middens of the
natives in South Australia. The bones were marked by the
scrapings and cuttings of flint knives of the blacks. I then stated
that there was evidence that Australia had been formerly occupied
by a wingless bird much heavier and larger than the Emu and I
proposed for it the name of Dromaius australis. It has since
been named Dromornis cmstralis by Professor Owen, who has
found that the bird had formerly a wide range in Australia.
It is generally thought that Australia is a Continent c^uite
recently upheaved from the ocean. There is, however, no evidence
of such an origin, at least for the whole. The facts of which we
can be certain are these : Since the Miocene period the southern
portion of the Continent for its whole extent has been upraised
to a height of about 600 feet. Subsequently or contempor-
aneously there has been a large amount of volcanic disturbance
with outpouring of basaltic lavas. After this there has been a
subsidence, not very considerable in depth, but extensive. This,
is seen, as Professor Tate has pointed out, by the fringe of Eoliaii
388 PHYSICAL STEUCTURE AXD GEOLOaT OF ArSTEALIA,
Calcareous Sandstones which for a short distance out to sea,
surrounds the south coast. There has then been over a limited
area on the south-east side of the Continent a renewal of volcanic
activity and slight elevation of the coast. On the east side there
is no evidence of upheaval for its whole extent, but there are
very decided marks of subsidence in, probably, tertiary times. A
long fault occurs at the edge of the Blue Mountains near Penrith,
and for many miles north and south, there is a down- throw which
brings the Hawkesbury Sandstone nearly to the level of the sea,
when it forms the romantic castellated fiords and diversified
scenery of Port Jackson, Broken Bay, &c. The existence of the
Barrier Beef on the north-east coast is also generally regarded
as marking a slow period of subsidence. This view is confirmed
by the general conformation of the coast line, mountain system,
and islands. The subsidence must have been in tertiary times,
because the recent alluvial drifts are disturbed by it.
The upheaval of the coast line of the Australian Bight must
have been of a very rapid character, Priable limestone cliffs,
600 feet high, abut upon the sea. Had there been any pause,
even of a few months, in the uplifting, there must have been some
traces left by erosion, but no such marks are found. It might
be an interesting speculation to inquire if the subsidence on the
east coast was a compensating phenomenon for the upheaval on
the south, since the extent is about the same. The phenomena
represented are at any rate out of even extraordinary terrestrial
experience. The west coast seems also to have participated in
the upheaval. Shells of a recent age were forwarded to mc from
Premantle, which showed the existence of raised beaches. The
only difference between the marine fauna and that at present
existing was that it included tropical species only now found in
North A^ustralia.
As to the epoch to which the oldest dry land in Australia may
be referred there are no very certain data. The fauna and flora
would incline us to believe that we have relics of the later
BY THE REV. J. E. TENISOiN'- WOODS, F.U.S. 389
Mesozoic or earlier tertiary times ; but it would be premature to
build any solid theory on these facts.
The above are general outlines of the Geology and Physical
structure of Australia. A closer examination of the details may
amplify or elucidate the the conclusions ; but the brief exposition
of the facts is made on observations which are not likely in
future to be disturbed or changed.
On a large Mesozoic MytlJns from the Barcoo.
By the Eet. J. E. Tej^ison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S.
The following specimen was given to me for description by the
Hon. A. Archer, of Gracemere, Queensland. The locality from
which it was taken was uncertain, but he believed that it was
found on the rocky banks of the Upper Barcoo at the foot of a
sandstone table] and. It is therefore probably from the edge of
the Upper or Middle Mesozoic strata in that locality. The fossil
was accompanied with Belemnites and there were no less than
two other specimens in Mr. Archer's possession so that I should
conclude that it was abundant. It is a very large species of
Mytilus, so large in fact that I do not believe any larger has been
described. Unfortunately very little of the shelly matter has
been preserved and therefore the description refers rather to a
very perfect east of the interior of the valves, but as the form is
singularly regular and even and the shelly matter thin the details
are well preserved and distinct.
MyTILUS IlfGEXS, n. s.
M. t. oblong, oval, or elliptical, tumid or gibbous in the centre,
so as to form an arched broad regularly sloping carina, depressed
at the anterior side, thick, but not clumsy at the posterior margin,
the whole very equally sulcate with lines of growth, the younger
ones deep ridged and with a beautiful curve, the latter less distinct
390 ON A LAEGE MESOZOIC MTTILUS FBOM THE BAECOO,
and broad. TJmbones terminal small corroded curved. Liga-
mental fossa somewhat small, broad terminal shallow, with a long
narrow slit for the byssus. Pallial impression long and wedge-
shaped. Length 30 centimetres, breadth 19, height 17. Length
of hinge depression 9.
The size and regular shape should distinguish this species. In
the lines of growth the younger ones are deep, broad, regular
and distinctly margined. The free portions of shelly matter left
on the cast show that in spite of its size the testa was not very
thick.
Locality ? Barcoo, Queensland. Horizon ?
It is impossible to say yet whether the specimen should be
referred to the Oolitic or Cretaceous rocks, both of which are
known to occur in that locality. Mr. Cha;^. Moore, F.Gr.S.,
describes three species of Ifi/tilus* but none of them resemble
this in the remotest degree in regard to size. In form M. injlatus
approaches it, but it is scarcely an inch in length. The rock
mass is like that of Wollumbilla in form. I may state that I
have a large mass of materials for description, partly derived from
the collections of various explorers and partly derived from my
own collections of Mesozoic fossils, made during many journeys
and explorations in Xorth Queensland. I prefer however to
deal with them in one monograph, so that their relative affinities
may be perceived. This magnificent species merits an exception
because of its size and beauty of form, which so easily distinguish
it from all others. For the information of many continental
correspondents I append the following observations in Latin :
MiTiLTJS iNGEXS, 11. s. M. t. oblougo-ovali vel elliptica ;
medio tumida vel gibbosa indequc late, regulariter, obscure
carinata ; antice depressa postice crassa, baud ponderosa ;
* Australian Mesozoic Gtiology and Paleontology, Quart, Jour. Geological
Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 252. The species described arc M. rtigo-costatus, M.
planus, and M. injlatics^ all from Wollunibilla, where Mytilus is said to be
abundant on the rocks.
BY THE BET. J. E. TEJflSON- WOODS, F.G.S. 391
undique regulariter sulcata liueis incrementi, primis profundis,
latis, eleganter ciirvatis, et conspicue marginatis, deinde latis,
obsoletis. Umbonibus termiiialibus, parvis, curvatis, corrosis.
Fossa ligamenti hand magna, lata, profunda ; bjsso angusto,
Impressionibus pallii et musculari longis et cuneiformibus.
Per terras intra-tropicas AustralLie peregrinantes eximias
collectiones fossilium reportarunt multi indagatorum et viatorum.
TJt taeeam cl. Leiclibardtii et Mitchelli collectiones in Musseo
Sydneyense vel Mus. G-eol. Lond. nunc servatas, jam pridem in
variis scriptis recensuit Eev. W. B. Clarke collectiones aliorum
peregrinatorum. Ultimis annis novje et spectabiles collectiones
cl. G-regorii e co Ionia Australige occidentalis (Grreenougb E-iver) e
"Wollumbilla, Gordon Downs, ex Aust. orientali, ab illustrissimo
Carolo Moore in Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond. descriptse sunt. Novis-
sime, collectiones a cl. Daintree sub expeditionibus speculatoriis,
variisque partibus Australia) conquisitse ab illust. E. Etheridge
amplissime descriptie et illustrate (in eodem Jour. G-eol. Soc.
Lond.) in Mus. Brisbanense reperiuntur.
Xuper a me collectiones factae variis peregrinationibus
Australia septentrionali. Additfe his varia> collectiones, quae mese
determinationi amice demandatse sunt, commentarii prsebuere
materiam quibus addidi paucas species nondum publicatas in
iisdem terris ab aliis inventas. Cum species saepe in pluribus
eaedem adsint, vel aiRnes se invicem illustrantes, aptius mihi visum
est reservare et in unico opusculo has symbolas conjunctas
recensere quam singulas illustrare. Attamen hoc loco inserui
descriptionem hujus magnificse speciei Mytili, nondum adhuc
descriptae, magnitudine formaque necnon testa tenui ab omnibus
aliis mytilorum f acillime divellendae. Certissime mihi dictum non
est stratum in quo specimina tria hujus speciei inventa, sed proba-
biliter mihi videtur e rivulis rupestribus ad pedes plagae elevatae
juxta fluminis Barcoo partes orientales passim provenientibus. In
Collectionibus supra dictis moUuscorum, Gasteropoda minorem,
lamellibranchiata vero pro more longe majorem numerum praebent.
392 OCCASIONAL NOTES ON PLANTS,
Ea, exceptis paucis Cephalopodis et Belcmnitis, solus collegit
Daintree, et loco citato Etheridge specimina illustravit. Etiam ob
genera et subgenera incertitudo inter illos f eliciter stabilita, quam
per cbaracteres magis constantes bivalvatos rite determinare istis
completis exemplaribus facilius est quam per descriptiones tantum,
longe magis per incompletas et incertas quarum forma maxime
fallax est. Cum plurim® definitiones ad specimina singula
Musaeorum proposita3 sint, facile intelligitur, quam parum ad
specierum determinationem et specificam diiferentiam dijudican-
dum sufficiant sine amplissima experientia variationis legum inter
indigenas. Ex his ratiopibus ex magna parte pendere lingimus
immeusum novarum specierum numerum ultimis annis proposi-
tarum, quarum dimidium saltem numerum vel synonymas vel jam
descriptas sine temeritate enuntiare ausim, quamvis inultas,
quarum locus et affinitas in generibus tam vastis baud indicata
sunt sine ectyporum comparatione numquam determinare liceat.
Non satis est speciem ignotam sub nomine novo describere, sed
banc tamdiu in animo volutare donee nexus cum omnibus, ut ait
illust. Elias Eries, jam rite cognitis plene eluceat.*
Occasional notes on the Ii^floeescence and Habits of
Plants indigenous in the immediate neighuoukhood
OF Sydney.
By E. Haviland.
The Rev. Dr. Woolls, in his Census of Plants indigenous in
the neighbourhood of Sydney, enumerates, under the order
Eutacese, eleven genera, comprising thirty-one species. It must
however, be borne in mind, that this census refers to the whole
of the County of Cumberland. Even within a very limited area,
that is within a radius of six or seven miles from Sydney, the
Nov. Sjm. Myc. in pereg. terris Dan. coll. prolog.
EY E. HATILAND, 393
order is rich in beautiful and interesting genera. 0£ these I
select two — Philotheca and Boronia, and take an individual
member of each — Philotheca australis and Boronia pinnata.
Philotheca australis, Rudge, is a very beautiful plant, well
deserving the attention of florists ; easy to cultivate, and delight-
ing even in the poorest of soils. It may be found in abundance
on the road side, between Manly and Middle Harbour, in the
early spring. The flowers are in groups of three or four, on
very short pedicels of not more than one line. The lobes of the
calyx are five, broad at the base, about one-fourth of the length of
the tube, triangular, imbricate, and somewhat coriaceous. The
petals five, lanceolate, about eight lines long, and three broad,
spreading and reflexed ; having a somewhat deep, longitudinal
furrow on the face, forming a ridge on the back, of a deeper rose
colour than the rest of the petal. The stamens are ten, shorter
than the petals, united in the lower parts of the filaments, in a
monadelphous circle, completely enclosing the pistil ; the broad
filaments being so transparent that the pistil may be seen through
them. The upper parts of the filaments are free, and densely
hirsute. The styles rising from the five carpels, are immediately
united in one, and this too, is densely hirsute. The ovary is five-
celled, each cell containing two ovules. The foliage is heath-like,
the leaves almost terete, nearly if not quite, sessile, erect, and
from three to six lines long ; while the width does not exceed
half a line.
Upon a cursory examination of this flower, one is inclined to
think, that, if in so many cases the most careful provision has
been made to prevent self-fertilization, equally careful provision
has, in this instance, been made to ensure it. \nt\ii^ Philotheca
we find the pistil so imprisoned, not merely (as in Boronia) by
the stamens forming a cage of simple bars round it ; but so, by
the absence of any interstice, as to prevent any insect likely to
carry pollen approaching it. The stamens are continued beyond
the anthers ; and both these projections and the backs of the
394 OCCASIOIS^AL N^OTES 01^ PLANTS,
anthers are clothed with stiff hairs. Five of the stamens are
shorter than the others, and meet over the stigma, quite prevent-
ing any approach to it from above. Independently, however, of
this, the five longer stamens close over the shorter ones, forming
an additional protection. As the anthers are all on the inside of
the stamens, of course those of the five shorter stamens are
immediately over the stigma. In the course of time, the free
portions of the five longer stamens leave their first position, and
not only become erect, but to some extent, reflexed ; the five
shorter ones however, still retaining their guardianship of the
stigma. Soon a very narrow passage, caused by the shorter
stamens having somewhat separated, will be seen leading to the
stigma, and an ordinary pocket-lens will show that the anthers
lining the passage have matured and opened, and that the passage
contains a considerable quantity of pollen. After this, the five
shorter stamens open widely, exposing the stigma.
The close imprisonment of the stigma, till the anthers have
opened, and the pollen has lined the passage immediately over it,
would lead one to suppose that its purpose was to ensure self-
fertilization ; but this does not appear to have been the case.
Finding, on opening several flowers, that no fertilization had
taken place ; that in fact, the stigma was not mature, although
the pollen had matured and disappeared, I selected ten flowers
in all of which both the long and short stamens had opened
widely, leaving the stigmas fully exposed. In six I found the
anthers open and empty, yet five of the stigmas had not arrived
at maturity, one being viscid, but having no pollen on it. In three
others the anthers were open and contained a few grains of
pollen ; but none of the stigmas were mature. In the remaining
flower the anthers were open, and appeared to contain all their
pollen ; the stigma not mature. I then placed some ripe pollen
on five of the stigmas of the first lot examined, which were
supposed not to have reached maturity. After allowing it to
remain in contact for half an hour, it could be blown off, leaving
BT E. HAYILAXD. 395
the stigmas dry and clean, proving that, although the pollen from
their own flowers had matured and disappeared, they had not
arrived at a condition to utilise it, and, that when they should
do so, they would be dependent on the pollen of other flowers.
Perhaps there are few plants which vary more in their manner
of growth than JBoronia pinnata, (Smith). Different localities
afford it under such various forms as often to cause one to be
uncertain of the species. The colour of the flowers too passes
through all shades from rose-purple to white. In this paper I
speak of a variety of which specimens have been sent to me at
various times, from the more distant parts of Lane Cove. It is
nearly white, quite glabrous ; the younger branches almost square.
The leaves are pinnate and opposite, generally of seven or nine
leaflets, but the terminal leaflet often absent. The costa or
midrib of the entire leaf is much dilated, and leaf-like ; but con-
tracted where the leaflets join it. The leaflets are small, not
exceeding at the most four lines long and one broad, and mucro-
nate. The flowers are both axillary and terminal, each of the
smaller branches ending in a group of three to six, on pedicels
twice the length of the flowers ; the pedicels having minute bracts
half way between their articulation with the peduncles and the
flowers. The calyx is of four imbricate lobes shorter than the
tube, broadly lanceolate, but ending acutely, and is very smaU
when compared with the corolla. The corolla consists of four
petals, very concave on the inside, six lines long ; very broadly
lanceolate, attached to the tube of the calyx. The stamens are
eight, rising from the outside of a fleshy, hypogynous disk, swell-
ing out at the centre of the filament, but meeting again, and
forming a cage round the pistil. The filaments forming the bars
of this cage, although densely woolly at their summits, are very
slightly so elsewhere ; and while, unlike Fhilotheca, they are
sufficiently open to allow insects to enter, it does not appear that
even a small insect can come into contact with the stigma. The
filaments are suddenly very much enlarged at their summits.
396 OCCASIONAL XOTES OX PLANTS,
bearing the anthers on the inside and rather below the apices
and are so spring-like that they press the anthers down upon the
stigma closely, covering it so completely as to prevent any
approach to it. The stigma is globular and very large ; in some
instances quite as large as the ovary. Almost before the pollen
is mature, the stamens begin to rise, leaving the stigma exposed ;
but in no specimen that I have examined, although I have found
the pollen fully ripe, have I found the stigma prepared to receive
it. On the contrary, it has appeared so far from maturity, that
I presume that before that condition is attained, the pollen will
have disappeared ; which it soon does from various causes, but
chiefly by the agitation of the plant by the wind. In fact in
several instances, in this plant, also I have found the anthers
empty or absent, before the stigma was mature. What the result
to be attained is, in the case of the Philotliecaj by imprisioning
the stigma in a close cage until the pollen has matured and
dispersed, or, in the Boronia, by covering it closely by pressing
its own anthers upon it, by the spring-like action of the stamens,
till the pollen has all but matured, and then setting it free, still
not in a condition to utilise the pollen till after it has dispersed,
may be open to question. May it not be, however, that the
shielding of the stigma in either case, to a great extent, from the
influence of light and heat, retards its attainment of the con-
dition necessary to receive and utilise pollen till after the anthers
of the same flower have matured and dispersed it, thus making
the stigma dependent on the pollen of some other flower, and
ensuring cross-fertilization. These are not isolated cases. In
my search for botanical specimens, I meet with so many instances'
and the employment of such various and often curious means to
ensure cross-fertilisation, that I am inclined to think nature
intended it to be the rule even in the Vegetable Kingdom.
The common rose-purple variety, or what I take to be the
typical form of Boronia pinnata, differs much from the form I
have described. The flowers arc more crowded, the leaves much
BV E. HAVILAXD. 397
larger, the filaments very much less thickened at the summits,
and the stigma, instead of being almost or quite as large as the
ovary, is so small as scarcely to be distinguished from the short
style. The difference in this respect is so great, that, were it not
that Bentham mentions that this species is sexually dimorphous,
and that I am assured by unquestionable authority that the two
forms are identical, I should consider them distinct species.
Note on some points in the Anatomy of the Pigeons
BEFEREED TO BY Dr. Ha.NS GrADOW IN A RECENT PAPER ON
THE Anatomy of Pterocles.
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.)
In part II. of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London for 1882, which has just come to hand, I find in a paper
by Dr. Hans G-adow on the Anatomy of Pterocles some state-
ments called forth by a paper of mine published in the Proceed-
ings of this Society (Xotes on the Anatomy of Birds, III. — The
Myological Characters of the Columbidae, Vol. iv., pp. 306 — 310
[1880].)
I must first explain that the paper in question was in reality
an abstract of a veiy much longer and more detailed account of
the entire system of limb-muscles in the Pigeons, together with
comparative studies of many other birds, which was presented to
the Society at the time, and this may serve to account for the
condensed form in which it appears. At the end of the short
abstract I summarise the leading characteristics of the muscular
system of the Pigeons in five statements. These I regard, taken
all together, as enabling us to give a myological definition of the
order. I do not state that all these points are peculiar to the
Pigeons , I merely allege that they are characteristic of them as
a group — a distinction which appears to me perfectly obvious,
but which Dr. Gradow seems not to apprehend. These five
398 ON SOME POIXTS IN THE ANATOMY OF PIGEONS,
characteristics (with a modification to be noticed presently) I
have merely to repeat, seem, taken together, to characterise the
family, and if Mr. Porbes and Dr. G-adow will take the trouble
to make a really careful dissection of the common Pigeon, they
will find it necessary to modify some of their statements. The
authors alluded to state that of the five points " one is totally
incorrect and three others, viz. nos. 3, 4, and 5, are not jharacteritic
of the Columbidse."
. 1. The absence of a posterior belly of the latissimus dorsi.
In a short note on Tiiracana and ^dirhinus (Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., Vol. vii., p. 115) I have pointed out that in the
fruit-pigeons the arrangement of this muscle is normal. Dr.
Gadow says " Mr. Porbes and I, on examining the following
birds, which were at hand — Carpliophaga, Chalcophaps and Columha
— found this muscle consisting of two bellies, the posterior one
being just as well developed in these Pigeons as in Astur, arising
from the anterior margin of the ileum and from the last dorsal
vertebrae, and inserted by means of a tendon below that of the
anterior belly into the humerus. Throughout their whole length
the two bellies were connected by a fascia." This is precisely
the arrangement found in JEdirJimics and Ptilopus, as in birds
generally ; that it occurs also in Chalcopliops, as well as in the
fruit- eating Carphophaga is a fact new to me — never having had
a specimen of the former genus to dissect. But it surprises me
greatly to be told that Mr. Porbes and Dr. Gadow found it
occurring in Columha. The posterior belly is entirely absent in
Columha livia and C. cenas, in JSLacropygia and Turaccena. I have
carefully verified its absence in so many dozens of specimens,
chiefly of the two first-named forms, that I cannot but entertain
grave doubts of the correctness either of Dr. Gadow's and Mr.
Porbes' s observation, or of the determination of the specimen of
Columha which they say they examined. I must confess to having
made a too hasty inference in this particular in regarding as a
characteristic of the Pigeons as a group what I afterwards found
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 399
to be not a universal modification ; but the correctness of my
observations can be verified by anyone, and it is a point whose
importance in the classification of the Columba) will probably
prove to be considerable.
3. The absence of the glutasus externus and the presence of
the adductores brevis et longus, the semitendindosus and semi-
membranosus. With reference to this point Dr. Gradow states : —
" Now the m. gluteus externus (j=(jliif. anterior) is generally very
small, but plainly visible in many birds, such as Pigeons, Passerine
birds, &c., and not absent as stated by Mr. Haswell," (i.e. as I
take it, " though very small in many birds such as Pigeons,
Passerine birds &c., is plainly visible," etc.). That this musele,
though well developed in many families, is extremely small in
others is a well-known fact ; but in the Pigeon it is entirely absent
as a separate muscle, as was long ago pointed out by Gi-arrod.*
In regard to the four muscles whose presence is specially noted,
Dr. Gadow goes on to say — " The four other muscles are well-
developed in most birds as Prof. Grarrod has stated over and
over again, and as the dissection of any fowl will shew." I may
here quote my own words in the paper alluded to. " The adductor
hrevis, adductor longus, semlmemhranosus, semitendinosus and
accessory semitendinosus are all present. The significance of these
muscles has been pointed out by Mr. A. H. Garrod (" On certain
muscles of the Thigh of Bird and their value in classification, P.
Z.S., 1873 and 1874)." This surely is plain enough. Prof.
Garrod found that the absence or presence of certain muscles of
the thigh was characteristic of the various major groups of birds.
Indicating each of these muscles by a letter he was able to give
a myological f ormulr for each, and these formulae he found to be
of some value in the determination of afiinities. Surely then this
formula is of sufiicient importance to be quoted in an enumeration
of the myological characters of the Pigeons. But Dr. Gadow not
* Vide his " Collected Scientific Papers/' p. 210, or P.Z.S., 1S74, p. 258.
Al
400 ON SOME POINTS IN THE ANATOMY OF PIGEONS,
only finds fault with this, but insinuates that I was not aware
that these muscles " as Prof. Grarrocl has stated orer and over
again," are found in other birds. In place of adopting one of
Prof. Grarrod's views, it is made to appear that I have been
altogether overlooking his observations !
4. The special relation of the tendon of the ambiens (when
present) to the fibular head of the flexor perforatus secundus
tertii digiti. On this Dr. Gadow remarks — " The distal end of
the ambiens muscle, when typically developed, always forms the
continuation of one of the lieads of the m. perforatus dig. ii. et
iii.." This is, so far as my observations extend, quite correct.
How Dr. Gradow, if he has really read my paper and not merely
the summary, persuades himself that it contradicts my statement,
I am at a loss to understand.
As a rule the fibres of the distal tendon of the ambiens become
broken up when they reach the upper portion of the leg, and
become scattered through the fleshy substance of the muscles
referred to. In the Pigeons the arrangement is peculiar in this,
that the distal tendon maintains its consistency and joins the
proximal tendon of the fibular head of the flexor perf . sec. tert.
dig., so that the whole might be regarded as an ilio-phalangeal
muscle with two bellies and the intermediate tendon united to
the fibula by a tendinous band, which is sometimes very slight.
It is perhaps a point on which too much w^eight might be laid,
but the myology of the various orders of birds is on the whole so
remarkably uniform that such a peculiarity is at least worthy of
being noted.
5. The presence of lumbricales in the foot. Dr. Gadow's
remark on this point is as follows: — "The muscle which Mr.
Haswell takes to be the representative of the lumbricales muscles
of mammals has not " hitherto escaped the notice of Anatomists,"
and it is not " peculiar to the Pigeons," since it is also present
in many other birds, e. g. the liatiice, and has been described by
BY WILLTAM A. ITASWELL, M.A.,.B.Sc. 401
Meckel, although he gives no name to it, in his " System der
vergleich. Anat." iii., p. 388, and in his Archiv fiir Anat. u.
Physiol, pp. 278 and 279." 'Not having been able to consult
the volumes referred to here, I am unable at present to check
Dr. G-adow's identification of the muscle which I have ventured
to name lumbricalis with a muscle mentioned by Meckel and
occurring " in many other birds, e. g. the Batifco.'' No mention
is made of such a muscle by Owen in his ' Memoir on the Apteryx,'
in his article " Aves " in Tod's Cyclopaedia, or in his ' Com-
parative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates,' in all of which
frequent reference is made to Meckel's ' Y ergleichende Anatomic,'
nor by Selenka in the ' Vogel ' of Bronn's ' Thierreich ' in which
Meckel is also constantly quoted, nor by Alix in his ' Appareil
locomoteur des Oiseaux ; ' nor does Grarrod mention it in his
paper on the Ostrich, in whicb the flexors of the toes are minutely
described (Collected Papers, pp. 101-104).
The muscle referred to, which, if it be not an equivalent of two
coalescent lumbricales, has no homologue in Mammals, arises from
the under surface of the tendon of the flexor profundus just
before it divides, and, becoming bifurcated, is inserted into the
sheath containing the flexor tendons of the second and third toes.
Against Dr. Gradow's statement that it occurs in many other
birds and therefore is not characteristic of the Pigeons, I have to
place the fact that it does not occur in any of the numerous birds
— swimmers, waders, parrots, kingfishers, cuckoos and others —
that I have examined for it, with the single excaption of the
rasorial birds in which it is well-developed. Thus though not, as
I once regarded it, peculiar to the Pigeons, this muscle is a
characteristic one and is probably of some taxonomic value. If
it should prove to be common and peculiar to the Columb?e and
the Easores, it would prove an interesting minor link between
these groups.
We may then define the Columhidce myologically as birds with
an expanded tensor accessox'ius, with the posterior belly of the
402 I^^OTES AND EXHIEITS.
latissimus dorsi sometimes absent, with the gluteus externus
undeveloped, with the adductores longus et brevis, semitendinosus
and accessory semitendinosus all well-developed, with the ambiens
sometimes absent, and when present exhibiting a characteristic
arrangement, and with " musculi lumbricales" in the foot.
I^^OTES AXD EXHIBITS.
Note on some Seaweeds from Port Jackson and adjacent coast,
hy E. P. Kamsay, P.L.S. — In a recent letter from our esteemed
correspondent. Baron Perd. von Mueller, that distinguished
Botanist has kindly given me the names of the following Alga,
which I had sent him for determination, requesting me to bring
under the notice of the Society the fact that no fruiting specimens
of Claudia hennettiana have yet been recorded. This beautiful
and delicate Alga was dredged near Spectacle Island ; where
particular search should be made for this rare and interesting
plant. And indeed the marine flora of Port Jackson and the
adjacent coast is worthy of special attention and research, several
new species and a new genus having been recently discovered on
our shores. The following species from Bondi have been deter-
mined by Professor Agardh, of Lund, the greatest authority on
AlgcB : PteroclacUa lucicla, J. Agardh ; Splachnidium rurjOBum,
Grreville ; Lederstedtia austraJis, J. Agardh. {iiov. cjen.et sp.J ;
Gelidium corneum, Grreville ; Plocamiiim angustum, J. Agardh.
Specimens of a Laurencia and of a small Martensia, probably new,
were obtained in deep water. I may also mention that a new
species of Sargassum was dredged near the North Head.
Professor Stephens exhibited a collection of rocks and fossils
illustrating the structure of the AVestern Coal-fields, as explained
by Mr. Wilkinson in his map of AVallerawang (1877). The
oldest stratified rocks, quartzites, conglomerates, and sandstones
are Devonian, as shewn by characteristic fossils from Mt. Lambie
KOTES AND EXHIBITS. 403
and Mt. Flalierty. Tlieae are broken and tilted, often vertically,
by more recent porphyries and granites, upon whicli, as also
on the upturned edges of the Devonian strata, there rests an
irregular conglomerate of earthy matter, sand and pebbles, of a
dark greenish brown, which bleaches to a pale buff for about
twenty feet from the surface. The pebbles are derived, as is
shown by the fossils which they contain, from the older Devonian
rocks, which formed not only the bottom, but also shores and
islands in the carboniferous sea of this District. Many bands
of shales containing remains of plants, as well as of sandstones
containing characteristic marine carboniferous fossils are inter-
calated in various places with this conglomerate. Above it are
aluminous shales which in many places, as near Ben Bullen, have
fretted away under atmospheric action, and left the overlying rocks
with very insufficient support. These are close-grained massive
sandstones cleaving naturally into more or less rectangular blocks,
which, owing to the decay of their foundation, are now poised
on pedestals or overhanging caverns in a very picturesque way.
In these shales are abundance of plant remains, belonging to the
Newcastle beds. Above the sandstone, coal-seams appear at
Wallerawang and to the northward, while the series is closed by
the castellated walls of Hawkesbury sandstone which crest and
protect the whole. Indeed, at Blackman's Crown they are seen
to rise almost vertically above their deep Devonian foundations,
displaying in a landscape of extraordinary singularity and beauty
a diagram of perhaps equal interest to the geologist. The lime-
stone two miles N.AY. of Piper's Plat varies from a black knotty
rock to crystalline or even saccharoid marble. Its surface as
exposed in the quarries has been protected from the action of
running water, as is usual in limestone river beds, by deposits of
gravel (partly also in all probability by various vegetable
growths). Underneath, however, the acid waters flowing freely
along the joints of the rock have eroded them out into holes and
passages. These have subsequently, under a diminished flow,
404 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
been filled up with a pure white marl full of leaf impressions,
but too brittle to allow of any specimen being obtained from the
portions now exposed. In this marl are distributed nodules
of travertine, encrusting forms which appear to be partially-
decomposed portions of Favosites, but may turn out to be only
of mineral origin. A dyke of grey porphyry, with felspar
crystals much decomposed, runs through this limestone, and is
probably the cause of its bleaching and crystallization. Crinoid
stems, Brachiopods, and Petraia (PeiTaria) are seen in a fragment
which has been half burnt and subsequently weathered.*
* This Limestone has been described by Professor Liversidge in his ' Minerals
of New South Wales/ p. 111.
405
AVEDNESDAY, 25th OCTOBER, 1882.
The President J. C. Cox, M.D., E.L.S., &c., in tlie Chair.
MEMBEES ELECTED.
R. W. G-raham, Esq., Lillesmere, Lower Burdekin, Queensland.
J. Ahearn, Esq., M.D., Townsville, Queensland.
Archibald Campbell MacMillan, Esq., Airdmillan, Lower
Burdekin, Queensland.
Arthur Eeisley Johnston, Esq., Lower Burdekm.
William Peter, Esq., "Waitemata, Elizabeth Bay.
Dr. J. "Wharton Cox, Sydney.
DOXATIONS.
"The Minerals o£ New South Wales," by Prof. Archd. Liyer-
sidge, E.E.S., &c.
"Siberian and South American Eungi," by the Eey. Carl
Kalchbrenner,
" Eungi in reg. diy. Australire et Asiae a Jul. Eemy collecti
1863—1866."
" Champignons, Eapportes en 1880 d'une excursion botanique
en Egypte et en Palestine," par M. William Barbey.
" The Herring, by Mitchell," presented by John E. Mann, Esq.
" The Phanerogamia of the Mitta Mitta source basin and their
habitats," by James Stirling.
" Beport of the Trustees of the Public Library, Museums, and
National G-allery of Victoria, for 1881."
" Zur Kenntniss der Bauchdecke und der mit ihr yerkniipften
Organe bei den Beutelthieren yon Oscar Katz." Erom Dr.
Schuette.
" Journal of the Eoyal Microscopical Society of London,'*
18^
Bl
August 1882
408 DESCRIPTION OF A XEW SPECIES OF SOLEA,
"Lecture on the Flora of Australia." By Baron Ferd. von
Miiller, K.C.M.a., M.D., Ph. D.
PAPERS READ.
Description OF ANEW species of Solea from Port Stepheinb.
By E. p. Eamsat, F.L.S., Curator, Australian Museum.
Solea lineata, sp. nov.
D. 95 to — . A. 80 to — . Lm. lat. 120 {circa).
Eyes on the right side ; the height o£ the body three times in
the total length without the caudal, the length of the head nearly
six times (5|") ; lateral line straight, apparently ending at the
gill-cover. Colour light ash, with narrow transverse black wavy
lines crossing the body ; on the head there are six lines, on the
body about 25, some continuous, others broken, many extending
on to the fins ; the pectoral fins ash colour, about twice the
length of the head ; the blind side ashy with the vertical fins
blackish on the margins, the last rays of the dorsal and anal fins
produced ; eyes small, situated at about one diameter from the
upper margin of the head, the upper scarcely in advance of the
lower. The caudal fin in this specimen is imperfect. The total
length about 2f inches, head 0*4 in.
A very small specimen not in good state, it is impossible to
ascertain the correct number of the rays, the tail is also imperfect.
Sal). Port Stephens, (received from Mrs. Griover).
Contributions to Australian Ooloot. — Part II.
By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., &c.
\Continued from Vol. VII., p. 59.]
43. Struthidea cinerea, Gould. PI. 3, figs. 4 and 6.
The nest is a round cup or basin shaped structure composed
of mud or clay, about 4 inches inside diameter ; it is lined with
BY E. r. RAMSAY, P.L.S. 407
grasses, and placed on a horizontal bough, often only a few feet
from the ground, but occasionally at a height of about 20 to 30
feet, the eggs are from three to four in number, but sometimes
five and seven have been takeu by Mr. James Ramsa}^ from a
single nest. They are of a milky- white, sometimes of a skimmed-
milk colour, with spots, and here and there a blotch of blackish
umber, and blackish- slate colour^some altogether without mark-
ings, or with only one or two blackish specks. A set of four
measure as follows, length 1-2G x 0*85 ; US x 0-85 ; 1*27 x 0*88 ;
118 X O-SD.—iMus. Bohr., J. B.)
44. Artamus mixor, Vieill. PL 3, figs. 9 and 10.
Mr. Greorge Barnard informs me that this species builds its
nests often in the end of a hollow branch, or in hollows in the
tops of stumps and broken trees, and posts, sometimes in old
mortice holes in fences, the nest is a very frail and scanty structure,
merely a few leaves, sticks, and twigs put together so loosely
that it will scarcely bear removal. The eggs two, three, or four
for a sitting, are of a dull white or cream colour, blotched with
yellowish-brown and obsolete markings of slaty-grey, which in
some specimens are almost as well defined as the primary spots ;
some specimens are heavily blotched wdth these colours, others
spotted, blotched, freckled or minutely dotted ; all are more or
less zoned at the thicker end, in some the spots are confluent,
forming ill-shapen figures, in others round or oval and well-
defined. Length (1) 0'75 x 0-55 {avemr/e size); (2) 0'71 x 0*45 ;
(3) 0-76 X 0-55 , (4) 0-75 x 0-57.
45. Xerophila leucopsis, Gould. PI. 3, fig. 7.
The eggs of this species have been unfortunately described as
being white by Mr. Grould ; that many of our Australian birds
lay eggs other than of the normal colour must be well known to
all Australian Oologists, who are not unfrequently a little puzzled
at getting eggs of the same species totally different from one
408 CONTRIBUTIOXS TO AUSTRALIAN OOLOGY,
another, nerertheless I believe the eggs described by Mr. Gould
as those o£ this species, really belong to Acanthiza (Geoiasileics)
chysorrJious. The eggs of the present species as shown by
numerous authentic examples taken by Mr. James Kamsay and
Mr. K. H. Bennett, are of a dull white, thickly spotted and
freckled all over with reddish-brown, dull chocolate-brown, or
dark wood-brown, in some specimens the whole of the ground
colour is obscured by reddish-brown freckles, others have a zone
of confluent spots of dark blackish-brown on the larger end and
only a few dots or freckles on tlic remaining portion ; average
length 0"7 in. x 0*53. The nests vary in structure according to
the situation chosen, some being neat and compact, placed among
the twiofs of some low shrub — otliers which are more commonlv
placed in the hollow branches of trees or holes in the sides of dead
trees or posts, are rather scanty ; all are composed of grasses and
lined with feathers, wool, hair, &c.
46. Geai^calus hypoleucus, GouJJ. PL 3, fig. 11.
The nest i>i this species like all those of the genus is a rather
flat structure of wiry grasses and cobwebs securely fastened
together, and placed on a horizontal bough usually over a forked
branch, it is very shallow having but a slight depression just
sufficient to hold the eggs in the centre, round, about four inches
in diameter outside ; the eggs in the present instance are two in
number of a pale, rich and bright asparagus green with a few
reddish-brown spots confluent on the thicker end, others sprinkled
over tlie rest of the surface, leugtJi 1*1 in. x 0\S ; some have no
confluent markings, but the spots are more evenly distributed,
oval or round, but sometimes closer together on the thicker end.
(From Mr. JBarnarLVs CoJJcction.')
47. Malurus ciiVEKTATUS, Gonhl. (31. dorsalis of Lewin).
Xest dome-shaped with the entrance at the side slightly pro-
tected by a hood, placed among grasses or shrubs near the ground.
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 409
Eggs four for a sitting, leugtli (1) O'G x 0-^5 inches ; (2) O'GS x
0'46 ; the last (2) is an exceptionally large egg of this species,
and has the dots crowded into a brownish-red patch on the thicker
end, a few specks of the same colour arc sprinkled over the rest
of the surface ; the ground colour is white in !N'o. 1, it is sprinkled
with reddish dots all over the surface, but forming a zone at the
thicker end. — {From 3£r. 'Barnard's Coll.)
48. PiiAPs iirsTRToxiCA, Gould.
The nest is a scant structure of a few grasses, collected in a
slight depression on the ground ; the eggs are two in number for
a sitting, pure white. This species is at times very numerous on
the Barkoo and Dawson Rivers ; in 1860 it appeared plentifully
in the neighbourhood of Port Denison. — (Mm. Dolr., from Mr.
J. JB. White's Collection.)
49. Chlamydodera maculata, Gould. PL 3, fig. 2.
I have received this species of Bower Bird from almost every
part of the interior of Queensland, New South Wales, and South
Australia, and eggs from the Dawson River in Queensland, the
Barkoo, the Clarence River, and from the Cobar district in JSTew
South "Wales. They differ very little in the tints of the markings,
varying in shades, in umber, sienna, and olive-brown, those at
present under consideration were taken by Mr. James Eamsay
in the Cobar district, they are of a pale greenish-white with
numerous thick lines of umber wound round the whole surface,
irregular, wavy, crossing and recrossing here and there, forming
loops and knots, and occasionally crossed by a line of black or
an obsolete line of olive or slaty-brown. The nest is an open
structure of sticks and grasses, round, about five inches inside
diameter, by three deep, and four inches high ; it is placed between
the thick upright forks of a tree. The eggs are two to three
in number for a sitting, length 1*53 x 1'07 in diameter. — (Mus,
Dohr., J. B.)
410 COI^TEIBUTIOXS TO ArSTEALIAI?" OOLOGY,
50. OcTPHAPS LOPHOTES, Temm.
The eggs are of a delicate dull bliiisli- white, oval, long diameter
L'i6 in. ; short diameter 0*85 ; others measure 1"14 x 0"88 ; they
vary from long to round ovals. — (From K. H. Bennetfs Coll.)
51. GrLAEEOLA GEALLAEIA, Temm.
The home of the Australian Pratincole is the interior of Xew
South "Wales and the northern portion of the Province of South
Australia, it is also found occasionally during the wet seasons in
the neighbourhood of Cape York and Port Darwdn. In ISTew
South "Wales I have received specimens from the Lachlan and
Darling RiA'^ers, and Mr. James Ramsay has noticed it at
Tyndarie in the Bourke district. Mr. E. Gr. Yickery has kindly
permitted me to describe an egg from his collection, taken near
Wilcania on the Darling Biver, in Sept., 1880. He informs me
that the parent bird was seen to fly from the eggs, and before
they were taken, to return again and sit on the nest, so I think
there can be little doubt of their authenticity. The eggs were
three in number, the ground colour is of a creamy- white, dull
light stone-brown, or light buff, well covered with irregularly
shaped blotches, dots, and spots, and freckles of dull umber and
sienna brown, with a few dots and dashes almost black, and
obsolete spots here and there of slaty-grey ; length 1*3 in. x 1 in.;
in shape they are slightly oval, slightly swollen at the thicker end
and not pointed. An egg of this species in the collection of Mr.
K. H. Bennett, measures 1*24 x 0"95 inches ; none differ materi-
ally from Mr. Vickery's specimens. Mr. Bennett informs me
that they select a bare spot on the ground where the earth or
sand assimilates to the colour and markings of the eggs. They
breed during October.
52. Endromias austealis, Gould.
The habitat of the species is the interior portion of the Province
of South Australia, and the interior of New^ South "Wales, but as
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 411
far as is yet known, it is nowhere plentiful ; sometimes it is met
with in the Melbourne markets during the game season and is
considered a rare bird by the dealers. Mr. E. Gr. Vickery has
been fortunate enough to obtain the nest and eggs durinf^ a
surveying trip in the Darling Eiver District near Wilcannia. The
eggs were placed on the ground among a few loose stones near
the summit of a small hillock or " rise " in the level country, and
placed on a little mound about two inches high, probably an old
ant-hill ; they were three in number, a pair measure as follows :
(A.) length 1-45 x 1-05 ; (B.) length V4t5 x I'OS. In form they
are rather less pointed, than the usual pyriform shape of Plover's
eggs ; the ground colour is of a deep rich cream or buff, sparingly
sprinkled all over with irregular spots and some elongated crooked
markings of chocolate-black wdth a few minute dots and dashes
of a lighter tint, the markings look black in certain lights but of
a chocolate tint in others. Specimens in Mr. Bennett's Collection
were taken during the month of October on the Lachlan River
near Moso:eil.
53. Eecueyieostra eubeicollis, Temm.
Mr. K. H. Bennett informs me that this species lays four eggs
for a sitting and breeds during the months of September to
December, laying its eggs on the bare ground w^ithout making
any nest, and sometimes close to the waters' edge. The present
specimens were found among the herbage usually growing about
the sheep tanks in the interior of the country, and were taken in
the Lachlan district ; the ground colour varies from light stone
colour to creamy-yellow, some of the former tint have a faint
olive-green shade, some are heavily blotched towards the thicker
end, others sparingly covered with spots, dots, and freckles of
dark umber brown and black, wdth a few obsolete spots of slate-
grey. A set measures as follows: (1) 2 in. x 1'^-, (2) 1*35 x
0-95; (3) 1-1 X 0-95; (J.) l-3xO-9o.—(FromMr.£emtetfs Coll.)
412 CO^'TRIBUTIOlJfS TO AUSTRALIAN OOLOGY,
54. Erttheogents ci2«^ctus, Gould.
This species of upland Plover breeds during October and
November, sometimes in December. It is a bird never, as far as
I know, met with on the coast, but I have received specimens
from the Clarence, even shot near Grrafton. Its stronghold seems
to be the interior of New South Wales and of South Australia.
The eggs are four for a sitting, placed in a slight depression on
the ground ; in several instances Mr. Bennett informs me, he
found them on the mud at the waters' edge of a large inland
lagoon or lake in the Lachlan district, and smeared over with mud
as if the birds had been shifting them from place to place, or
perhaps they were purposely smeared over to prevent them being
detected. On the whole they resemble those of ^gialitis nicjri-
frons, varying from light to dark stone colour, thickly covered all
over with irregular angular and curved hair lines, and irregular
shaped markings of black, whicli cross and recross each other in
various directions, the lines vary in thickness from that of a fine
hair to that of coarse thread, on the thicker end here and there
they loop and form tangles. Measurements of three from one
nest (1) 1-18 X 0-85 ; (2) 115 x 0-85 ; (3) 1-22 x OSI.—fFrom
Mr. Bennett's Coll.)
55. Herodtas pacifica, Latham.
This fine Heron was observed by Mr. K. H. Bennett breeding
in company with the Spoon-bills (JP.flavipes) in swamps in the
Lachlan district, the nest is composed of sticks laid crossways
over some horizontal fork or flat portion of a thick bough, it is
a scanty structures, through which the eggs, four for a sitting
can be seen. They are of a beautiful pale blue, average specimens
measure as follows: (1) 2'12 x 1-55 in. ; (2) 2-2 x 1-52 in. ; (3)
1"83 X I 37 in. ; (4) 1"83 x 1*35 in. ; pairs taken from different
nests in the same tree.
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 413
56. Aquila moephnotdes, Gould.
The nest of this Eagle is about the size of that of Corvus
corono/des, and composed of similai* materials, sticks and twigs,
and lined with Eucalyptus leaves, sometimes the birds take
possession of an old crow's nest of the previous year. The eggs
are two in number for a sitting, but not unfrequently only one
is found ; the ground colour is dull white with a few smears of
buff, length (I) 2-2 in. x I'S ; (2) 2-2 in. x I'SS ; each taken from
different nests of one each. — {From 3Ir. Bennetfs Coll.)
57. AcciPiTER ciEEnocEPiiALTJs, Vielllof.
Three eggs are laid for a sitting, in rather a small flat nest of
sticks placed on a horizontal bough generally over a forked part,
it is lined with a few blades of grass and Eucalyptus leaves.
Length of the eggs 1*7 x 1*21 in. ; white with a few spots and
smears of buff, some are without spots and vary in size. — {3Iics.
Dolr.)
58. MiLYUs AFFiNis, Gould. '
Eggs three for a sitting of a dull w^hite ground colour, with
reddish irregular spots and dots. No. 1 has rather large spots,
rather evenly dispersed over the surface ; No. 2 has only a few
spots and smears. (1) 1'84^ x 1*48 in. ; (2) 1"75 x 1"5 inches. —
{ILus. Bohr.)
59. GrYPOICTII^IA MELANOSTERNOJ^, Gould.
The nest of the blackbreasted Buzzard is a coarse bulky structure
of sticks and small branches of trees, lined with leaves of the
Eucalyptus. It is about the same size as that of the Wedge-
tailed Eagle, whose nests it is not at all improbable this species
appropriates. Mr. K. H. Bennett has given an interesting account
of the habits of this bird in the Proc. Linn. Soc, of N.S.W., Vol.
VI., p. 146. The eggs are two in number (1) 2*55 x 1"85 inches
is thickly marked all over with light bright red spots, freckles
414 CONTEIErTIONS TO AUSTRALIAN OOLOGY,
and dots almost obscuring the ground colour whicii is of a dull
white, the larger spots are confluent on the thicker end, this
specimen is almost a fac simile of the ordinary variety of the egg
of leraciclea orientaUs. No. 2, is 2'G x l"94i inches, while the
thicker end is covered with deep reddish-brown spots, the central
portion of the egg and the thin end are almost without spots. —
{From Mr. BenneWs Coll)
60. Falco HYPOLEUcrs, Gould.
This is a rare species not plentiful in any part of A.ustralia,
but occasionally obtained in the interior, it aj^pears to be less
rare in the northern portion of the interior of Queensland, and
Mr. Grould records it from West Australia. I am indebted to
Mr. J. B. White for specimens of the eggs taken on the upper
Thompson E-iver in Queensland. The nest, from his description
is like that of an leraciclea, of sticks and twigs, and placed on a
horizontal bough ; the eggs were three in number, length (A.)
2*07 in. X 1"51 in. ; (B.) 2 inches x 1'52 in. ; they are oblong ovals
the whole of the ground colour obscured by minute dots and
freckles of rusty-red, there is in one an indistinct band on the
larger end, the shell is smooth slightly glossy ; the bird was seen
on the nest.^ — (Mus. Dohr.^from Mr. J. B. White's Collection.)
61. Melicophilla picata, Gould.
Mr. K. H. Bennett informs me that this species constructs a
nest very similar to that of Melipliaga pliryrjia but of much finer
materials, and resembles that of a RJiipidura ; it is placed on a
horizontal branch, and cupshaped, composed of strips of fine bark
and lined with fur and hair, it is about 1*5 inches high and 3
inches in diameter. The eggs, taken in the Lachlan district, were
two in number, of a beautiful pale greenish-blue, with rich reddish
dots, which cluster and form irregular patches towards the thicker
end, but do not form a zone. Another specimen (2) has only a
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 415
few faint reddish spots and a black dot here and there, very
sparingly sprinkled over the surface, length (1) 0"82 x 0*6 in. ;
(2) 0'S2 X 0-62 in.— (From Mr. K. H. JBennetfs Coll.)
{To be continued.)
Descriptions of Australiais' Micro-Lepidoptera.
By E. Meyrick, B.A.
YIII. OECOPHOEID^.
The OecoplioridcB are the most extensive family of Leijidoptera
in Australia. I have at present about 450 species from this
region, but the number increases daily, and the total of those
inhabiting Australia alone cannot be less than 2,000. A first
instalment of these is here given, and the rest vrill follow in due
order.
In a paper recently communicated to the Entomological Society
of London I have explained fully the views which I hold as to
the limits and relative classification of this and the allied families,
formerly included under the head of the Gelechidce, into which I
need therefore not enter here. The internal classification of the
family was a task of considerable difiiculty, but I believe the
results arrived at, though doubtless susceptible of modification in
details, will be found in the main satisfactory. Erom the rest of
the world only 13 genera, containing about 120 species, have been
described, and only two of these (Pleurola and Oecopliora) have
been found to occur here, the great mass of the species belonging
to entirely new genera, of which I have been obliged to form 67.
These undoubtedly form a closely united group, of which the
various members are arranged in numerous divaricating branches
on a short stem. Erom this close interconnection, as well as the
great abundance of the group, I infer with confidence that
Australia has been their centre of development, and that those
416 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEKA,
genera which are found elsewhere, if not stragglers from this
centre, may be regarded as very old.
"With the exception of one South American genus ( Gonionotd)
nearly allied to the New Zealand Semiocosma, the family is hardly
known as yet outside Europe and North America. Nearly all
the genera of these regions are derivable from Oecopliora and
Pleurota, w^hich, on the grounds recently pointed out, may be
assumed to be very old. The exceptions are Anchinia and
(7«coc^rO(7, allied to TracTiypepla ; Hi/percallia, sdiied to Veltopliora;
and the single European species of 'Peltoplioni ; all these together
number only half-a-dozen species, and they may possibly be
stragglers, a point which can only be determined by a knowledge
of other regions. The relationship between the Australian and
New Zealand genera will be discussed elsewhere \ it will be
sufficient here to remark that the only genus considerably
developed in both lands is Oecopliont, whose antiquity is thus
further corroborated.
The special developmental origin of each genus, so far as it can
be traced with probability, will be indicated in each case in the
general remarks ; and anyone can therefore, if he pleases, draw
up for himself a genealogical table to express my conclusions,
which are offered as probable only. It may, however, be of
assistance, if I here sum up briefly the general lines of develop-
ment of the family. The oldest existing genus is Oecopliora ;
immediately connected with this is Pldoeopola ; thence arise
collaterally jE'2^Zec/ir/« and. Phil ohoia ; irom PJiihhota originates
the extensive group including Peltopliora and Coesijra ; from
Philohota also, through HeliocaiLsta, is derived Hoplitica, and
through Eocliroa, Palparla. The remaining genera can be
arranged in groups round these centres.
The most valuable structural character for classification is
afforded by the termination of vein 7 of the f orewings, by which
the family is divided into two main natural groups ; in the first
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 417
(genera 1-60) tliis vein terminates in the liindmargin or apex, in
the second (genera 61-70) in the costa. Usually this point is
easily discernible, but occasionally the wing is so rounded that it
is hard to determine where the apex really is ; for this allowance
must be made. The important points of neuration can be made
out easily in all but the smallest species on the underside without
unsealing ; I have however denuded for examination specimens
of 300 of the species described. Xext to this the antennal
characters are most important, especially the presence or absence
of the basal pecten. This structure is fragile and liable to
denudation, so that observation of more than one specimen is
needed to ensure accuracy ; yet in species which possess this
pecten, it is uncommon to find even worn specimens showing no
trace of it. The length of the antennal ciliations is also of con-
siderable value. Other important points are the approximation
of vein 5 of the hindwings to 4 at base, the scaling and length of
the labial palpi, the possession of a thoracic crest, and the form
of the hindwings with the relative length of their cilia. The
maxillary palpi and ocelli are practically identical throughout
the family, and though occasionally obsolete, offer in my opinion
no tangible generic characters.
In the following descriptions, a number placed after the
description of the antennal ciliations indicates the length of the
ciliations in terms of the breadth of the stalk of the antennae ; e.
g., 3-5 signifies that the ciliations are from three to five times as
long as the breadth of the antennal stalk. Similarly, a number
after the cilia of the hindwings denotes the length of the cilia in
terms of the breadth of the hindwings. At the request of Prof.
Zeller, I have given a Latin diagnosis of each species. The
measurements I shall give henceforth in millimetres (roughly,
25 mm. = 1 inch), which are universally understood, and not
liable to misinterpretation. At the end of the family an index
of the specific names and synonyms will be added, and
reference made to such published descriptions of AValker and
418 DESCRiPiiONS OF atjstralia:n- micko-lepidopteea,
others as are for any reason unidentifiable. New Zealand species
which have been already described are here indicated by a diagnosis
only, as they will be fully described in the Transactions of the
jSTew Zealand Institute.
OECOPHOEID^.
Head with loosely appressed hairs, forming a tuft on each side
of crown. Ocelli usually present, sometimes concealed. Tongue
well developed. Antennae moderate, shorter than forewings,
filiform, in male regularly ciliated, basal joint frequently with a
pecten of long closely-set hair-scales. Maxillary palpi iisually
distinct, small, simple, transversely a2)pressed to face above
tongue, rarely obsolete. Labial palpi well-developed, curved,
ascending, acutely pointed. Thorax smooth or sometimes crested.
Porewings oblong or elongate. Hindwings not broader (rarely
slightly broader) than forewings, sometimes much narrower,
elongate-ovate or lanceolate, hindmargin sometimes sinuate, cilia
moderate or long (rarely short). Abdomen moderate or broad,
often strongly margined. Posterior tibiss usually clothed wdth
long hairs. Eore wings with 12 veins (rarely 11 by coalescence
of 7 and 8), 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, hindmargin, or apex,
rarely 2 and 3, or 3 and 1 stalked, 2 from angle of cell or not far
before it, 1 furcate at base, upper fork rarely partially obsolete.
Hindwings with 8 veins, 3 and 4 from a point (very rarely slightly
remote or short stalked), 5 sometimes bent, 6 and 7 p)arallel.
Larva sixteen- legged, rather stout, usually with complex marbled
markings in the first group, more simply marked in the second,
habits very various.
In general this family may be distinguished from the Depressar'ulcd
by the ciliated antennse, from the Gnj])tolecliid(B by the parallel
veins 6 and 7 of the hindwings, from the Gelechidcehj the ciliated
antennae and regularly-veined normal hindwings, from the
Dasijceridcd by the naked antennae, from the Gh/pliiptery(jid(B by
the ciliated antennae and stalkinor of veins 7 and 8 of the fore-
BY E. HEYRICK, B.A. 419
wings, from tlie group of families allied to the Tlneidce by the
origin of veins 3 and -i of the hindwings from a point, and from
the other more lowly-organised families {ElacliistiJce, &c.) by the
twelve- veined forewings and eight- veined hindwings.
The following is an accurate tabulation of the genera ; I
have included in it all the European and other genera, to ensur^
a thorough comprehension of the scheme. The Australian and
IN^ew Zealand genera are numbered in order of their position ; of
the rest the position is indicated by letters (a, b, &c.) affixed to
the number of the nearest preceding Australian genus. The
arrangement of the tabulation will, I think explain itself ; suc-
cession is denoted by numbers, and collateral relation by letters;
thus la may be divided into 2a and 2b, each of these into 3a and
3b (or more subdivisions, as 3c, &c), and so on.
la. Forewings with 11 veins, 7 and 8 being
coincident.
2a. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second 11. Atelosticha.
2b. „ „ „ half as long as
second ... ... ... ... 22. Allodoxa.
lb. Forewings with 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked.
2a. Vein 7 of forewings to hindmargin.
3a. Terminal joint of palpi concealed.
4a. Second joint of palpi rough above ... 45a. Holoscolia.
4b. ,, „ „ not rough above 45c. Protasis.
3b. Terminal joint of palpi apparent.
4a. Second joint of palpi with a tuft of hairs
or with rough projecting scales above
or beneath.
5a. Antennae of male with long fine cilia (3).
6a. Basal joint of antennae without pecten 44. Thalerotricha.
6b. ,, „ „ with strong pecten.
7a. Second joint of palpi evenly rough-haired 45d. Topeutis.
7b. „ „ „ with a more or less
projecting tuft beneath ... ... 1. Palparia.
420 DESCEIPTIOI^'S OF AUSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
5b. Antennae of male moderately ciliated
6a. Second joint of palpi with projecting
scales above.
7a. Second joint of palpi rougli above
tlirougbout 46. Pleurota.
7b. Second joint of palpi rougli above near
apex only.
8a. Veins 3 and 4 of liindwings slenderly
remote at base ... 39. Tliyrsopala.
8b. Veins 3 and 4 of liindwings from a point 43. Protomaclia.
6b. Second joint of palpi smooth above.
7a. Second joint of palpi beneath with a
long well-defined tuft 47. Atheropla.
7b. Second joint of palpi beneath with a
loose spreading tuft ... ... ... 45. Saropla.
7c. Second joint of palpi beneath with
roughly projecting hair-scales... ... 48. Coeranica.
4b. Second joint of palpi at most loosely
scaled.
6a. Anterior tibiae and tarsi strongly dilated
with scales.
6a. Antennae of male with long fine cilia(4.) 4. Lepidotarsa.
6b. „ „ moderately strongly
ciliated (2) ... ... ... ... 57. Crepidosceles.
5b. Anterior tibiae and tarsi not dilated.
6a. Thorax with a crest of scales.
7a. Antennae of male very shortly ciliated(.^)
8a. Cilia of hind wings l- ... ... ... 3. Eclecta.
8b. Cilia of liindwings f ... ... ... 20. Machetis.
7b. Antennae of male moderately strongly
ciliated (li) 52. Epipyrga.
6b. Thorax smooth.
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 421
7a. Antennae of male with long fine cilia
(2-1-5).
8a. Vein 5 of hindwings strongly approxi-
mated to 4 at base 9. Euchsetis.
8b. Yein 5 of liindwings nearly parallel to 4.
9a. Basal joint of antennae without peeteu.
10a. Hind wings much narrower than fore-
wings, cilia more than 1 49. Eulachna.
10b. Hindwings almost or quite as broad as
fore wings, cilia less than 1.
11a. Terminal joint of palpi not much shorter
than second 37. Compsotropha,
lib. Terminal joint of palpi less than half
second.
12a. Palpi very long 40a. Hypercallia.
12b. Palpi short 50. Aristeis.
9b. Basal joint of antennae with pecten.
10a. Terminal joint of palpi roughened with
scales anteriorly ... ... ... 5. Eochroa.
10b. Terminal joint of palpi slender, smooth.
11a. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second. 23. Petalauthes.
lib. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than
second.
12a. Veins 2 and 3 of forewings from con-
siderably before angle of cell ... ... 42. Orophia.
12b. Veins 2 and 3 of forewings rising close
to angle 41. Peltophora.
7b. Antennae of male moderately ciliated (1-2)
8a. Basal joint of antennae without pecten,
or with one or two fugitive scales.
9a. Second joint of palpi dilated with pro-
jecting scales beneath beyond middle... 7. Zonopetala.
9b. Second joint of palpi evenly and almost
smoothly scaled. ,<•
C 1 /
\*:,
422 DESCRIPTIONS OF ArSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
10a. Basal joint of posterior tarsi excessively
long, stout .,. 18. Leistarcha.
10b. Basal joint of posterior tarsi moderate,
slender.
11a. Abdomen broadly dilated and rather
flattened ... ... ... 10. Euryplaca.
lib. Abdomen moderate ... ... ... 8. Heliocausta.
8b. Basal joint of antennaB with strong
pecten.
9a. Head densely tufted, hairs projecting
between antennae ... ... ... 38. Eriodyta.
9b. Head with loosely rough or appressed
hairs, rarely projecting.
10a. Upper fork of vein 1 of forewings
partially obsolete ... ... ... 56. Oxythecta.
10b. Upper fork of vein 1 of forewings
distinct.
11a. Hindwings ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
cilia exceeding 1.
12a. Hindwings acute ... ... ... 60. Machaeritis.
12b. Hindwings obtusely-pointed ... ... 59. Haplodyta.
lib. Hindwings elongate-ovate, cilia less than 1
12a. Second joint of palpi exceeding base of
antennae.
13a. Antennae of male biciliated with tufts (2) 34. Antidica.
13b. Antennae of male evenly ciliated (1-li).
14a. Middle tibiae much thickened with rough
hairs ... ... ... ... ... 36. Leistomorpha.
14b. Middle tibiae smoothly scaled.
15a. Second joint of palpi very long ... 40. Philonympha.
15b. Second joint of palpi moderate ... 35. Philobota.
12b. Second joint of palpi not exceeding
base of antennae.
13a. Veins3and4of forewings short-stalked 55. Heterozyga.
BY E. METRICK, B.JL, 423
13b. Veins 3 and 4 of f orewiugs separate.
14a. Head loosely haired, hairs projecting
over forehead ... ... 33. Nephogeues.
14b. Head smooth, hairs not projecting ... 51. Coesyra.
7c. Antennae of male very shortly ciliated
(i to i).
8a. Palpi short, terminal joint half as long
as second ... ... .,, ... 54. Microhela.
8b. Palpi moderate, terminal joint not much
shorter than second ... ... ... 53. Brachynemata.
2b. Vein 7 of forewings to apex.
3a. Thorax crested.
4a. Anterior tibiae and tarsi dilated with
dense scales ... ... ... ... 31. Piloprepes.
4b. Anterior tibiae and tarsi not dilated.
5a. Basal joint of antennae without pecten,
or with one or two fugitive scales.
6a. Antennae of male stout, minutely
ciliated (i) ... ... ... ... 29. Sphyrelata.
6b. Antennae of male moderately ciliated(l) 28. Phloeopola.
5b. Basal j oint of antennae with strong pecten.
6a. Second joint of palpi dilated before apex
with rough scale beneath ... ., 19. Oenochroa.
6b. Second joint of palpi evenly scaled ... 21. Placocosma.
3b. Thorax smooth,
4a. Porewings with tufts of raised scales.
5a. Second joint of palpi much dilated with
scales towards apex ... ... ... 31a. Anchinia.
5b. Second joint of palpi not dilated.
6a. Ciliationsof antennae in male short, even 32. Trachypepla.
6b. Ciliations of antennae in male long,
fine, fasciculated ... ... ... 16. Atomotricha.
4b. Porewings smooth.
5a. Antennae of male with long fine cilia (3-7).
424 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTEALTAIS" MICEO-LEPIDOPTEBA,
6a. Second joint of palpi witli a short
angular apical projection beneath ... 2G. loptera.
6b. Second joint of palpi brush-like beneath
towards apex ... ... .. ... 17. Brachysara.
6c. Second joint of palpi evenly scaled.
7a. Second joint of palpi exceeding base of
antennae, terminal joint as long ... 21. Linosticha.
7b. Second joint of palpi not reaching base
of antennae, terminal joint shorter ... 27. Maeronemata.
5b. Antennae of male moderately ciliated
(1-2).
6a. Second joint of palpi with rough pro-
jecting scales beneath towards apex ... 25. Phriconyma.
6b. Second joint of palpi evenly scaled.
7a. Terminal joint of palpi less than half
second ... ... ... ... ... 30. Hieropola.
7b. Terminal joint of palpi not much shorter
than second.
8a. Basal joint of antennae without pecten,
or with one or two fugitive scales ... 11. Hoplitica.
8b. Basal joint of antennae with strong
pecten ... ... ... ... ... 15. Eulcchria.
5c. Antennae of male very shortly ciliated(i)
6a. Second joint of palpi shortly tufted
beneath ... ... ... ... ... 12. Nymphostola.
6b. Second joint of palpi evenly scaled ... 13. Proteodes.
2c. Vein 7 of forewings to costa.
3a. Terminal joint of palpi with median
posterior tooth of scales.
4a. Thorax crested .. . ... ... ... 62a. Gronionota.
4b. Thorax smooth ... ... ... ... 62. Semiocosma.
3b. Terminal joint of palpi smooth.
4a. Second joint of palpi with rough pro-
jecting scales beneath.
BT E. MEYRICK, TJ.A. 425
5a. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second.
Ga. A^eins 3 and 4 o£ hindwings stalked ... 61. Aochleta.
6b. Veins 3 and 4 from a point 6. Eupliiltra.
5b. Terminal joint of palpi much shorter
than second.
Ga. Antennae of male with long fine ciliations
(2-3) G3a. Harpella.
6b. Antennae of male very shortly ciliated (i) 2. Enchocrates.
4b. Second joint of palpi without project-
ing scales.
5a. Antennae of male with long fine cilia(3-4).
6a. Hindwings as broad as f orewings, palpi
ratherlong 63. Leptocroca.
6b. Hindwings narrower than forewings,
palpi moderately short.
7a. Hindwings ovate-lanceolate, cilia 1-li GQ. Crossophora.
7b. Hindwings lanceolate, acute, cilia 2^-3 70. Satrapia.
5b. Antennae of male moderately ciliated
6a. Basal joint of antennae very elongate
and attenuated 69. Macrobathra.
6b. Basal joint of antennae moderately
short and broad.
7a. Basal joint of antennae without pecten.
8a. Hindwings narrow ovate-lanceolate ... 67. Ochlogenes.
8b. Hindwings elongate-ovate 6i. G-ymnobathra.
7b. Basal joint of antennae with pecten.
8a. Hindwings with an expanded spherical
tuft of hairs at base 68. Disselia.
8b. Hindwings without basal tuft.
9a. Antennal pecten strong, ciliations 1-li 65. Oecophora.
9h. Antennal pecten fugitive, ciliations i... 62b. Psecadia.
426 DES CRIP I IONS OF AIISTEALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
1. Palp ARIA, Wing.
Head witli appressed scales, sometimes projecting somewhat
between antennae, side tufts rather short, more or less loosely
appressed. Antennae moderate, in male with long fine ciliations
(3-5); basal joint stout, with strong pecten. Palpi moderately
long, second joint often exceeding base of antennae, densely
scaled, with a long or short dense projecting triangular tuft
beneath at apex ; terminal joint shorter than second, strongly
reflexed, somewhat roughened anteriorly. Thorax smooth.
Forewings elongate or broad, costa often strongly arched, apex
acute or falcate, hindmargin straight or sinuate, oblique. Hind-
wings as broad as fore wings, ovate or elongate- ovate, hindmargin
more or less distinctly sinuate beneath apex, cilia i-^. Abdomen
rather stout. Legs smoothly scaled, posterior tibiae clothed wdth
long fine hairs. Eorewings with vein 7 to hindmargin slightly
below apex, 2 from somewhat before angle of cell. Hindwings
normal.
The long ciliations of the antennae, and the definite tuft of the
palpi, combined with the termination of vein 7 on hindmargin,
and the basal pecten of the antennae, separate this genus at once
from all others. The structure of the palpi is however subject
to considerable variation, the tuft being in some species long and
acute, in others very short and obtuse, and the relative length of
the terminal joint also varies much. The species also differ
greatly in the breadth and form of the f orewings. All these
differences are, notwithstanding, merely specific, and although
at first the extreme forms of the genus appear to have little
resemblance, yet the whole forms an intimately allied group, very
distinct and easily recognisable. The genus, with its allies, is
connected with the more ordinary forms of the family through
Eocliroa,
The species are of moderate or large size, always elegant, and
often handsomely coloured with orange and rosy tints. The
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 427
larvse are imperfectly known, but appear to feed between spun
twigs and leaves. The genus is confined to Australia, and at
present contains thirteen species, which may be distinguished
as follows :
A. Apex of fore wings not projecting, hind-
margin slightly rounded ... ... ... 1. lamhertella,
B. Apex of forewings more or less projecting,
hindmargin sinuate.
1. Costa of forewings sinuate, bent towards
base ... ... ... ... ... 7. inicrastrella.
2. Costa of forewings strongly convex.
a. Forewings deep yellow, with rosy costal
patch ... ... ... ... ... »3. Jiesperidella.
h. Forewings whitish-yellow, rosy-suffused 4. rectlorella.
c. Forewings rosy-grey ... ... ... 5. tJialamia.
3. Costa of forewings moderately or gently
arched.
a. Forewings rosy-ochreous ... ... 6. eovepliella.
h. Forewings greyish-fuscous ... ... 8. euryphanelln.
c. Forewings reddish-fuscous.
i. Tuft of palpi long ... ... ...10. uncineUa.
ii. Tuft of palpi very short ... ... 9. semijunctella.
d. Forewings dark fuscous linedwith white 11. aulaco'is.
C. Apex of forewings strongly produced, falcate
1. Forewings broad, orange-yellow... ... 1. aurnta.
2. Forewings narrow, grey.
a. A black streak from disc to apex ...12.falcifera.
h. No black apical streak... ... ...13. liirax.
1. Palp, aurata, Walk.
fPalparia aurata, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 775).
Magna, alis ant. falcatis, aurantiacis, antice roseo-suffusis, linea
longitudinali curva lunulaque media roseis, ciliis roseo-brunneis ;
post, flavis.
428 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTBALIAl!*^ MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
(3^ . 34-36 mm. Head deep ochreous-yellow, face rosy- tiuged.
Palpi with tuft of second joint dense, porrected, as long as
terminal joint ; second joint and tuft deep ochreous-yellow, paler
internally, at base white beneath, tuft towards extremity or
wholly carmine-tinged ; terminal joint pale ochreous, anterior
edge dark carmine-fuscous. Antennae whitish-ochreous. Thorax
varying from ochreous to carmine- pink. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous, anal tuft yellowish-ochreous. Legs carmine-pink,
anterior and middle tibiae and tarsi suffused above with dark
fuscous except at apex of tarsal joints, posterior tibiae pale yellow.
Eorewings broad, costa very strongly arched, especially towards
apex, apex very strongly produced and falcate, hindmargin very
obliquely rounded beneath ; golden-yellow, basal two-thirds
generally more or less suffused with carmine-pink ; costa and
inner margin slenderly carmine-pink throughout ; a slender,
rather upwardly-convex, fuscous-carmine longitudinal line rather
above middle from near base to apex, most distinct beyond middle ;
an indistinct transverse crescentic carinine-pink mark in disc at
f , its apex meeting the longitudinal line : cilia deep dull carmine-
pink, suffused with dark grey round apex. Hindwings elongate-
ovate, hindmargin slightly sinuate ; pale yellow, rather deeper
posteriorly; cilia whitish-yellow, becoming carmine-pink round
apex.
A handsome and conspicuous insect, distinguished from the
other large yellow species of the genus by the peculiar strongly-
falcate apex of the f orewings, and the longitudinal line.
Apparently not common, but sluggish in habit, as are most of
the genus ; occurs at Blackheath on the Blue Mountains (3,500
feet), and near Melbourne, in November ; also on Mount Lofty
B-ange, South Australia.
2. Palp, lamlertella, Wing.
Maxima, alis ant. margine postico rotundato, roseis, nitidis,
linea mediana plicaque submediana dilute flavis j post, dilute
flavis, apice roseo.
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 429
? . 47 mm. Head golden-yellow, sides o£ face and back of
crown carmine-pink. (Palpi broken.) Antennae blackish- grey,
becoming carmine-pink at base. Thorax carmine-pink. Abdomen
whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow, anterior tibise and tarsi
above carmine-pink suffused with dark grey ; middle tibise above
carmine-pink with a broad suffused pale yellow median band,
tarsi carmine- pink. (Posterior legs broken). Porewings broad,
costa very strongly and evenly arched, apex bluntly rectangular,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; uniform glossy carmine-pink ;
costal edge from near base almost to apex, and dorsal edge from
middle of inner margin to middle of hindmargin very slenderly
yellow- whitish ; a well-defined slender pale yellow line along fold
from base to anal angle ; base of wing above this line suffusedly
yellow ; a straight longitudinal pale yellow line through middle
of disc from 3 almost to hindmargin beneath apex : cilia pale
carmine-pink, darker at apex, becoming orange along costa ;
under surface of cilia with a blackish apical spot. Hind wings
ovate, hindmargin rounded ; whitish-yellow, posteriorly carmine-
tinged, apex carmine-pink ; cilia whitish-yellow, becoming carmine-
pink round apex, with a blackish- grey apical spot.
This very striking and beautiful species is prominently dis-
tinguished by its very large size, and shining carmine-pink fore-
wings ; the rounded hindmargin is peculiar in the genus.
I only possess one specimen, which I received through the
kindness of Dr. J. C. Cox, who believes it to have been taken
near Sydney. The British Museum has several specimens,
supposed to come from the same place.
I have not been able to refer to Wing's original description,
and have had to rely on the identification of Walker, who can
however hardly have gone wrong in this case.
3. JPalp. hesperidella, n. sp.
Magna, alis ant. margine postico sinuato, flavis, spatio costali
antice roseo ; post, albidis, apice flavido.
/-
^
430 DESCRIPTION'S OF AUSTEALIiN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
^ ? . 24-28 mm. Head deep oclireous-yellow, face carmine-
tinged. Palpi with tuft of second joint dense, porrected, rather
longer than terminal joint ; second joint and tuft deep orange-
carmine, becoming yellow internally, whitish above ; terminal
joint blackish-grey in front, whitish behind. Antennae whitish,
suffusedly ringed with fuscous-grey. Thorax orange-carmine,
yellower posteriorly. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Anterior and
middle tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous, beneath ochreous-whitish
tinged with carmine ; posterior tibiae and tarsi ochreous-whitish,
beneath carmine-tinged and irrorated with grey. Forewings
broad, costa strongly and evenly arched, apex acute, not produced,
hindmargin slightly sinuate, obliquely rounded ; uniform bright
deep yellow ; extreme costal edge blackish- grey from base to ^,
thence to apex whitish-yellow ; a tolerably well-defined triangular
pale carmine-pink patch extending along costa from near base to
f, in middle reaching nearly half across wing, its lower edge
parallel to inner-margin, and its posterior edge parallel to hind-
margin : cilia glossy carmine-pink, darkest at apex, costal cilia
pale yellow, tips of apical cilia dark grey. Hindwin<j:s elongate-
ovate, hindmargin rounded ; yellow- whitish, apex slightly more
yellowish ; cilia yellow- whitish, faintly carmine- tinged.
E-eadily known by the clear deep yellow forewings and well-
defined rosy costal patch.
Taken not uncommonly at Blackheath on the Blue Mountains
(3,500 feet), and also occasionally near Sydney, in October and
November.
Walker described a specimen of this species as var. B. of Falp.
aurigena (=P. rectioreJlaJ.
4. Pal^. rectiorellay Walk.
{Falparia rectiorella. Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 775 ; Falparia
aurif/ena, ibid. 775 ; Palparia confectella, ibid. 776.)
Magna, alis ant. margine postico sinuato, dilute flavidis, leviter
roseo-suffusis ; post, albidis, margine postico anguste roseo.
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 431
(^ . 31 mm. Head whitisli-yellow, partially rosy-suffused.
Palpi with tuft of second joint dense, porrected, as long as
terminal joint ; second joint and tuft whitish-yellow, deeper at
base, with a suffused dark reddish-fuscous central band, and lower
portion of tuft tinged externally with reddish-fuscous ; terminal
joint ochreous-carmine in front, white behind. Antennae yellowish-
whitish, slightly carmine-tinged towards base. Thorax whitish-
yellow, suffused with pale carmine. Abdomen whitish-yellowish.
Anterior and middle tibiae and tarsi dark carmine-fuscous, beneath
yellowish- whitish tinged with carmine ; posterior tibise whitish-
yellow, tarsi yellowish- whitish, beneath suffused with pale carmine.
Torewings broad, costa strongly and evenly arched, apes acute,
not produced, hindmargin slightly sinuate, oblique ; whitish-
yellow, delicately mixed with pale carmine, more strongly suffused
with pale carmine towards basal two-thirds of inner margin ;
costa and inner margin slenderly clear pale yellow ; base of costa
brownish : cilia whitish-yellow, becoming pale carmine towards
apex of wing. Hindwings elongate- ovate, hindmargin rounded ;
whitish, hindmarginal edge pale carmine ; cilia whitish, more
yellowish round apex.
Nearly allied to the preceding, which it resembles in form, but
is much paler, slightly rosy throughout, but without the distinct
rosy costal patch, and with hindmargin of hindwings rosy.
I have received two specimens, said to have been taken near
Sydney. One of Walker's specimens is stated to be from
Tasmania. Although not possessing a female for description, I
have seen that sex, which does not differ from the male.
"Walker's description of P. rectiorella is recognisable, and the
types are truly this species ; they are both females, though
described by Walker as male. His P. aurigena includes three
species ; the male is described first, and is P. rectiorella (specimen
c); the female is Seliocausta incarnatella, Walk, (specimen o'.);
and the var. B. is P. Jiespei^idella (specimen h.). P. confectella
is represented by an ordinary male of this species.
432 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
5. JPalph. tlialamia, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. marglne postico sinuato, dilute roseis, postice
griseo-suffusis ; post, dilute flavidis.
^. 19|^ mm. Head white. Palpi with tuEt of second joint
dense, broadly triangular, as long as terminal joint ; white, second
joint and tuft externally pale carmine except towards apex of
joint. Antennae dark grey, becoming whitish at base. Thorax
whitish-grey, anteriorly white, posteriorly pale carmine-pink.
Abdomen ochreous- whitish. Anterior tibiae carmine-pink, tarsi
dark fuscous ; middle tibiae carmine-pink, tarsi grey- whitish ;
j)Osterior tibiae and tarsi whitish. Forewings moderate, costa
very strongly arched, apex somewhat produced, acute, hindmargin
rather strongly sinuate beneath apex, thence very obliquely
rounded ; pale carmine-pink, faintly and irregularly suffused with
whitish- grey, and irrorated with darker grey ; costa sufEusedly
white towards base, on posterior half slenderly suffused with
dark grey ; a broad obscure grey suffusion towards posterior half
of inner margin and hindmargin, becoming attenuated towards
apex ; apex rather brighter carmine ; an obscure dark grey dot in
disc beyond middle : cilia grey- whitish, greyer towards base, costal
cilia dark grey. Hindwings with hindmargin faintly sinuate ;
whitish-yellowish, cilia whitish.
A distinct, but not conspicuous species, resembling the preced-
ing in the strongly convex costa, and long tuft of palpi, but much
smaller, and superficially more like P. eonepliella, from which it
differs in the grey posterior suffusion, the absence of any ochre-
ous tinge, and the much paler hindwings, as well as structurally.
I have one fine specimen, taken by Mr. Gr. H. Raynor at
Blackheath in the Blue Mountains (3,500 feet) in November.
6. Palp. eonepJiella, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. margine postico sinuato, ochreis, roseo-suff usis,
punctis duobus disci minimis maculaque apicis in ciliis nigris ;
post, griseis vel flavidis, apice roseo.
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 433
(^ ? . 15^-lOi mm. Head whitish, faintly carmine- tinged.
Palpi with tuft of second joint short, obtuse, hardly more than
half terminal joint ; second joint and tuft ochreous-carmine mixed
with grey, apex of joint white, terminal joint white. Antennae
whitish, in female suffused with grey except at base. Thorax
whitish-ochreous, with a broad central longitudinal ochreous-
orange stripe. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, beneath and on sides
carmine-tinged. Anterior and middle tibiae carmine-pink, tarsi
dark fuscous ; posterior tibiae and tarsi ochreous-whitish. Fore-
wings moderate, costa moderately and evenly arched, apex some-
what produced, acute, hindmargin sinuate beneath apex, thence
very obliquely rounded ; varying from carmine-pink to ochreous-
whitish faintly tinged with carmine, generally more ochreous-
tinged towards disc and inner margin ; a minute dark grey dot in
disc before middle, and another beyond middle ; towards hind-
margin spaces between veins obscurely mixed with dark grey ;
cilia ochreous-whitish, becoming carmine-pink towards base, with
a blackish spot on tips at apex. Hindwings with hindmargin
slightly sinuate ; grey, suffused towards apex with whitish-ochre-
ous^ in male sometimes almost wholly yellowish ; apex slightly
rosy-tinged; cilia whitish-ochreous.
The smallest species of the genus, distinguished by its rosy-
ochreous colouring, discal dots, and dark spot in apical cilia.
Taken near Sydney from November to February, and at
Brisbane in September, not commonly.
7. Palp. micrastrelJa, n. sp.
Major, alis ant. margine postico costaque sinuatis, griseo-
ochreis, lituris costae brevissimis nigris, puncto disci cano ; post,
griseis.
(^ . 24 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi with tuft of second
joint very short, angular, about \ of terminal joint ; whitish-
ochreous, second joint mixed with grey on sides, terminal joint
434 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTBALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
tliickened witH rough scales beneath, anteriorly suffused -with
dark grey. Antennas ochreous-whitish, ciliations very long.
Thorax ochreous-whitish, mixed with pale ochreous. Abdomen
grey. Anterior tibiae dark fuscous mixed with ochreous ; middle
tibiae ochreous with narrow dark fuscous median and terminal
rings, extreme apex white ; posterior tibiae grey- whitish ; all tarsi
dark fuscous with whitish rings at apex of joints, basal joint of
posterior tarsi whitish towards base. Eorewings moderate,
somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa strongly arched near base,
thence nearly straight, slightly concave, hardly arched before
apex, apex somewhat produced, acute, hindmargin oblique, rather
strongly concave ; brownish-ochreous, very densely irrorated with
ochreous-whitish, especially towards costa ; extreme costal edge
whitish from i to f ; two short oblique waved cloudy dark fuscous
lines from costa between base and i, reaching about ^ across
wing ; six very small black spots on costa between i and apex at
nearly equal distances ; some irregular dark fuscous scales on
inner margin, and one or two in disc ; a distinct minute black dot
in disc before middle, and a clear white dot in disc beyond
middle : cilia brownish-ochreous, mixed with grey-whitish, and
chequered with cloudy blackish-fuscous. Hindwings with hind-
margin slightly sinuate ; pale grey, darker towards apex, with
a darker central lunule ; cilia whitish-grey, mixed with dark
grey.
A very peculiar species, with the tuft of the palpi as short as
in P. hii^a.v and P. falcifera, distinguished from all by the
sinuate costa, ochreous-grey colouring, and white discal dot.
The larva feeds amongst spun twigs of Exocarpus cupressiformis
{Santalacece)j but is undescribed.
I have one specimen, and have seen a second, both bred by
Mr. G. H. Eaynor in September from larvae found near PaiTa-
matta, New South Wales.
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 435
8. Falp. eurypJianella, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. margine postico sinuato, griseo-fuscis, fasciis
cluabus angustis lituraque costae media saturate fuscis ; post,
dilute flavis.
$ . 19^-22| mm. Head grey, mixed with darker on crown,
face whitish-grey. Palpi with tuft of second joint triangular,
pointed, almost as long as terminal joint : second joint and tuft
pale grey densely mixed with blackish-grey, terminal joint
anteriorly blackish-grey, posteriorly whitish-grey. Antennae grey
ringed with blackish. Thorax greyish-brown, mixed with dark
fuscous. Abdomen whitish-yellow, apex rosy-tinged. Legs dark
fuscous-grey, finely irrorated with whitish-yellow ; posterior tibiae
and basal joint of tarsi whitish-yellow above, other joints with
whitish-yellow apical rings. Forewings moderate, strongly
dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex rather produced,
hardly acute, hindmargin rather oblique, rather strongly concave ;
whitish-grey, densely irrorated with dark fuscous, so as to appear
brown-grey, slightly ochreous-tinged in disc and towards base of
inner margin ; extreme costal edge ferruginous-yellow from i
almost to apex ; a slightly curved oblique cloudy dark fuscous
transverse streak from \ of costa to before middle of inner margin,
posteriorly suffused into ground-colour, and dilated into a cloudy
spot on middle of inner margin ; an oblique short cloudy dark
fuscous streak from middle of costa, reaching i across wing ; a
small indistinct dark fuscous spot between apex of this and inner
margin ; a cloudy dark fuscous streak from costa before apex to
hindmargin before anal angle, nearly parallel to hindmargin,
attenuated and indistinct above ; an indistinct dark fuscous
suffusion along hindmargin : cilia grey- whitish, becoming ochre-
ous-tinged towards base, mixed with dark fuscous, and with a
strong -cloudy dark fuscous line before tips throughout, less
distinct round anal angle ; costal cilia ochreous-yellow, with four
short oblique black dashes. Hindwings ovate, hindmargin slightly
indented ; pale yellow, with five indistinct blackish dots on hind-
436 DESCEIPTIOXS OF ATJSTKALIAX MICRO-LEPIDOPTEKA,
margin on extremities of veins ; cilia grey- whitish, very faintly
carmine- tinged, towards inner margin pale yellowish.
Allied to P. uncinella and P. semijunctella, differing from both
in the greyish tinge of the forewings, the two complete dark
fuscous fascia?, and the paler yellow^ hindwings.
I took one specimen at Launceston, Tasmania, in January,
and have a second taken by Mr. Gr. H. Eaynor at "Warragul,
Grippsland, in December.
9. Palp, semijunctella, Walk.
(Tortricopsis semijimctella, "Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 777.)
Media, alis ant. margine postico sinuato, roseo-fuscis, lituris
costse brevissimis nigris ; post, flavis, ciliis griseis.
^ ? . 21-23 mm. Head ochreous- whitish, tinged on crown
wdth dull carmine. Palpi with tuft of second joint very short,
angular, about \ of terminal joint ; second joint and tuft deep
reddish-ochreous-brown, whitish at apex of joint, terminal joint
whitish, anteriorly slightly carmine-tinged. Antennae pale greyish-
ochreous. Thorax reddish-ochreous-brown, suff'used with jDale
grey. Abdomen whitish-yellow, apex bright crimson ; beneath
crimson, segments suffused with dark grey towards base. Anterior
and middle tibisB deep crimson-fuscous, tarsi dark fuscous ;
posterior tibiae and tarsi whitish-yellow. Forewings moderate,
dilated posteriorly, costa very slightly arched, apex somewhat
produced, acute, hindmargin oblique, rather concave beneath apex;
reddish-ochreous-brown, more or less densely irrorated with
grey-whitish and sometimes with grey, especially on disc ; extreme
costal edge paler ; a cloudy dark fuscous mark on costa at i,
tending to be faintly produced obliquely outwards ; a blackish
dot on costa slightly beyond middle, giving rise to a very faintly
indicated oblique outwardly angulated fuscous-grey transverse
line, ending in anal angle ; between this and apex are two other
black costal dots : cilia reddish-ochreous-brown, almost wholly
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 437
suffused with dark fuscous-grer. Hindwiugs ovate, hindmargiu
slightly sinuate ; yellow, apex slightly infuscated ; cilia dark grey,
round inner angle pale yellow.
iN'early allied to P. luicineUa, but readily known by the less
dilated forewings, the whitish-grey irroration, the black costal
dots, and the absence of the distinct blackish-fuscous costal spot ;
the forewings are also less ochreous, the cilia of hindwings darker,
and especially the tuft of palpi very much shorter.
I have taken a single specimen near Sydney in December, and
have received a second from Mr. G-. Barnard, taken at Coomoo-
boolaroo, near Duaringa, Queensland.
"Walker's description is recognisable, and the type in fair
condition.
10. Palp, imcinella, Z.
f Crypto! echia imcinella, Z., Linn. Ent. IX., 355, X., 1-46, T. I.,
fig. 1 ; Tortricopsis rosaheUa, Xewm., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., III.
N.S., 293.)
Media, alis ant. margine postico sinuato, ochreo-brunneis, costa
anguste flava, macula costce ciliisque externe nigris ; post, flavis,
ciliis roseo-suffusis.
^ ? . 21-23^ mm. Head grey, mixed with darker on crown,
face whitish- grey. Palpi with tuft of second joint triangular,
pointed, nearly as long as terminal joint ; second joint and tuft
ochreous-browu, at apex of joint grey, terminal joint grey.
Antennae grey. Thorax reddish-ochreous-brown. Abdomen
whitish-yellow, beneath and at extremity above bright crimson.
Anterior tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous ; middle tibiae reddish-
ochreous-brown, tarsi dark fuscous ; posterior tibiae whitish-yellow,
tarsi with basal joint whitish-yellow above, dark fuscous beneath,
other joints dark fuscous with whitish-yellow apical rings ; middle
and posterior coxae crimson. Eorewings moderate, posteriorly
dilated, costa very slightly arched, apex somewhat produced, acute,
Dl
438 DESCRIPIIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
hindmargin oblique, rather strongly concave ; reddish-oclireous-
brown, slightly paler posteriorly ; extreme costal edge yellow
from near base almost to apex ; an obscure fuscous suffusion
towards middle of inner margin, indicating a darker spot ; a small
oblique somewhat wedge-shaped blackish-fuscous spot on costa
at f , tolerably well-defined ; from a little beyond apex of this to
anal angle is an indistinctly indicated row of small reddish-fuscous
marks : cilia with basal half deep reddish-ochreous, apical half
light carmine-pink, with a strong cloudy black line just before
tips, extending from above apex nearly to anal angle, thence
obsolete. Hindwings ovate, hindmargin slightly indented below
apex ; light yellow ; cilia whitish-grey tinged with carmine-pink,
more yellowish towards base.
Characterised by the clear reddish-ochreous-brown ground
colour, the yellow costal edge, and the conspicuous dark fuscous
spot on costa beyond middle.
Rather common round Sydney and Melbourne in October and
November, flying readily during the day ; also at Launceston,
Tasmania, in January.
Zeller's descriptions and figure undoubtedly refer to this
species, which is however widely remote from Cryptolechia ; his
first specimen was without palpi, but it is remarkable that in the
second he should have overlooked the conspicuous tuft of the
second joint, unless it was worn away. Newman unnecessarily
created the genus Torfricopsis to receive this species.
11. Palp, aidacdis, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. subfalcatis, canis, leviter ochreo-suffusis, fascia
antica nebulosa, litura costie media, venisque omnibus nigris,
fascia marginis postici angusta Integra nivea ; post, dilute flavis,
apice ciliisque griseo-sufFusis.
S ? . 19:^-20 mm. Head grey, sides of crown whitish. Palpi
with tuft of second joint rather broad, about I as long as terminal
'■ BY E. MEYEICK, U.A. 439
joint ; second joint and tuft dark grej, becoming wliitisli towards
base and apex of joint, terminal joint anteriorly dark grey,
posteriorly wliitish. Antennae wliitisb. Thorax rather dark grey.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Anterior tibiae and tarsi dark grey ;
middle tibiae whitish with a broad dark grey band before apex,
tarsi dark grey with w^hitish rings at apex of joints ; posterior
tibiae and tarsi whitish. Forewings moderate, posteriorly dilated,
costa very slightly arched, apex strongly produced, acute, hind-
margin oblique, strongly concave ; snow-white ; all the veins
marked with thick cloudy dark fuscous lines, coarsely and suf-
f usedly on basal two-thirds, on apical third more sharply defined,
reaching costa, but terminating abruptly a little before hind-
margin ; a cloudy greyish-ochreous suffusion between the veins
towards hindmargin, ending abruptly with the veins a little
below costa, leaving a narrow clear white marginal streak ; space
beneath fold suffused with dark fuscous-grey, except towards
middle, and along inner margin from i to f ; an oblique cloudy
ill-defined fuscous-grey streak from costa at -} to middle of inner
margin, and a shorter similar streak from middle of costa to disc
at f from base ; a sharply defined blackish hindmarginal line :
cilia grey, mixed with grey- whitish. Hind wings with hindmargin
distinctly sinuate beneath apex ; pale ochreous-yellow, apex
slightly infuscated ; cilia yellow- whitish, with a suffused irregular
dark grey line near base.
This very distinct and elegant species may be at once known
by the white groundcolour and dark veins ; in form it approaches
P. uncinella, but the apex of the forewings is more produced.
One of my specimens presents a curious deformity of venation on
one forewing only, vein 4 being furcate towards extremity, and
all the other veins being present, so that there are strictly 13
veins ; the wing is quite normal in form, but it cannot be regarded
as a natural variation ; the colouring follows the irregularity.
Two specimens beaten from a Cupressus on the hills at
Murrurundi, New South "Wales, in November.
440 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAX MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
12. Palp, falcifera, n. sp.
Media, alis aut. angustis, falcatis, dilute griseis, costa roseo-
suffasa, fasciis duabus angustis contortis, lineaque plicse, altera
disci, tertia apicis nigris, supra cano-marginatis ; post, griseis.
(^.21 mm. Head whitish, Palpi with tuft of second joint
very short, angular, terminal joint short, about half second joint ;
second joint and tuft grey, becoming whitish towards base and
apex of joint, terminal joint whitish, anterior edge grey. Antennse
grey. Thorax grey. Abdomen grey mixed with whitish, beneath
carmine-tinged. Anterior tibiae and tarsi whitish ; all coxse
crimson-tinged. Forcwings rather narrow, costa moderately
arched, apex very strongly produced, acute, hindmargin very
oblique, strongly concave ; grey, becoming rather lighter and
more ochreous-tinged towards base of inner margin ; costa rather
broadly suffused with very pale carmine-pink from i to apex ; a
straight rather irregular slender blackish-fuscous streak from base
of costa to inner margin at -|, ill-defined beneath, above edged by
a suffused slender white streak, which is produced indistinctly
to anal angle ; a slender blackish-fuscous streak from costa at \
obliquely outwards, in middle of wing curved sharply inwards and
meeting first streak beyond its middle ; from angulation of this
streak proceeds a slender blackish-fuscous upwardly convex streak
through disc to beyond middle, thence curved abruptly dowu.
wards and ending in anal angle, discal portion margined above
by a strong clear w^hite streak ; from a little above inner margin
at f an irregular blackish-fuscous streak to anal angle, meeting
this streak ; midway between the central discal streak and costa
is a longitudinal row^ of scattered blackish scales ; from the
central discal streak beyond middle of disc proceeds a slender
blackish-fuscous line towards costa, bent very obliquely outwards
a little below costa, not reaching it, margined posteriorly by a
suffused white and very pale carmine-pink streak extending
downwards to anal angle ; an irregular suffused blackish-fuscous
spot in disc beyond this, connected with middle of hindmargin
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 441
by a blackish-fuscous line margined above with white ; from apex
of this spot a slightly curved slender blackish-fuscous streak to
apex of wing, margined above with white ; hindmargin blackish-
fuscous immediately above anal angle : cilia whitish, mixed with
pale grey, costal cilia grey. Hindwings elongate, hindmargin
sinuate ; light grey ; cilia grey- whitish.
This and the following species differ from all the rest in the
much narrower and more elongate wings ; the tuft of the palpi
is very short, yet not shorter than in P. micrastrella and P.
semijunctella. This species differs from the following widely in
the complex markings of the forewings, and the grey hindwings.
I have one specimen, taken with two others by Mr. Gr. H.
Eaynor near Parramatta in August.
13. Palp, liimx, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. angustis, falcatis, griseis, costa circa medium
cano-suffusa, linea obsoleta punctisque sex disci nigris, linea
plicae alteraque marginis postici nigris, supra cano-marginatis ;
post, griseo-ochreis.
^ . 21 mm. Head whitish, mixed with grey on crown. Palpi
with tuft of second joint very short, angular, terminal joint
extremely short, hardly projecting beyond scales of second joint ;
dark grey, apex of second joint whitish. Antennae whitish.
Thorax dark fuscous, anterior margin and shoulders white.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish, anterior tibiae grey,
all coxae crimson-tinged. Porewings rather narrow, costa
moderately arched, apex very strongly produced, acute, hind-
margin concave, very oblique ; light gi'ey, very finely irrorated
with darker grey and whitish, becoming lighter and more ochre-
ous-tinged towards costa and apex ; a straight slender well-
defined clear white streak from costa very near base to anal angle,
strongly margined beneath with blackish-fuscous shading into
groundcolour ; below this streak the gi'ound colour is clearer
442 DESCBIPTI05S OF AUSTRALIAN' MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
grey, without ochreous tinge ; a broad white suffusion towards
middle of costa ; a short longitudinal ill-defined blackish line in
middle of disc, and six small ill-defined blackish spots arranged
round it ; first spot in disc before middle, second obliquly before
and above first, third above central line, the other three in a
crescentic transverse row beyond middle of disc ; a slender white
streak from anal angle along lower f of hindmargin, margined
anteriorly by a suffused blackish-fuscous streak, before which is
a narrow whitish suffusion: cilia whitish, mixed with grey,
becoming white beneath apex, costal cilia grey, becoming dark
fuscous above apex. Hindwings elongate, hindmargin slightly
sinuate ; greyish-ochreous ; cilia ochreous-whitish, mixed with
grey round apex.
In form closely approaching the preceding, but the terminal
joint of the palpi is remarkably short; well characterised by the
single streak on the fold, and six discal spots.
One fine specimen beaten from JEucaJypttis in !N^ovember, near
Sydney.
2. EXCIIOCBATES, n. rj.
Head with appressed hairs, side tufts large, spreading. Antennae
in male moderate, very shortly ciliated (1), basal joint rather
stout, without pecten. Palpi very long, second joint extremely
long, nearly straight, obliquely ascending, dilated with rough pro-
jecting scales above and beneath, laterally compressed, terminal
joint short, very slender, erect. Thorax smooth. Forewings
oblong, moderately broad, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely
rounded. Hindwings as broad as forewings, oblong-ovate,
rounded, cilia -3. Abdomen moderate, in female stout. Middle
tibiae thickened with dense loose hairs ; posterior tibiae clothed
with dense long hairs. Eorewings with vein 7 to costa, 2 before
angle of cell. Hindwings with vein 5 bent and somewhat
approximated to 4 at base.
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 443
The exact position of this curious and peculiar genus is not yet
fully apparent, but it certainly belongs to the immediate neigh-
bourhood of Hoplitica and Heliocausta, as indicated by the absence
of the basal pecten of autennse, the bent vein 5 of hindwings, and
the crimson tints, especially of the legs, so characteristic of this
group. But the termination of vein 7 of the forewings in the
costa is quite exceptional here (though shared hj Euphiltra),2iJ\A
the palpi are almost unique in character also, though approxi-
mating somewhat to some forms of Palparia. The very short
ciliations of the antennae (i) are found again in Nympliostola and
JBroteodes.
Only one species is yet knwn, belonging to x-Vustralia,
14. Encli. (jlcmcopis, u. sp.
Media, alls ant. griseis, costa venisque Isete roseis, fascia angusta
ante medium saturation, macula dorsi media flava, roseo-suf£usa,
interdum altera nigra ; post, griseis.
^ ? . 15^-22 mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous-browa,
slightly mixed and sometimes suffused with carmine, face whitish.
Palpi whitish-ochreous, strongly mixed with dark fuscous,
suffused wdth carmine, especially on upper edge and towards base.
Antennae grey, towards base suffused with carmine. Abdomen
grey, anal tuft of male whitish-ochreous. Anterior legs bright
deep carmine, beneath white ; middle tibiae ochreous- white
suffused above with carmine, tarsi bright carmine, beneath
ochreouswhite ; posterior legs ochreous- white, tarsi bright carmine
towards apex above. Forewings oblong, moderately broad, costa
gently arched, strongly bent towards base, apex rounded, hind-
margin obliquely rounded ; fuscous-grey, margins narrowly dark
fuscous ; costal edge, hindmarginal edge, and all veins marked by
bright carmine lines ; a very ill-defined straight oblique cloudy
dark grey transverse line from middle of costa to inner margin
at i ; a very ill-defined roundish pale yellow spot on middle of
444 DESCRiPTioxs or Australian micbo-lepidopteea,
inner margin, anteriorly or wholly carmine- tinged, margined
anteriorly by tlie transverse dark grey line ; a round suffused
blackish-grey spot on inner margin at }, in some specimens very
conspicuous, in others absent ; an indistinct dark fuscous dot in
disc at I : cilia carmine, towards anal angle light grey. Hindwings
in male grey- whitish, in female grey, paler towards base ; cilia in
male grey- whitish, in female whitish- grey.
Conspicuously characterised by the grey ground colour, bright
rosy veins, and suffused yellow dorsal spot ; not variable, except
in the appearance of the dorsal blackish spot beyond middle.
Eight specimens taken together in September on a fence ne.ir
Sydney after a high wind, probably dislodged from EiLcalypti
3. ECLECTA, II (J.
Head loosely haired, sidetufts moderate, rough, meeting, rather
projecting between antenna). Antennae in male thickened, serrate,
closely and shortly ciliated (^), basal joint stout, without pecten.
Palpi moderately long, second joint oblique, somewhat exceeding
base of antennae, densely scaled, somewhat roughened beneath,
terminal joint shorter than second, erect, stout, roughened with
scales beneath. Thorax with an oblique posterior crest. Fore-
wings elongate, rather broad, apex acute, hindmargin obliquely
concave. Hindwings as broad as f orewings, elongate-ovate, hind-
margin very faintly sinuate beneath apex, cilia ],. Abdomen
moderate. Posterior tibia3 with short appressed hairs. Forewings
with vein 7 to hindmargin, 2 from before angle of cell. Hind-
wings with vein 5 bent and approximated to 4 at base.
Also a peculiar genus, related to Eochra ; characterised
amongst the genera with vein 7 to hindmargin, 5 of hindwings
bent, and antennte without basal pecten, by the crested thorax,
short ciliations of antenna?, and unusually short cilia of hindwings.
The single species is confined to Australia.
BY E. MEYETCK, B.A. ^45
15. Eel. aurorella, u. sp.
Media, alis ant. roseis, vitta plicae fracta, litura disci obliqua,
altera aiiguli aiialis, signoque postico magno trilingui saturate
fuscis, partim cano-marginatis ; post, dilute ochreo-roseis.
^ ? . 18|-10^ mm. Head whitish, face slightly carmine-
tinged. Palpi oehreous-whitish, irregularly suffused with
carmine-pink. Antennae whitish- ochreous. Thorax very pale
carmine-pink, towards centre whitish, anterior margin narrowly
and apex of crest dark crimson-fuscous. Abdomen oehreous-
whitish, faintly crimson-tinged. Legs whitish-ochreous, anterior
and middle tibiae pale crimson. Forewings moderately broad,
costa arched towards base and more strongly before apex, apex
broadly produced, acute, hindmargin rather deeply concave ;
rather light crimson-pink ; extreme costal edge whitish from
near base to i ; a suffused dark fuscous subcostal streak from
base to about i, posteriorly indistinct ; a short dark reddish-
fuscous dash on inner margin at base, indistinctly margined above
with whitish ; a dark reddish-fuscous basally attenuated longi-
tudinal streak from base to a little below middle of disc, thence
bent obliquel}^ downwards, not reaching inner margin, the angle
filled up beneath with whitish-ochreous, the streak margined
above from base to angle with white ; a dark reddish-fuscous
oblique streak from disc slightly above middle at i from base to
anal angle, posteriorly attenuated, interrupted above angle of
discal streak, with which it is almost confluent, margined posteriorly
with white, and its discal extremity connected with base of wing
by a slender white line ; an irregularly triangular dark reddish-
fuscous blotch, more ochreous-fuscous beneath, on hindmargin,
its apex extending to disc at f from base, its base extending from
above anal angle to beneath apex, lower side suffused, upper side
connected in disc with a dark reddish-fuscous acute diamond-
shaped mark beneath costa, beyond the connection margined with
white ; within this triangle is a slender white twice sharply-
toothed line proceeding from middle of upper side to lower angle,
446 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
and two small indistinct whitish spots on hindmargin ; cilia
ochreous- whitish, transversely barred with dull carmine-pink and
reddish-fuscous. Hindwing ochreous- whitish, crimson-tinged ;
cilia ochreous- whitish.
At once recognisable by the complex markings on the rosy
f orewiuf^s ; a similar complicated pattern only occurs in the grey
Palp, falcif era. It is a beautiful and striking insect.
I have taken two specimens near Sydney in February, amongst
dry bush, and seen a third from the same place ; it appears to be
retired in habits.
4. Lepidotarsa, n. g.
Head loosely haired, sidetufts large, erect, spreading. Antennae
somewhat serrate, in male with very long fine ciliations (4), basal
joint stout, with strong pecten. Palpi moderate, second joint
not reaching base of antennae, densely scaled, somewhat loosely
beneath, terminal joint slender, much shorter than second. Thorax
smooth. Forewings elongate, moderate, apex almost acute,
hindmargin very oblique, very slightly concave. Hindwings
distinctly narrower than forewings, elongate-ovate, hindmargin
faintly sinuate, cilia f. Abdomen moderate. Anterior tibiae and
tarsi conspicuously thickened with dense scales ; middle tibiae
densely scaled ; posterior tibiae clothed with long fine hairs.
Forewings with vein 7 to hindmargin, 2 from considerably before
angle of cell. Hindwings normal.
Rather nearly allied to Eocliroa, but distinguished from it and
all other neighbouring genera by the strongly dilated anterior
tarsi and tibiae, which in repose are displayed in front ; a similar
character recurs in Plloprepes and Crepidosceles, but neither of
these genera are at all nearly allied in other respects. The form
of the forewings is rather peculiar and elegant, and the long
ciliations of the antennae are noteworthy.
The two species, both Australian, are at once separated by the
different groundcolour.
BY E. METBICK, B.A. * 447"
16. Lep. chrysopoca, n. sp.
Media, capite albo, alis ant. aurantiacis, puneto disci ciliisque-
externe griseis ; post, griseis.
(^.20 mm. Head and palpi dull white. Antennae whitish,,
obscurely ringed with fuscous. Thorax ochreous-yellow, deeper
anteriorly. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-grey. Legs
whitish-grey, anterior and middle tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous
above, except at apex of tarsal joints. Forewings unicolorous
bright deep orange -yellow ; extreme costal edge whitish towards
middle ; a dark fuscous-grey dot in disc a little beyond middle r
cilia with basal half deep orange-yellow, terminal half glossy dark
grey. Hindwings grey, cilia whitish-grey.
A handsome species, remarkable for the white head contrasting
with the deep yellow forewings.
I took a specimen above the Bulli Pass in October, at about
2,000 feet elevation, and have seen two others from Parramatta.
17. Lep. alpliiteUa, n. sp.
Minor, capite albo, alis ant. griseo-ochreis, costa anguste cana,.
punctis tribus disci obsoletis ciliisque externe griseis ; post,
albidis.
$ . 16^ mm. Head, palpi, and antennae dull white. Thorax
w^hite, tinged with ochreous, and finely irrorated with grey.
Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs whitish, slightly mixed with
fuscous- grey. Porewings pale greyish-ochreous, finely irrorated
with fuscous, becoming whitish on inner margin near base ; costal
edge white ; a small dark fuscous-grey spot in disc before middle,
and another double one in disc beyond middle ; a third, partially
obsolete, on fold slightly beyond first ; cilia with basal half pale
greyish-ochreous, terminal half dark fuscous. Hindwings gi'ey-
whitish, cilia whitish.
A distinct but inconspicuous insect, nearly allied to the pre-
ceding, but superficially somewhat recalling Eochr, (idea.
448 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEBA,
One specimen taken at Parramatta in September, and a second
by Mr. Gr. H. Eaynor at Waratab on tbe Hunter River in
October.
5. EocHROA, n. (j.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderate, spreading,
meeting behind. Antennae in male moderate, with rather long
fine ciliations (2-3), basal joint rather stout, wdth basal pecten.
Palpi moderate, second joint reaching or somewhat exceeding
base of antennae, with dense appressed scales, somewhat loose
beneath, terminal joint shorter than second, moderate, somewhat
roughened with scales anteriorly, recurved. Thorax smooth.
Forewings elongate, moderate, apex tolerably acute, hindmargin
faintly sinuate below apex, cilia \. Abdomen rather broad,
margined. Posterior tibia? clothed with long fine hairs. Pore-
wings Avith vein 7 to hindmargin, 2 from somewhat before angle
of cell. Hindwino:s normal.
'o*^
Apparently transitional in character between Palparia and
Philohofa^ differing from the former especially by the entire
absence of any tuft or projection on the second joint of the palpi,
and from the latter by the rather thick and somewhat roughened
terminal joint, and the longer ciliations of the antennae, which
are nevertheless shorter than in Valparia and Lepidotarsa. The
affinity of this group with that of Hoplitica and its allies seems
to be rather collateral than direct, but it is impossible to show
this in a linear arrangement. It seems hardly probable that any
derivative genera from that group would have regained the lost
basal pecten of the antennae.
The species are elegant and sometimes handsome, frequently
crimson-tinged. They are sluggish in habit, like Palparia, but
generally common where they occur. Some at least of the larvae
must undoubtedly feed on species of Leptospermum {Mijrtacecd),
but I have searched specially for them in vain.
BY E. METfiICK, B.A.] 449
jS'ine species are known to me ; the genus is exclusively
Australian, and no doubt many others will be found. They may-
be distinguished thus :
A. Torewings white ... ... ... ...10. caUianasm.
B. Forewings ochreous or rosy, sometimes grej.
1. Hindwings white, apex more or less rosy.
a. Eore\\ings grey ... ... ... ...25. aclea.
h. Forewings ochreous.
i. Forewings with well-defined rosy costal
border... ... ... ... ...20. inchiseUa.
ii. Forewings without well-defined rosy
costal border .. . ... ... ...2\. dejuncteUa.
2. Hindwings yellow, apex more or less grey.
a. Costal edge o£ forewings white ... ...22. matutlneUa.
h. Costal edge of forewings rosy ... ...18. Icetiferana.
3. Hindwings grey, base sometimes paler.
a. Dorsal edge of forewings mostly dark grey.
i. Head grey-whitish, palpi YO'^^-im^^'^^...'!^. 'pulverulenta.
ii. Head and palpi whitish-ochreous ...24. acutella.
h. Dorsal edge of forewings pale rosy ...26. protopliaes.
18. Eochr. Icetiferana, Walk.
{Loplioderus Iceiiferanus, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 336; Oecopliom
semifiiseUa, ibid. 696 ; Cryptolechia pudorinella, ibid. 760.)
Media, alis ant. ochreo-roseis, interdum purpureo-suffusis,
macula magna dorsi postica flava, partim roseo-suffusa, punctis
disci tribus roseis ; post, flavis.
^ . 16^-21 mm. Head reddish-ochreous or reddish-ochreous-
brown. Palpi reddish-ochreous, anteriorly suffused with dark
fuscous. Antennae whitish-ochreous. Thorax reddish-ochreous-
brown. Abdomen whitish-yellow. Anterior and middle tibiae
and tarsi fuscous-crimson, posterior tibiae and tarsi whitish-yellow.
Forewings moderate, costa somewhat strongly arched, apex acute,
450 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
liindmargin rather oblique, very slightly sinuate ; rosy-ochreous
or yellowish-carmine-pink, with a suffused yellow blotch above
anal angle, indistinctly produced broadly along inner margin to
before middle, very ill- defined ; between this blotch and base the
whole groundcolour is sometimes suffused with purple-fuscous,
extending along costa to apex, and obscurely mixed with whitish
towards disc ; an ill-defined reddish-fuscous dot in disc before
middle, a second in disc beyond middle, and a third perpendicu-
larly below first on fold ; between first and second is a longitudinal
cloudy whitish streak , a faint transverse whitish line following "
posterior margin of yellow blotch : cilia whitish-yellow, beneath
anal angle carmine-tinged, costal cilia pale carmine. Hindwings
with hindmargin distinctly sinuate ; whitish-yellow, cilia whitish-
yellow.
This and the two following species differ from the rest in the
less oblique hindmargin of the f orewings ; this species is distinctly
characterised by the yellow hindwings, and rosy forewings with
yellow anal blotch and variable purplish suffusion anteriorly.
Taken occasionally at Melbourne and Sydney, in March ;
"Walker's specimens are said to be from Brisbane.
19. JEochr. callianassa, n. sp.
Major, alis ant. niveis, costa anguste ferruginea, dorso, vena
subcostal! trirami, puncto disci, viltaque marginis postici in
ciliis flavis ; post, niveis, apicem versus griseis.
cJ . 2G mm. Head snow-white. Palpi white, externally and in
front somewhat suffused with brownish-rosy. Antennae grey,
basal joint white with a fine ferruginous line above. Thorax
white, with a pale yellow spot on middle of anterior margin, and
shoulder- flaps pale yellow, with a bright ferrugijious spot on each
shoulder. Abdomen white. Anterior legs ferruginous ; middle
legs whitish, suffused with pale ferruginous ; posterior legs white.
Porewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind-
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 451
margin obligue, almost straight, rounded beneath ; snow-white ;
a very slender ferruginous streak along costa, stronger towards
base, hardly reaching apex, slenderly margined beneath with pale
yellow, extreme costal edge somewhat whitish ; a slender yellow
streak along inner margin from near base to anal angle ; a slender
yellow streak along inner margin from near base to anal angle ;
a slender yellow streak almost from base along subcostal vein,
becoming paler beyond middle, and separating into three or four
distinct branches to costa along veins 8 — 11 ; a small ill-defined
pale yellow spot in disc beyond middle, and faint indications of
pale yellow lines on the other veins : cilia snow-white, basal half
pale yellow. Hindwings snow-white, apical third suffused with
light grey ; cilia white, somewhat mixed with grey round apex.
A remarkable and beautiful species, exceptionally characterised
by the snow-white ground colour with yellow and ferruginous
lines.
One fine specimen received from Mr. E. Gruest, taken on the
Mount Lofty Range, South Australia, where it appears to be not
uncommon, frequenting Banhsia.
20. Eochr. inclmella, Walk.
{Gryptolecliia inclusella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 767.)
Major, alis ant. dilute ochreis, marginibus roseis ; post, flavo-
albidis, apice roseo.
cJ. 28 mm. (?). Head and thorax pale ochreous, palpi rosy-
tinged. Abdomen yellowish- whitish, anal tuft yellower. Fore-
wings moderate, apex nearly rectangular, hindmargin hardly
oblique ; pale yellowish- ochreous ; all margins narrowly rosy,
costal brighter. Hindwings yellowish- white, apex rosy-tinged.
A very distinct species, of which unfortunately I have no
specimen for description. I saw the type in the British Museum,
and have no doubt that it belongs to this genus, with which all
characters agree that I was able to observe ; but omitted to make
452 DESCEIPTIOXS OF AUSTRALIiK^ MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
a thorough diagnosis, though I think the above, drawn mainly
from "Walker's description, will be sufficient.
Said to be from Sydney.
21, JEoclir. dejitnctella, Walk.
{Crt/ptolecliia dejunctella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 1036.)
Media, alis ant. ochreis, partim rosea-suffusis, margine postico
dorsoque saturate roseis, interdum punctis duobus disci obsoletis
roseis, ciliis griseis ; post, albidis, apice leviter roseo.
(^ $ . Head and thorax light ochreous. Palpi light ochreous,
second joint suffused with ochreous- reddish externally and beneath
Antennae whitish. Abdomen whitish, anal tuft tinged with
ochreous. Anterior and middle tibse and tarsi dark fuscous-
carmine ; posterior tibia? and tarsi whitish. Eorewings moderate,
costa moderately arched, apex almost acute, hindmargin rather
sinuate, oblique ; light ochreous ; a light reddish-fuscous cloudy
suffusion along subcostal vein from base to about f, very indistinct
posteriorly ; a darker reddish-fuscous cloudy suffused streak
along inner margin from i to anal augle ; a reddish-fuscous dot
in disc before middle, often obsolete ; a second more distinct
reddish-fuscous dot in disc beyond middle ; between the second
dot and anal angle is a small indistinct light reddish-fuscous
cloudy spot, often connected with base by a very obsolete light
reddish-fuscous longitudinal suffusion ; a slender rather dark
reddish-fuscous cloudy streak along hindmargin from apex to anal
angle ; in female all these markings are generally rendered obsolete
by a light ochreous-reddish suffusion of the ground colour ; cilia
grey, mixed with dark grey, with a dark grey line near base on
upper half of hindmargin, costal cilia ochreous-reddish. Hind-
wings with hindmargin very slightly sinuate ; whitish, apex faintly
rosy-tinged ; cilia whitish.
Distinguished by its rosy-ochreous forewings and whitish hind-
wings ; the rosy tinge is more pronounced and uniform in the
female, which is rather smaller in size.
BY E. METKICK, B.A. 453
Tolerably common round Sydney and Melbourne, and occurs
also at Blackbeatli on the Blue Mountains, in December,
Tebruary, and Marcb ; also taken by Mr. E. Gruest on Mount
Lofty range. South Australia.
22. Eoclir. matutineUa, AValk.
(0 ecopJiora matutinella,W2^X^., 'Qv'it. Mus. Cat, 689 ; Cryi^to-
lecTiia marginella, ibid. 761.)
Media, alis, ant. lamella squamea dorsi adversus basim instructis
griseis, postice flavo-suffusis, interdum omnino roseo-suffusis,
costa perauguste cana, punctis disci tribus saturatioribus, ciliis
saturate roseo-gi'iseis ; post, dilute flavis, apice ciliisque griseis.
S ? . 19-23 mm. Head ochreous-grey on crown, face whitish.
Palpi whitish, anteriorly and on outer side of second joint dark
grey. AntennaD whitish. Thorax ochreous-grey, lighter
posteriorly. Abdomen whitish- ochreous, anal tuft mixed with
brownish-ochreous. Anterior tibise and tarsi dull carmine-pink ;
middle tibiae grey, tarsi whitish suffused with grey ; posterior
tibiae and tarsi ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa
moderately arched, apex tolerably acute, hindmargin obliquely
rounded, not sinuate ; ochreous-grey, suffused with whitish-
ochreous along disc and towards base of inner margin, with a laro-e
irregularly oval suffused deep ochreous-yellow patch on hind-
margin, very ill-defined, extending from somewhat before anal
angle almost to apex ; this patch is sometimes also more or less
suffused with ochreous-grey and obsolete ; disc sometimes broadly
suffused with carmine-pink from base to f , the suffusion extend-
ing less distinctly to costa and inner margin ; towards base of
inner margin is a triangular obliquely projecting plate of ochre-
ous-whitish scales, proceeding from near margin and projecting
beyond it ; costal edge very narrowly white from base to apex ;
extreme c'orsal margin white from \ to anal angle ; a dark grey
cloudy dot in disc before middle, a second in disc beyond middle,
a third on fold perpendicularly below first, and sometimes a fourth
El
454 DESCEIPTIOK^S OF AUSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
perpendicularly below second, all very ill-defined and sometimes
obsolete ; a rosy suffusion along hindmargin from near anal angle
to apex : cilia dark grey, on apical half of hindmargin carmine-
tinged. Hindwings with hindmargin distinctly sinuate ; dull
light ochreoufe-yellow, apex suffused wdth fuscous-grey ; cilia
fuscous-grey, towards anal angle becoming whitish-yellow.
A distinct species, specially characterised by the curious flap
of scales towards inner-margin, apparently an abnormal develop-
ment of the usual slight protuberance ; it is very noticeable when
the wings are closed.
Common at Sydney and Parramatta in October and November,
evidently attached to Leptospermum ; it is very sluggish, and
when beaten out, usually fall to the ground.
23. Eochr. pulverulenta, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. ochreo-griseis, antice leviter roseo-suffusis,
vitta dorsi fusca, punctis disci tribus obscuris saturatioribus,
ciliorum basi saturate grisea, apice albo ; post, griseis ; capite
albido.
^ $ . 19-21 mm. Head greyish-whitish, mixed on sides of
crown with grey, face w^hite. Palpi white, suffused with pale
carmine-pink and externally irrorated with grey. Antennae
whitish, towards apex grey. Thorax pale ochreous, shoulders
darker. Abdomen grey- whitish. Anterior tibia? and tarsi dark
grey ; middle tibiao and tarsi whitish sprinkled with grey ;
posterior tibiae and tarsi T\'hite. Porewings moderate, costa
moderately arched, apex acute, hindmargin distinctly sinuate,
very oblique ; light reddish-fuscous, densely irrorated wdth light
ochreous-grey, ground colour clearest towards base of costa ;
extreme costal edge sometimes whitish from ^ to apex, often
obscured through the grey suffusion ; extreme edge of inner
margin very slenderly white throughout ; a dark grey suffused
streak, attenuated at both extremities, along inner margin from
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 455
i almost to anal angle ; between this streak and base tlie inner
margin is suffused with wliitisli-oclireous ; a broad obsolete
whitish-ocbreous suffusion of tbe ground colour towards liind-
margin except near costa, obscured by the grey irroratiou, most
distinct beyond apex of dorsal streak ; an indistinct dark grey
dot in disc before middle, a second in disc beyond middle, and a
third on fold rather beyond first : cilia with basal half dark grey,
apical half clear white, the separation sharply marked, with a
grey spot at apex of wing. Hindwings with hindmargin slightly
sinuate ; grey, becoming oehreous-whitish towards base, apex
dark grey ; cilia grey, tips clear white.
This and the follov,ing species are very closely allied ; this
species may be best distinguished by the rather larger size, the
grey- whitish head and rosy-tinged palpi, and the reddish tinge
anteriorly towards costa, which is always distinct ; the contrast
between the whitish head and ochreous thorax is very marked,
whereas in JE. acutella they are concolorous, both whitish-ochreous.
Six specimens taken at Blackheath in the Blue Mountains
(3,500 feet) in January, and near Sydney in JN'ovember, beaten
from Leptospermum.
24. Eoclir. acutella, AYalk.
{Cryptolecliia acutella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat, 766.)
Media, alis ant. pallide ochreis, partim griseo-suftusis, margine
dorsali punctisque disci tribus saturate f uscis, ciliis albis, linea
proj)e basim nigricanti ; post, griseis, basim versus ochreo-albidis ;
capite albido-ochreo.
^ $ . 17-20 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen
w^hitish-ochreous. Anterior tibiae and tarsi dark grey mixed with
whitish-ochreous ; middle tibiae and tarsi clear white, partly
irrorated with grey ; posterior tibiae and tarsi white, slightly
ochreous-tinged. Porewings moderate, costa moderately arched,
apex acute, hindmargin sinuate, very oblique ; very light reddish-
456 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
fuscous, suffusedly irrorated with liglit grey ; extreme costal edge
suffusedly wliitish-ochreous from about i to apex ; inner margin
broadly whitish ochreous towards base ; a more or less distinct
suffused dark grey streak along inner margin from i to anal angle,
attenuated at extremities, sufFusedly margined above with whitish-
ochreous ; an indistinct whitish-ochreous streak beneath costa
from base to f ; an indistinct whitish-ochreous streak from
middle of disc almost to hindmargin below apex, posteriorly
somewhat broader and more suffused ; a dark grey dot in disc
before middle, a second in disc beyond middle, and a third obliquely
beyond first on fold ; between the second and anal angle is
occasionally a small blackish or dark grey spot, but usually this is
not indicated ; a faint grey line near and parallel to lower half
of hindmargin, often obsolete ; sometimes the second dot is con-
nected with anal angle by an oblique suffused dark grey line :
cilia with basal half light brownish-ochreous, limited posteriorly
by a suffused dark grey line, apical half white. Hindwings with
hindmargin distinctly sinuate; grey, suffused with ochreous-
whitish towards base, apex and a hindmarginal line suffusedly
dark grey ; cilia whitish, with an indistinct grey line.
A less elegant insect than the preceding, of which the dis-
tinctive points are given above. The dark marliings towards anal
angle are a curious form of variation.
Commonly beaten from Lej^fosjjer mum near Sydney, in October
and November ; I also took a specimen in the Shoalhaven district
in January.
25, Eoclir. aclea, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. ochreo-griseis, punctis disci duobus obscure
saturatioribus ; post, albis, apice levissime roseo.
$ . 14 mm. Head grey mixed with whitish. Palpi grey,
extremity of second joint whitish. Antenna? grey, basal joint
white. Thorax grey, suffused with whitish on shoulders. Abdomen
whitish. Anterior tibia? and tarsi grey ; middle tibia? and tarsi
BY E. METBICK, B.A. 457
grey mixed with whitish ; posterior tibiae and tarsi white. Eore-
wings rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex acute, hind-
margin slightly sinuate, rather strongly oblique ; light grey,
irregularly irrorated with dark grey, especially towards margins ;
base of costa suffused with white, and extreme edge very slenderly
white throughout ; a blackish-grey dot in disc before middle, and
another in disc beyond middle ; there are other scattered dark
scales, but not forming defined markings : cilia whitish, mixed
with grey on basal half, with a blackish-grey spot at apex. Hind-
wings with hindmargin hardly sinuate ; white, apex very faintly
rosy ; cilia white, round apex greyish-tinged.
Easily known by its small size, simple grey f orewings and white
hindwings.
One specimen taken by Mr. Gr. H. Raynor near Launceston,
Tasmania, in December.
26. Eoclir. protopliaiis, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. dilute albido-roseis, punctis disci duobus atris,
ciliis griseo-suffusis ; post, griseis.
^ $ . 20-23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-whitish,
very faintly rosy-tinged. Antennse grey, towards base ochreous-
white. Abdomen whitish-grey, anal tuft ochreous-tinged.
Anterior and middle legs dark grey, middle tarsi with apex of
joints whitish ; posterior legs ochreous-whitish, first joint of tarsi
partially greyish-sufEused. Eorewings moderate, costa moderately
arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, slightly rounded ;
whitish-ochreous, tinged with brownish-rosy ; extreme costal edge
black near base, ochreous- white elsewhere ; a well-defined con-
spicuous round black dot in disc before middle, and a second
similar dot in disc beyond middle ; some scattered gi'ey scales
towards hindmargin : cilia whitish-ochreous, rosy- tinged, on hind-
margin more rosy and strongly suffused with dark grey. Hind-
wings and cilia grey.
458 DESCEIPTIOIS'S OF ArSTEALIAX MICEO-LEPIDOPTEKA,
A very distinct species, in form of wing most approaching E.
aclea, but easily known from the other species with grey hind-
wings, by its uniform pale pinkish f orewings, and yery distinct
discal dots.
I took one specimen near Sydney in September, and have
received a second from Mr. E. Gruest, who states that it is locally
not uncommon on the Mount Lofty Eange, South Australia, in
December, frequenting Miicahjptus scrub.
6. EUPHILTEA, 71. Cj.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderate, spreading.
Antennae in male — (?), basal joint rather short, without pecten.
Palpi moderate, second joint not reaching base of antennae, with
rough projecting scale beneath, especially in middle, terminal
joint as long as second, recurved. Thorax smooth. Eorewings
elongate, moderate, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded.
Hindwings considerably narrower than fore wings, elongate- ovate,
hindmargin rounded, cilia f . Abdomen somewhat dilated, strongly
margined. Posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs. Porewings
with vein 7 to costa, 2 from somewhat before angle of cell.
Hindwings normal.
The termination of vein 7 of the f orewings in the costa renders
this genus exceptional in this position ; but the accordance with
Zonopetala is so marked in all other particulars, especially the
somewhat peculiar palpi, that I consider its location here un-
doubted. I think the difference of venation to have arisen in
this instance incidentally from the narrowing of the wings, and
regard the genus as a development (with retrograde characters)
from Zonopetala.
27. Eupli. eroticella, n. sp.
Minor, nivea, thorace antice nigro, alis ant. fascia lata ante
medium, altera angusta post medium, macula postica ciliisque
ferrugineis, maculis apicis angulique analis in ciliis nigris ; post,
griseis.
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 459
$ . 15 mill. Head white, sides of crown with a dark fuscous
spot. Palpi white, extreme base of second joint dark fuscous.
Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax black, a posterior spot and a
small spot on each side white. Abdomen reddish-brown, lateral
margins pale ochreous, posterior margins of segments silvery- grey.
Anterior and middle tibiae dark fuscous-grey, tarsi grey- whitish ;
posterior tibiae and tarsi whitish-yellow. Forewings somewhat
narrow, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very
obliquely rounded ; clear white ; a small very narrow linear black
spot at base of wing, extending from costa to inner margin ; a
deep reddish-ochreous moderately broad transverse fascia, extend-
ing from f of costa to middle of inner margin, considerably
dilated beneath, anterior edge concave, suff usedly margined with
dark fuscous, posterior edge sinuate, well-defined, not margined ;
a narrow deep reddish-ochreous fascia from f of costa to anal
angle, on costa and inner margin suffused with dark fuscous,
anterior edge nearly straight, suffused, posterior edge well-defined,
indented above middle ; an ill-defined triangular bright reddish-
ochreous patch on upper f of hindmargin, very narrowly separated
from the second fascia, confluent above with a suffused blackish
apical spot: cilia reddish-ochreous on hindmargin and costa,
blackish-fuscous at apex and anal angle. Hindwings dark grey,
somewhat lighter at base ; cilia whitish-ochreous, mixed with grey
round apex.
A very handsome species, in markings approaching Zo;l decisana
but (apart from structural differences) much narrower- winged,
with the first fascia reddish-ochreous instead of blackish-fuscous
and the hindwings wholly grey.
Two specimens taken at Parramatta in October.
7. Zois^orETALA, n. g.
Head with appressed scales, side tufts large, raised, meeting,
dilated behind. Antennae in male slightly serrate, rather strongly
and unevenly ciliated (1^), basal joint moderate, without pecten.
460 DESCKIPTIOlfS OF ATJSTRALIAJf MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
Palpi moderate, second joint hardly reaching base of antennse,
much dilated with dense scales, beneath with loose somewhat
projecting scales beyond middle ; terminal joint almost as long
as second, rather stout, somewhat roughened anteriorly, strongly
recurved. Thorax smooth. Eorewings elongate, rather broad,
apex somewhat rectangular, acute, hmdmargin slightly oblique,
almost straight or slightly concave beneath apex. Hiudwings
slightly narrower than f orewings, oblong- ovate, hindmargin faintly
sinuate, cilia | to i. Abdomen stout, strongly margined. Posterior
tibi« clothed with long fine hairs. Eorewings with vein 7 to
hindmargin, 2 from somewhat before angle of cell. Hindwings
normal.
A small well-marked genus, nearly allied to Ileliocausta, of
which is is probably a development, and also with marked affinity
(perhaps collateral) with Eochroa ; it is well distinguished
amongst the group with unpectinated basal joint of antennae and
vein 7 terminating in the hindmargin, by the structure of the
palpi. The species are handsome and strikingly marked insects ;
the six known to me may be thus distinguished :
A. Thorax wholly black anteriorly.
1. Posterior fascia straight, dark fuscous... 29. clerota.
2. Posteriorfasciairregular, ochreous-brown 31. decisana.
3. Posterior fascia suffused, grey... ...HO. r/Iauco?ie])Jiela.
B. Shoulders only black.
. 1. Forewings pinkish-grey, without fasciae.
a. Porewings with a blackish costal spot
before middle ... ... ...SH. quadripicsfuleUa.
h. Porewings without blackish costal spot
before middle ... H2. melanoma.
2. Porewings white, fasciated ... ...28. divisella.
28. Zon. divisella, Walk.
(Oecophora divisella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 677, (non 685).
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 461
Media, nivea, humeris nigris, alls ant. apicem versus oclireo-
suffusis, costie basi, fascia antica latiore, altera postica angustiore,
ciliisque nigris; post, dilute flavis.
^ $ . 18-19 mm. Head white, sides of crown with a dark
fuscous spot. Palpi white, basal third of second joint dark fuscous.
Antenna) blackish-fuscous. Thorax white, shoulders with a dark
fuscous spot. Abdomen whitish-jellow. Anterior tibiae and tarsi
dark fuscous, tarsal joints with whitish-yellow apical rings ;
middle tibiae dark fuscous externally yellowish above, tarsi dark
fuscous with whitish-yellow rings at apex of joints ; posterior
tibiae and tarsi whitish-yellow. Forewings moderately broad,
costa moderately arched, apex obtuse-angled, hindmargin straight,
slightly oblique ; clear white, apical third faintly ochreous- tinged ;
a small blackish-fuscous spot at base of costa ; two straight
moderately broad blackish-fuscous transverse fasciae, • rather
irregularly edged ; first from i of costa to f of inner margin,
somewhat dilated on inner margin so that anterior edge appears
concave ; second from f of costa to anal angle, slightly narrower
than first, somewhat dilated below middle : a blackish hind-
marginal line : cilia blackish- grey, becoming lighter grey towards
anal angle, darkest at apex, costal cilia ochreous-yellow. Hind-
wings with hindmargin slightly indented ; whitish-yellow ; cilia
whitish-yellow, becoming grey round apex.
A handsome species, differing from Z. clerota by the thorax
wholly white except on shoulders, the ochreous tinge of the apical
third, and the grey cilia of the anal angle.
Two fine specimens at rest on Eucalyptus trunks near Sydney,
January and February ; I have seen several others.
29. Zon. clerota, n. sp.
Media, nivea, thorace antice nigro, alis ant. costae basi, fascia
antica angustiore, altera postiea latiore, ciliis nigris, ciliis anguli
analis ochreis ; post, dilute ochreis, interdum postice griseo-
suffusis.
462 DESCRIPTIONS OF AL'STEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
(^ ? . 16-20 mm. Head white, sides of crown with a dark
fuscous spot. Palpi white, basal third of second joint dark
fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax white, anterior half
dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-yellow. Anterior tibiae and
tarsi dark fuscous, tarsal joints with whitish-yellow apical rings ;
middle tibiae yellowish- grey, with yellow hairs above and below,
tarsi grey with whitish-yellow rings at apex of joints ; posterior
tibiae and tarsi whitish-yellow. Forewings moderately broad,
costa moderately arched, apex acute, hindmargin markedly con-
cave, rather oblique ; clear white ; a small blackish-fuscous spot
at base of costa; two straight moderately broad, rather irregularly-
edged, blackish-fuscous transverse fasciae ; first from i of costa
to slightly before middle of hindmargin, margins almost straight,
not dilated ; second from about f of costa to somewhat before
anal angle, somewhat broader than first, not dilated ; a slender
blackish-fuscous streak along hindmargin from apex to a little
above anal angle, sometimes considerably dilated towards lower
extremity : cilia on apical t of hindmargin blackish- grey, becom-
ing lighter and suffused with yellowish at tips, at anal angle
whitish-yellow, beneath it yellowish-grey, costal cilia ochreous-
yellow, Hindwings with hindmargin distinctly sinuate ; whitish-
yellow, in female suffused with grey posteriorly ; cilia whitish-
yellow, becoming grey round apex.
Keadily separated from the preceding species by the black
anterior half of thorax, the absence of any ochreous tinge towards
apex, the somewhat different form and position of the fasciae, and
the yellow cilia towards anal angle.
Taken not uncommonly near Sydney in October and November,
and at Brisbane in September.
30. Zon. glaioconepheJa , n. sp.
Parva, nivea, thorace nigro, alis ant. postice griseo-suffusis,
basi fasciaque lata ante medium nigris, linea postica transversa
BY E. :i[EYEICK, E.A. 463
saturate grisea, ciliis griseis, sub apicem nigricantibus ; post,
griseis, basim versus albido-ochreis.
(^ ? . 12- 12^ mm. Head white, sides of crown with a dark
fuscous spot. Palpi white, basal third of second joint dark fuscous.
Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax blackish-fuscous, with a white
spot behind. Abdomen whitish-yellow. Anterior tibiae and tars^
blackish-fuscous ; middle tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous above,
yellow beneath ; posterior tibiae whitish-yellow, tarsi yellowish
partially suffused with grey. Forewings moderately broad, costa
moderately arched, apex acute, hindmargin distinctly sinuate,
rather oblique ; white, apical i suffused with light grey, most
strongly towards hindmargin ; a small blackish- fuscous basal spot,
extending from costa to inner margin, its outer edge straight ; a
nearly straight moderately broad blackish central fascia, extend-
ing from costa a little before middle to inner margin slightly
beyond middle, smewhat dilated beneath, its anterior edge slightly
concave ; a very small ill-defined blackish spot on costa at f ,
whence proceeds an irregular suffused dark grey line to anal
angle, bent inwards in middle, and obscurely whitish-margined
posteriorly ; suffused blackish line along hindmargin from apex
to a little above anal angle : cilia whitish- grey mixed with yellowish,
basal % on upper half of hindmargin dark grey, and with a dark
grey spot at apex, costal cilia ochreous-yellow. Hindwings with
hindmargin markedly sinuate ; grey, suffused with whitish-yellow
towards anal angle.
Characterised by its small size, the grey posterior suffusion,
and the reduction of the second fascia to a suffused dark grey
line.
Three specimens taken near Sydney in January and Februarv.
31. Zon. (lecisaiia, Walk.
fConcliylis decisana, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 367 ; Oecophoi^a
retractella, ibid. 680 ; Oecopliora mediella, ibid. 1033.)
4iQ4i DESCEiPiioi^s or Australian miceo-lepidoptera,
Minor, nivea, thorace antice nigro, alls aut. basi fasciaque lata
ante medium nigris, fascia postica maculaque marginis postici
brunneis, supra nigricantibus, ciliis griseis ; post, dilute ochreis,
apicem versus griseis.
(^ ? . 14^-17 mm. Head white, sides of crown with a dark
fuscous spot. Palpi white, basal third of second joint dark
fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax blackish-fuscous, a
posterior spot and a small spot on each side white. Abdomen
whitish-yellow. Anterior tibiae dark fuscous, middle tibiae dark
fuscous with hairs above yellow, anterior and middle tarsi dark
fuscous with yellowish rings at apex of joints ; posterior tibiae
and tarsi whitish-yellow. Forewings moderate, costa gently
arched, apex acute, hindmargin sinuate, oblique ; clear white ; a
small blackish-fuscous spot on base of costa, just reaching inner
margin, outer edge straight ; a moderately broad, slightly
outwardly curved, blackish-fuscous transverse fascia, extending
from costa slightly before middle to inner margin slightly beyond
middle, somewhat broader beneath ; a short black transverse
linear mark in disc at f, usually connected with central fascia
below middle so as to appear an upwardly oblique tooth ; a some-
what triangular blackish-fuscous spot on costa about f , whence
proceeds a rather ill- defined, moderately broad, somewhat inwards-
curved reddish-brown transverse fascia to anal angle ; an ill-
defined triangular reddish-brown spot on upper half of hindmargin
narrowly separated from the second fascia, connected at upper
angle with an oblique blackish-fuscous apical dash : cilia dark
grey, mixed with whitish towards base, with a blackish-grey spot
at apex, costal cilia white. Hindwings with hindmargin slightly
sinuate : whitish-yellow, apex suffused with grey ; cilia whitish-
yellow, becoming grey round apex.
Very distinct by the reddish-brown posterior markings.
Common round Sydney from October to January, yet I have
not found it elsewhere.
BY E. MEYEICX, B.A. 465
32. Zon. melanoma, n. sp.
Media, humeris nigis, alis ant. dilute roseo-griseis, basi costjB,
punctis disci plerisque, serie punetorum postica angulata alteraque
marginis postici nigris ; post, griseis, basim versus albidis.
? . 21 mm. Head white. Palpi pinkish- whitisb, basal half o£
second joint blackish. Antennae dark grey. Thorax pinkish-
whitish, lateral margin o£ shoulders sharply blackish-fuscous.
Abdomen whitish-grey. Anterior and middle legs dark grey,
tarsal joints with whitish apical rings ; posterior legs whitish.
Torewings moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, hindmargin faintly sinuate, slightly oblique ; light
pinkish-grey, somewhat suffused with pinkish-white at base and
towards basal third of costa ; a small sharply-defined blackish-
fuscous spot at base of costa ; a blackish dot on costa at -3 , another
obliquely before it in disc, and a third midway between them ;
two very small blackish dots transversely placed in disc beyond
middle ; a transverse row of tolerably well-defined blackish dots
from costa somewhat beyond middle obliquely and irregularly
outwards to middle of disc at |- from base, thence bent and con-
tinued to inner margin before anal angle, lower part rather curved ;
a row of blackish dots along hindmargin and apical fourth of
costa: cilia light pinkish-grey, tips paler. Hindwings with hind-
margin distinctly sinuate ; grey, becoming whitish near base ;
cilia whitish, near base greyish-tinged.
Entirely different in markings from the preceding species, and
reverting to the normal type, as of SeJiocauda; yet undoubtedly
referable to this genus by structure. It is interesting that the
sharply-defined black basal band of the second joint of the palpi,
and the black spot at base of costa, should be found to persist in
this case.
I have described two specimens in the collection of Mr. Gr.
Masters, taken near Sydney.
466 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIA?? :\riCRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
33. Zo)i. quadripustulella, Walk.
(Cryptolecliia qitadrijnishdeUa, Walk. ,Bvit. Mus. Cat., 761.)
M'edia, humeris nigris, alis ant. roseo-cinereis, basi costa?
maculaque costali ante medium nigris ; post, griseis.
21 mm. Head white. Thorax pinkish-grey, with a blackish
spot on shoulders. Porewings pinkish-grej, base of costa and a
larger spot on costa before middle blackish. Hindwings grey.
The above diagnosis is abstracted from Walker's, and is
sufficient for identification ; I have been unable to obtain a
specimen for examination or description, and cannot therefore
vouch for its correct location, but it is so obviously nearly allied
to Z. melanoma, that the uncertainty is small.
Mr. Gr. H. E/aynor took a specimen near Parramatta in March.
8. Heliocausta, n. rj.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderate, loosely
appressed. Antennae moderate, in male strongly ciliated (1^ to
2), basal joint moderate, without pecten, sometimes with two or
three fugitive scales. Palpi moderate, second joint hardly reach-
ing or somewhat exceeding base of antennae, with smooth appressed
scales, terminal joint shorter than second, moderate, recurved.
Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate, moderate, apex rectangular,
hindmargin nearly straight above, rounded beneath. Hindwings
slightly narrower than forewings, oblong- ovate, hindmargin
slightly rounded, cilia \. Abdomen moderate or rather stout.
Posterior tibiae with rather short hairs above, loosely scaled
beneath. Forewings with vein 7 to hindmargin, 2 from before
angle of cell. Hindwings normal.
Differs essentially from Fhilohota only by the absence of the
basal pecten of antennae, which is never represented b}^ more than
one or two fugitive hair scales, whilst in Fhilohota it is always
perfect. The genus is natural and interesting ; it must be
BY E. METRICK, B.A. " 467
regarded as a direct development from Fhilohota, and it further
furnishes the origin of Hoplitica^ so that it forms a valuable
transitional link, without which the development of the group
would be obscure.
The larvae known are of the normal type of the family, sixteen-
legged, rather stout, with complex mottled markings, feedino-
gregariously amongst bunches of spun-together leaves of
Eucalyptus.
I have fifteen species, of which the following is a tabulation :
I. Extreme costal edge of forewings distinctly
rosy, at least towards base.
A. Hindwings more or less wholly yellow.
1. Hindwings with well-defined dark border.
a. Femora crimson-suffused beneath ...42. pliylarcha.
&. Femora white ... , ^'^, triplicBnatella.
2. Hindwings without defined border.
a. Forewings with dark fuscous central
fascia. .,A7.euselma.
h. Forewings not fasciated.
i. Forewings broad ; apical cilia of
hindwings yellow ..AQ>. partlienopa.
ii. Forewings moderate; apical cilia
of hindwings grey 4i5. protoxantha.
B. Hindwings not yellow.
1. Forewings broad, costa much arched ...48. rufogrisea.
2. Forewings moderate, oblong
a. Forewings whitish- ochreous ... ... 39. pelosticta.
h. Forewings grey- whitish ... ...35. incept ella.
c. Forewings grey ... ... ...34 incarnatetla.
II. Costa of forewings not rosy.
A. Forewings white ... ... ... ...38. liemiscia.
B. Forewings yellow.
1. Hindwings yellow ... ... ..A^. paralyrgis.
2. Hindwings grey ... ... ... ...41. hemiteles.
468 DESCEIPTIONS or ArSTEALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
C. Eorewings fuscous or grey.
1. Costa of fore wings ochreous-yellow ...40. elceodes.
2. Costa of forewings fuscous- grey.
«. Hindwings yellow ... ... ...^1. llmhata.
&. Hindwinga grey ... ... . . .^Q. severa.
34. Sel. incarnatella, Walk.
(^GryptolecJiia incarnatella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 754.)
Media, alis ant. griseis, purpureo-sparsis, margine costali roseo,
fascia antica angusta obliqua punctoquc disci purpureis ; post,
dilute griseis.
(^. 23 mm. Head grey, on crown sliglitly fuscous-tinged.
Palpi grey- whitish, second joint irrorated with grey, especially
towards apex, and with an irregular longitudinal deep carmine
streak on outer side, terminal joint anteriorly dark fuscous.
Antennae grey. Thorax brownish-grey, with a few scattered dull
carmine-pink scales. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Anterior legs
deep carmine, beneath whitish ; middle and posterior legs ochre-
ous- whitish, the four apical joints of tarsi suffused with grey at
base. Porewings moderate, oblong, costa more strongly arched
towards base, apex bluntly rectangular, hindmargin straight,
hardly oblique ; grey, coarsely and irregularly irrorated with dull
light purplish-carmine scales, the coalescence of which tends to
form suffused fuscous-purple markings ; costal edge slenderly
bright crimson throughout, extreme tips of scales whitish except
near base ; a small deep carmine spot on inner margin near base ;
a cloudy fuscous-purplish slender oblique transverse fascia from
"I of costa to middle of inner margin, slightly curved outwards,
tolerably distinct on upper half, but very suffused and indistinct
beneath ; a small cloudy fuscous-purplish spot on costa rather
beyond middle ; a very small fuscous-purplish spot in disc beyond
middle, between which anal angle is a cloudy suffusion ; an
irregular fuscous-purplish hindmarginal line : cilia carmine-pink,
becoming whitish-grey towards anal angle. Hindwings with
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 4G9
hindmargin not sinuate ; grey, becoming whitish-grej towards
base ; cilia grey, at anal angle wliitish-grey, with an indistinct
darker line near base.
A richly-coloured species, closely allied to H. inceptella, but
considerably darker, and rather broader- winged, with the anterior
fascia distinct, but the posterior line obliterated.
One fine specimen taken at Sydney in September.
35. Rel. inceptella, Walk,
( Crypt olechia inceptella, Walk, Brit. Mus. Cat., 759.)
Media, alis aut. argillaceis, purpureo-sparsis, margine costali
roseo, linea antica obliqua, altera postica flexuosa, macula costae
ante apicem, punctisque disci tribus purpureis ; post, albido-
griseis.
^ $ . 20-25 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax pale
greyish-ochreous, second joint of palpi somewhat mixed with
carmine externally. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Anterior tibiae
and tarsi deep fuscous-carmine, tarsal joints with obscure whitish
apical rings ; middle and posterior tibiae and tarsi ochreous-
whitish. Forewings moderate, oblong, costa moderately arched
towards base, posteriorly straight, apex obtusely rectangular,
hindmargin straight, not oblique ; ochreous-grey- whitish, thinly
and coarsely strewn with fuscous-purple scales ; extreme costal
edge bright crimson throughout ; a very small fuscous-purple
spot on inner margin close to base ; a narrow cloudy fuscous-
purple streak from costa before i very obliquely outwards,
attenuated posteriorly, not reaching beynd middle of wing, rarely
continued very suff usedly to middle of inner margin ; two obscure
fuscous-purple dots in disc at \, one above the other, the lower
often connected with inner margin before middle by a suffused
oblique purplish streak ; a dark purple-fuscous dot in disc be3^ond
middle, through which sometimes passes a very faint, generally
obsolete strongly curved purplish line from extremity of oblique
F 1
470 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAJf MICBO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
costal streak to inner margin beyond middle ; a small cloudy
fuscous-purple spot on costa beyond middle, whence proceeds a
cloudy, strongly outwards-curved, somewhat dentate purplish
line to anal angle ; a small flattened-triangular fuscous-purple
spot on costa at f , almost confluent with this line : cilia on upper
half of hindmargin grey- whitish suffused with pale carmine, and
with a broad suffused fuscous-purple basal line, on lower half
grey- whitish. Hindwings elongate, hindmargin slightly sinuate ;
ochreous- whitish, in male faintly, in female more strongly suffused
with pale grey towards hindmargin, apex more ochreous-tinged ;
cilia ochreous-whitish, with a faint grey spot at apex, sometimes
with a faint grey line.
Slightly narrower- winged than the preceding, much paler and
more clay-coloured, with duller markings, and distinct discal dots
and posterior line.
Common at Sydney on fences, and also at Blackheath on the
Blue Mountains (3,500 feet) in October and November,
apparently attached to Eucalyptus.
36. Hel. severa, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. griseis, pallido-sparsis, punctis disci tribus
maculaque marginis postici sub apice saturatioribus ; post, griseis.
? . 18 mm. Head and palpi whitish-ochreous mixed with
greyish-fuscous. Antennae whitish-ochreous, obscurely annulated
with fuscous. Thorax greyish-fuscous, coarsely mixed with
whitish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, suffused with grey.
Anterior tibiae and tarsi greyish-fuscous, with whitish rings at
apex of joints ; middle tibiae ochreous-whitish mixed with grey,
tarsi g^'ey with whitish rings at apex of joints ; posterior tibiae
and tarsi whitish. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched,
apex rather obtuse, hindmargin slightly concave, rather oblique ;
greyish-fuscous, coarsely strewn with ochreous-whitish scales,
more thickly tow^ards hindmargin ; a dark fuscous dot in disc
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 471
before middle, a larger one in disc beyond middle, and a third on
fold rather obliquely beyond first ; a small cloudy ill-defined dark
fuscous somewhat triangular spot along upper half of hindmargin:
cilia pale whitish-fuscous mixed with whitish, with a fuscous spot
at apex. Hindwings with hindmargin distinctly sinuate ; fuscous-
grey, rather darker posteriorly ; cilia grey, darker towards base.
This and the three following species resemble one another in
tlieir small size and form of wing ; the present species differs
from all the rest by its dull fuscous-grey colouring on all wings.
One specimen taken at Sydney in Xovember.
37. Hel. limbata^ n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. fusco-griseis, pallido-sparsis, punctis disei
tribus saturatioribus ; post, flavis, late nigro-marginatis.
$ . 18 mm. Head and palpi whitish-ochreous, somewhat
mixed with fuscous. Antennae whitish-ochreous, sharply
annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax greyish- fuscous, mixed with
whitish-ochreous. Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Anterior and
middle tibiae ochreous- whitish mixed with dark fuscous, tarsi dark
fuscous becoming whitish towards apex of joints ; posterior tibiae
and tarsi ochreous-whitish. Forewings rather elongate, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, slightly rounded ;
reddish-fuscous, coarsely and irregularly strewn with ochreous-
whitish scales ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, a S3cond
in disc beyond middle, connected with first by a line of ochreous-
whitish scales, and a third on fold obliquely beyond first : cilia
ochreous-whitish mixed with fuscous, more greyish at anal angle,
mixed with reddish at apex. Hindwings wdth hindmargin
rounded ; yellow, apex and hindmargin broadly suffused with
blackish-grey ; cilia dark grey, becoming darker towards base.
Very similar to II. sec era, but with yellow hindwings.
I have one specimen, taken by Mr. Gr. H. Eaynor neai'
Melbourne.
472 DESCKIPTIOXS OF AIJSTEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
38. Hel. hemisckf, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. albis, macula dorsi basim versus magna, altera
dorsi media, punctis disci duobus, linea postica transversa
angulata, fasciaque margin is postici griseo-fuscis ; post, albido-
griseis.
(^ . 16 mm. Head white, mixed with grey. Palpi white,
second joint with a broad suffused dark grey band before apex,
terminal joint anteriorly dark grey. Antennae whitish, annulated
with dark grey. Thorax white, mixed with grey, with a grey spot
posteriorly. Abdomen with basal third white, rest whitish-
ochreous with segments suffused above with browiiish-ochreous
except on margins. Anterior tibise and tarsi grey with whitish
rings at apex of joints ; middle and posterior legs whitish. Fore-
wings moderate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched,
apex acute, hindmargin rather concave, oblique ; white, towards
costa faintly greyish-tinged ; a dark fuscous blotch on inner
margin, extending almost from base to -|, terminated above by
the fold, posteriorly lighter and ill-defined ; an ill-defined cloudy
fuscous subquadrate blotch beyond this, extending on inner
margin from before middle to f , reaching rather more than half
across wing; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, confluent
with anterior angle of this blotch, and a small dark fuscous spot
in disc beyond middle, connected with posterior edge of blotch
near inner margin by a curved row of three smaller fuscous spots ;
a dark fuscous ill-defined partially interrupted transverse line
from just below costa at f to before anal angle, angulated out-
wards in disc* ; a straight suffused dark fuscous line from costa a
little before apex to hindmargin just above anal angle, beyond
which the ground colour i« suffused with pale grey, forming a
narrow hiudmarginal band : cilia grey- whitish, with a faint grey
line near base. Hii^.dwings with apex almost acute, hindmargin
rather strongly sinuate ; whitish-grey, towards base whitish ; cilia
whitish-grey.
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 473
A very distinct species, differing from all others in the white
ground colour.
I have one specimen taken by Mr. G-. H. Raynor near Parra-
matta in September, and have seen others from the same locality.
39. Hel. pelosticta, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. dilute ochreis, partim rufo-sparsis, basi, fascia
antica angusta, alteraque marginis postici supra magnopere
dilatata purpureo-f uscis ; post, albidis.
(^ . 15 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, more ochreous on crown.
Palpi whitish-ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous. Antennae
whitish-ochreous. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Anterior tibiae and tarsi dark purplish-fuscous,
with obscure whitish-ochreous rings at apex of tarsal joints ;
middle and posterior legs whitish, middle tarsi some^vhat suffused
with greyish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched,
apex tolerably acute, hindmargin straight, rather oblique; whitish-
ochreous, irregularly suffused with whitish-yellow, towards inner
margin mixed with fuscous-reddish ; a small dark purple-fuscous
spot at base of wing ; an irregular cloudy purplish-fuscous spot
on costa before middle, connected with inner margin near base
by a straight narrow ill-defined purplish-fuscous streak ; a small
cloudy purplish-fuscous spot on middle of inner margin ; a dark
fuscous-purple well-defined hindmarginal band from apex to anal
angle, darkest on costa, where it is broad and extends from f to
apex, attenuated thence to anal angle, its anterior edge rather
strongly concave, and margined with dark fuscous : cilia purple,
becoming dark grey at anal angle. Hindwings with hindmargin
slightly sinuate ; ochreous- whitish, extreme apex grey ; cilia
pshreous-whitish, with a very faint grey line.
Distinctly characterised by its small size, light ochreous fore-
wings with purplish-fuscous markings, and ochreous- whitish
hindwings.
474 DESCKTPirONS OF AirSTRAiiTAX MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
Two specimens taken at Murrurundi, New South Wales, in
November.
40. Hel. el(jeodes, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. griseis, margine costali ochrea, litura transversa
dorsi media, altera anguli analis, tertia marginis postici, punetisque
disci tribus purpureis ; post, griseis.
$ . 25 mm. Head oclireous-yellow, face and crown paler.
Palpi whitish-yellowish, second joint with a suffused grey sub-
apical ring, becoming whitish towards base, terminal joint
anteriorly grey. Antennse dark grey. Thorax rather light grey,
anterior margin suffusedly ochreous-yellow. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Anterior and middle tarsi and tibiae dark grey, apex of
all joints and an indistinct median ring of tibiae whitish ; posterior
tibiae whitish, tarsi grey with whitish rings at apex of joints ;
femora beneath white. Forewings moderate, costa moderately
and evenly arched, apex obtusely rectangular, hindmargin some-
what sinuate, rather oblique : rather light grey ; costal edge
ochreous-yellow ; a purple dot in disc before middle, a second in
disc beyond middle, and a third on fold obliquely beyond first ;
a small ill-defined purplish spot on inner margin at i ; a narrow
oblique cloudy purple streak from middle of inner margin,
extending to second discal dot, and touching third dot with
anterior margin, attenuated to extremity ; a few scattered purple
scales beyond this ; an irregular dark purple line from a little
before hindmargin in middle to anal angle, strongest beneath ;
hindmargin narrowly suffused with dark fuscous-purple from
apex to below middle : cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, with a dark
purple-fuscous spot at apex, and suffused with dark purple at
base on upper half of hindmargin. Hind wings pale dull greyish-
ochreous, posteriorly suffused with dark grey ; cilia grey, with a
darker spot above apex.
A very distinct species, separated from all others by the yellow
costa contrasted with the grey ground colour of the forewings.
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 475
Larva feeding gregariously on Eucalyptus sp. — (" White
Gum") in a large nest of leaves and silk; pupa in the same
position. Imago emerges at intervals during November.
I received a specimen of this species from Mr. E. Gruest, who
informs me that it is very common in the larva state on Mount
Lofty range, near Adelaide, and very easy to rear, but never
found at large in the imago state ; in these particulars, as well as
in the larval habits communicated by him, it agrees precisely with
a. Jiemifeles.
41. Jlel. hemiteles„ n. sp.
Media, alis ant. flavis, macula dorsi, fascia marginis postici
utrimque attenuata, interdum macula costae media suffusa angulum
analem versus producta purpureis, puncto disci nigro ; post, griseis.
(^ ? . 19-23 mm. Head deep yellow, face paler. Palpi
ochreous- white at base, second joint dark fuscous mixed with
whitish, apex yellow, terminal joint yellow, apex dark fuscous
anteriorly. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax deep yellow,
anterior margin and a square spot on anterior half of back dark
purplish-fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Anterior and
middle tibiae and all tarsi dark fuscous, apex of joints very
narrowly ochreous-whitish ; posterior tibiae whitish-ochreous ;
femora beneath white. Forewings moderate, costa gently and
evenly arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin sinuate, moder-
ately oblique ; deep yellow ; costal edge paler, at base dark
fuscous ; a dark fuscous-purple quadrilateral blotch on inner
margin beyond middle, upper anterior angle on fold, upper
posterior angle reaching half across wing, terminating in a dark
fuscous dot, posterior side rather suffused ; a moderate dark
fuscous-purple hindmarginal band, attenuated to a point at ajjex
and anal angle, anterior edge rounded, apical extremity dark
fuscous ; sometimes a very irregularly quadrilateral suffused dark
fuscous-purple blotch on middle of costa, sometimes connected
with inner margin by a fuscous-purple suffusion between dorsal
476 DESCEIPIIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
blotcli and hindmarginal band, but this blotch and suffusion are
often wholly absent ; rarely a minute dark fuscous dot in disc
before middle: cilia on hindmargin fuscous-purple, with an
indistinct dark grey line, towards tips yellowish, at apex and anal
angle wholly grey, on costa yellow. Hind wings rather dark grey,
lighter towards base, cilia grey.
The bright yellow forewings distinguish this species from all
but Tl. paralyrgis, which has also yellow hindwings.
Larva stout, slightly tapering at both ends ; rather light
purplish-grey or reddish-grey, spots minute, blackish ; dorsal,
sub-dorsal, and interrupted spiracular lines very irregular, slender,
grey- whitish ; other irregular scattered grey- whitish marblings on
sides ; second, third, and anal segments sprinkled with blackish
dots ; head greyish- ochreous, marbled with ochreous- whitish.
Peeds amongst spun together leaves of Eucalyptus tereticornis,
several larvae together forming an irregular nest of web and dis-
coloured leaves ; pupa in same position. These larvae are found
in August, and are extremely easy to rear ; the images appear to
emerge irregularly from August to November.
Common round Sydney and Melbourne, but hardly ever met
with in the perfect state.
Types of this species stand in the British Museum as Oecophora
semiruptella, AValk., 684?, but the description is obviously not
drawn from this species, the ground colour being stated to be
between brick-red and rose-colour, and all the details inconsistent;
some error must exist, and Walker's name must be wholly rejected
as unidentifiable.
42. Hel. pliylarclia, n. sp.
Magna, alis ant. griseis, angulum analem versus late purpureo-
suffusis, margine costali roseo, puncto disci saturatiore; post,
laete flavis, latius nigro-marginatis.
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 477
$ . 31 mm. Head brownish- gi'ey, face more yellowish, on
sides fuscous. Palpi pale greyish-ochreous, second joint suffused
with dark grey anteriorly and externally except at base and apex,
and crimson-tinged internally, terminal joint dark grey anteriorly.
Antennae grey, towards base crimson -tinged. Thorax brownish-
grey, posterior extremity crimson-tinged. Abdomen yellowish.
Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous-crimson, apex of tarsal
joints lighter crimson ; posterior tibiae yellow, tarsi crimson,
suffused with grey towards base of joints ; all legs beneath
yellowish, suffused with crimson. Forewings moderately broad,
costa anteriorly rather strongly arched, posteriorly nearly straight,
apex obtuse, hindmargin sinuate beneath apex, slightly oblique ;
brownish- grey, with a broad ill- defined purplish suffusion extend-
ing from 5^ along inner margin and hindmargin to apex, attenuated
to extremities ; costal edge crimson ; a very ill -defined dark grey
dot on fold before middle, and a second in disc beyond middle ;
indications of a very suffused cloudy fuscous-purplish angulated
transverse fascia in disc at about i ; a hindmarginal row" of
obscure dark fuscous dots : cilia fuscous-purplish. Hindwings
golden-yellow, wdth a well-defined rather narrow^ blackish-fuscous
hindmarginal border, considerably dilated at apex; cilia dark grey,
more blackish at apex.
Closely allied to 11. triphcBnatella, from w^hich the most reliable
point of distinction is probably the well- marked crimson suffusion
of the legs beneath ; other characters (which may be liable to
variation) are the larger size, the much greyer, darker, and glossier
forewings, the purple cilia, the deeper yellow hindwings, with
much more sharply-defined border.
Two specimens taken on a fence near Sydney in September,
during a high wind.
43. Hel. triphcenatella, "Walk.
f Cryptolechia triplicBnatella^ Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 753 ;
Cryptolechia oecopTiorella, ibid. 760.)
478 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
Media, alls ant. ochreis, angulum analem versus plus minusve
purpureo-suffusis, margine costali roseo, punctis disci tribus,
serie punctorum postica transversa, alteraque marginis postici
saturate fuscis, interdum partim obsoletis ; post, flavis, margine
postico nigro-suffuso.
(^ ? . 2^1^-25 mm. Head ochreous, face lighter. Palpi light
ochreous, more greyish anteriorly, slightly reddish- tinged on sides.
Antennae greyish-ochreous. Thorax light greyish-brown- ochreous,
posterior extremity sometimes dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous, towards base whitish-yellow. Anterior tibiae and tarsi
dark fuscous, slightly carmine- tinged, tarsal joints with apical
whitish rings ; middle and posterior legs ochreous- whitish, middle
tarsi suffused with grey towards base of joints ; all legs ochreous-
white beneath. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched,
rather more strongly towards base, apex obtuse, hindmargin
almost straight, slightly oblique ; greyish-ochreous, slightly
mixed with brownish-ochreous ; costal edge light crimson through-
out ; a purplish suffusion, mixed with dark fuscous, forming a
cloudy blotch on middle of inner margin, sometimes broadly
produced over anal angle and hindmargin to apex as a suffused
band ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, and a second
obliquely beyond it on fold ; a small dark fuscous spot in disc
beyond middle, and a similar more cloudy spot obliquely beyond
and beneath it ; a nearly straight row of about six dark fuscous
rather crescentic dots from disc at I to inner margin at |, its
upper extremity tending to be connected with costa beyond
middle by one or two dark scales ; a hindmarginal row of blackish
dots ; these rows of dots are sometimes obscured by the hind-
marginal suffusion : cilia grey- whitish suffused with light purplish
except towards anal angle. Hindwings with hindmargin scarcely
sinmate ; light yellow, in male very narrowly, in female more
broadly suffused with dark fuscous-grey along hindmargin ; cilia
grey, towards base blackish-grey.
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 479
Smaller than the preceding, with the legs nearly white beneath,
without crimson suffusion ; the ground colour more ochreous and
the markings much more distinct, the hindwings lighter and less
sharply margined.
Rather common at Melbourne, whence I have received specimens
taken by Mr. Gr. H. Eaynor.
44. Hel. paralyrgis, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. flavis, macula postica magna purpurea a medio
dorso usque ad apicem perducta, puncto disci, altero plicae,
serieque punctorum postica transversa in macula saturate f uscis j
post, flavis, apice ciliisque saturate griseis.
($ . 25 mm. Head yellow, face paler. Palpi pale yellowish,
second joint anteriorly suffused with light grey, apex of terminal
joint grey. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax dark purplish-
fuscous, tegulae yellow. Abdomen grey, anal tuft mixed with
yellowish. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous ; posterior
tibiae whitish-yellow, tarsi dark grey with whitish-yellow rings at
apex of joints ; all femora pearly white beneath. Forewings
moderate, costa moderately and evenly arched, apex obtuse, hind-
margin straight, rather oblique ; light yellow ; costal edge dark
grey towards base ; base of inner margin grey ; an irregular rather
broad fuscous-purple blotch extending along inner margin from
before middle up hindmargin to apex, extremities blunt, hardly
attenuated, upper edge irregular, reaching costa before apex ; a
cloudy dark grey dot on fold below middle, resting on edge of
blotch, and a second in disc beyond middle, connected with edge
of blotch by a triangular tooth of the latter ; an ill-defined
irregular dentate dark grey transverse line running from upper
edge of blotch a little below costa to anal angle: cilia light crimson-
purplish, posteriorly becoming grey-whitish, above apex and on
anal angle grey, on costa yellow. Hindwings light golden-yellow,
somewhat deeper posteriorly, apex and hindmargin very slenderly
480 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
suffused with dark grey ; basal hairs suffused with grey ; cilia
dark grey.
Specially characterised by having both forewings and hind-
wings yellow.
Larva stated by Mr. E. Gruest to form a curious flat case by
joining two gum-leaves {Eiicalyptios sp.) together edgewise, some-
thing in the form of a boat. This singular habit seems to require
further investigation.
I received a specimen from Mr. E. Guest, who informs me that
it is one of the commonest insects on the Mount Lofty Range,
Adelaide, in November and December.
45. Hel. protoxanfho, n. sp.
Media, alls ant. dilute griseo-carneis, punctis disci tribus serieque
punctorum postica angulata saturate griseis ; post, dilute flavis,
ciliis apicis griseis.
(^, 23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous mixed
with light greyish-brown, palpi anteriorly whitish towards base.
Antennae whitish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Anterior
legs light dull ochreous, slightly crimson-tinged; middle and
posterior legs ochreous-whitish, middle tarsi more ochreous
towards base of joints ; legs beneath ochreous- white. Forewings
moderate, oblong, costa strongly arched anteriorly, very slightly
posteriorly, apex obtuse, hindmargin sinuate, slightly oblique ;
light greyish-pink, thickly strewn with whitish-ochreous scales ,
costal edge very narrowly whitish-ochreous, near base suffused
with light crimson ; a greyish-fuscous dot in disc before middle,
a second in disc beyond middle, and a third very obliquely beyond
first on fold ; a cloudy greyish-fuscous transverse line, obscurely
interrupted between veins, from middle of costa very obliquely
outwards, in middle of disc bent obtusely inwards, and continued
to inner margin before anal angle ; a row of obscure dark greyish-
fuscous dots on hindmargin : cilia very pale pinkish, mixed with
Br E. MEYRICK, li.A, 481
grey, tips ochreous-whitish. Hindwings light ochreous-yellow,
paler towards base; cilia pale ochreous-yellow, becoming grey
round apex.
Differs from all the preceding allied species by the pale yellow
cilia of the hindwings ; the succeeding species have much broader
fore wings, with more strongly arched costa, and more rosy
colouring.
One specimen received from Mr. Gr. Barnard, taken at Coomoo-
boolaroo, near Duaringa, Queensland.
46. Sel. parthenopa, n. sp.
Major, alis ant. carneis, margine costali ciliisque roseis, punctis
disci tribus minimis, serieque punctorum postica angulata saturate
fuscis ; post, dilute flavis.
(^ . 26 mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-fuscous, pinkish-
tinged, face and collar whitish-ochreous. Palpi dull pink,
becoming whitish towards base. Antennse grey, basal joint
reddish-fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Anterior tibiae
and tarsi dull light crimson ; middle legs ochreous-w^hitish, tarsal
joints greyish towards base, tarsi and base of tibiae faintly crimson-
tinged ; posterior legs yellowish-whitish ; all femora beneath
yellowish-whitish. Forewings rather broad, costa strongly and
evenly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin slightly sinuate, hardly
oblique ; light fuscous-pinkish ; costal edge pale crimson ; a
minute dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, a second in disc
beyond middle, and a third on fold obliquely beyond first ; a
faintly indicated transverse row of minute dark fuscous dots
proceeding from about middle of costa very obliquely outwards,
bent obtusely in middle, and continued to inner margin before
anal angle ; a row of very faintly indicated dark fuscous dots on
hindmargin : cilia pale crimson, tips more whitish. Hindwings
and cilia very pale ochreous-yellowish.
482 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
This and the two following species are broader-winged than the
rest of the genus, resembling in form the typical species of
SopUtica. In simplicity of marking this species approaches H.
protoxantlia^ but is rosier, and the apical cilia of hindwings are
not greyish- tinged.
One specimen received from Mr. E. Gruest, who states that it
is a common autumnal species on the Mount Lofty Range,
Adelaide.
47. Hel. euselma, n. sp.
Major, alis ant. dilute rufis, margine costali ciliisgue roseis,
fascia media nebulosa serieque punctorum postica angulata
saturate f uscis ; post, dilute flavis, ? postice griseo-suffusis,
ciliis apicis leviter roseis.
(5^ $ . 29 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, on crown suffused with
light reddish-fuscous. Palpi light brownish- rosy. Antennae grey,
basal joint brown. Thorax light reddish-fuscous, slightly mixed
with whitish-ochreous. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Anterior
and middle tibia) and tarsi light fuscous-crimson ; posterior legs
very pale whitish-ochreous, tarsi faintly crimson-tinged ; all
femora beneath whitish. Forewings rather broad, costa rather
strongly and evenly rounded, apex obtuse, hindmargin slightly
sinuate, not oblique ; rather light ochreous-brown ; costal e:lge
light crimson ; a moderately broad very ill-defined straight rather
oblique dark purple-fuscous fascia from before middle of costa
to beyond middle of inner margin, narrowed and almost obsolete
on costa, abruptly dilated in middle into a blunt ])rojecting tooth
on both edges ; a transverse row of somewhat triangular cloudy
dark fuscous dots from middle of costa very obliquely outwards,
obtusely angulated in middle, and continued to inner margin
before anal angle ; cilia light crimson, tips rosy-whitish. Hind-
wings pale whitish-yellow, slightly darker posteriorly, in female
somewhat greyish-suffused towards hindmargin ; cilia whitish-
yellow^, round apex rosy-tinged.
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 48.8
Easily known by the central cloudy fascia.
One specimen taken at Launceston, Tasmania, at the end of
January, and a second received from Mr. E. Gruest, who states
that it is very common during the autumn on the Mount Lofty
Range, Adelaide.
■iS. Hel. rufogrisea, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. albido-griseis, fere omnino rufo-suff usis, margine
costali ciliisque roseis, basi, fasciis duabus angustis obliquis, tertia
marginis postici, punctisque plerisque sparsis purpureis ; post,
griseis, basim versus pallidioribus.
^ $ . 21\-14i mm. Head light grey, suffused with reddish-
fuscous on crown. Palpi with second joint whitish- rosy, terminal
joint whitish, anteriorly dark fuscous tinged with carmine.
Antennae grey, basal joint rosy. Thorax reddish-fuscous mixed
with whitish-grey, suffusedly darker fuscous towards middle of
anterior margin. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Anterior
tibise and tarsi deep carmine ; middle tibiae and tarsi ochreous-
whitish, base of all joints suffused with carmine ; posterior tibiae
and tarsi ochreous- whitish. Forewings broad, costa strongly and
evenly arched, apex rectangular, blunt, hindmargin straight,
hardly oblique ; rather light reddish-ochreous-fuscous, with
scattered grey- whitish scales ; base of wing narrowly dark purple-
fuscous ; costal edge bright carmine throughout : two slender
suffused fuscous-purple transverse fasciae ; first from i of costa
to middle of inner margin, very slightly curved outwards ; second
from \ of costa to anal angle, attenuated on lower half so as to
form a strongly dentate line ; before first fascia the ground colour
is more or less suffused with grey-whitish towards disc, and also
between second fascia and apex ; some small transverse ill-defined
fuscous-purple marks arranged in an obliquely transverse row
between first fascia and base, and a similar row midway between
first and second fasciae ; a suffused fuscous-purple streak along
hindmargin from apex nearly to anal angle, dilated above middle,
484 DESCRIPTIONS Or AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
attenuated at lower extremity ; cilia rosy, with a fuscous- purple
apical spot. Hindwings with hindmargin slightly indented ; in
male light grey suffused with whitish-ochreous towards costa and
base, in female darker grey ; cilia grey, suffused with rosy beneath
apex, at anal angle becoming ochreous- whitish.
Very distinct through the two parallel fasciae.
Two specimens taken near Sydney in February and March,
beaten from Eucalyptii^s.
9. EucH.ETis, n. g.
Head with appressed scales, side-tufts moderate, spreading.
Antennae in male moderate, with fine very long ciliations (5),
basal joint short, stout, with pecten of one or two fugitive scales.
Palpi moderately long, second joint somewhat exceeding base of
antennae, clothed with appressed scales, almost smooth, terminal
joint shorter than second, slender, recurved. Thorax smooth.
Porewings elongate-oblong, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique,
slightly sinuate. Hindwings as broad as forewings, ovate, hind-
margin faintly sinuate beneath apex, cilia \. Abdomen moderate.
Middle tibiae thickened with dense loose hairs ; posterior tibiae
clothed with dense hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to hind-
margin, 2 from somewhat before angle of cell. Hindwings with
vein 5 bent and strongly approximated to 4 at base.
The basal approximation of veins 4 and 5 of the hindwings,
and the absence of a complete basal pecten of the antennae, clearly
refer this genus to the group of IlopUtica, amongst which it is
characterised by the very long antennal ciliations ; but its
immediate affinities are not clear. Farther evidence is required
to ascertain its origin ; meanwhile I place it between lleliocausta
and 'Euryplacd, to both oF which it seems to have some relationship.
49. Eucli. hahrocosma, n. sp.
Media, alisant. albido-ochreis, costam versus roseo-griseis, costa
rosea, linea antica obliqua alteraque subterminali saturate
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 485
ferrugineis, spatio incluso praeter costam ferrugineo, ad medium
saepe nigro commixto, punctis disci quattuor longitudinaliter
positis ac margine postico niveis ; post, ochreo-albidis.
c^. 17-23 mm. Head and thorax grey- whitish, middle o£ back
ferruginous. Palpi dull pink, second joint more whitish towards
base and at extreme apex, suffusedlj fuscous before apex.
Antennae grej, towards base pinkish. Abdomen whitish, anal
tuft ochreous-tinged. Anterior legs bright carmine ; middle and
posterior legs whitish, more or less carmine-tinged, especially on
tarsi. Eorcwings moderate, costa gently arched, more strongly
at base, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique, slightly sinuate ;
whitish-ochreous ; costa broadly suffused with pale crimson-grey,
costal edge crimson : a short dark ferruginous linear mark at base
beneath costa ; a short oblique dark ferruginous mark from costa
at i; and an oblique transverse dark ferruginous line from inner
margin near base, meeting costal mark beneath costa ; a row of
four or five irregular dark ferruginous spots, extending beneath
costa from costal mark nearly to apex, connecting with a curved
subdentate dark ferruginous line very near and parallel to hind-
margin, extending from beneath apex to inner margin before anal
angle ; the whole space included between the anterior and
posterior transverse lines, and the subcostal row of spots and
inner margin, is strongly suffused with ochreous and ferruginous,
sometimes mixed with whitish below middle; disc sometimes
irrorated with black, more thickly in centre, so as to form a darker
blotch; two small transverse snow-white S2)ots longitudinally
X)laced in disc at |, separated by a small bright ochreous spot,
anterior one posteriorly concave ; two other small transverse
snow-white spots longitudinally placed in disc at f, separated by
a small bright ochreous spot, posterior one suffusedly produced
towards inner margin before anal angle as a short ochreous-
whitish streak ; hindmargin beyond subterminal line rosy- white ;
a small cloudy ferruginous spot immediately before apex, mixed
ai
486 DESCEIPTIOXS OF ArSTRALlA:^ MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
with grey: cilia light pink, mixed with whitish-grey. Hiudwings
and cilia yellowish- whitish.
A singular and very elegant insect.
Three specimens taken on a fence near Sydney in September,
during a high wind.
50. JEucli. metallota, n. sp.
Major, alls ant. rufis, albo-sparsis, margine costali dilute roseo,
maculis disci duabus flavis, tertia dorsi ad basim, signorum serie
triangularium ante marginem ^^osticum, quattuor etiam sub costa
niveis ; post, flavis.
$ . 29 mm. Head whitish, mixed on crown with dark reddish-
fuscous. Palpi whitish, second joint with a rather suffused dark
reddish-fuscous subapical band. Antennse light fuscous. Thorax
ochreous-whitish, on back and posteriorly reddish-fuscous mixed
with whitish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Anterior legs deep
carmine, tarsi with suffused whitish rings at apex of joints ;
middle and posterior legs ochreous-whitish, middle tarsi slightly
carmine- tinged. Eorewings moderate, costa moderately arched,
more strongly at base, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, slightly
oblique; light reddish-fuscous, coarsely irrorated with dark
fuscous and white scales, the dark scales predominating towards
costal half and base ; extreme costal edge suffused with pale
crimson, most distinctly near base ; veins slenderly and irregularly
lined with w^hite ; two very small whitish spots on costa near base ;
a small rectangular clear white spot on inner margin at base ; a
small square white spot in disc about i, anterior and posterior
edges somewhat excavated ; between its posterior edge and costa
rather before middle are three very small roundish white spots,
arranged in an outwardly curved line ; an obsolete semi-oval
patch on inner margin from before middle to | is obscurely
suffused with whitish, mixed with light reddish-fuscous ; a white
dot on fold somewhat before middle of wing ; a small roundish
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 487
white spot in disc beyond middle ; obliquely above and beyond
this is a small more suffused white spot in disc beyond middle ;
obliquely above and beyond this is a small more suffused white
spot, above which are three small subquadrate almost connected
white spots, arranged in a very oblique slightly curved row; a
row of seven small almost connected triangular white spots along
hindmargin, surrounded by dark fuscous scales : cilia reddish-
whitish, becoming grey towards anal angle, base dark fuscous.
Hindwings with hindmargin very slightly sinuate ; pale yellow,
towards base whitish-yellow ; cilia pale yellow.
Larger than the preceding, with more numerous white spots,
the hindmarginal white streak forming a chain of triangular spots,
and the hindwings yellow.
I received one specimen through the kindness of Dr. J. C. Cox,
of uncertain locality. The male being unknown, its reference is
not assured ; but it seems to be undoubtedly allied to the preceding
species.
10. EuRYPLACA, Meijr.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts large, meeting above,
loosely appressed. Antennae moderate, in male moderately
ciliated (1), basal joint moderately stout, with a fugitive pecten
of two or three hair-scales. Palpi moderate, second joint reaching
or exceeding base of antenna, with smooth appressed scales,
terminal joint shorter than second, rather stout, recurved. Thorax
smooth. Eorewings elongate, rather broad, apex obtusely
rectangular, hindmargin slightly oblique. Hindwings hardly
narrower than f orewings, oblong-ovate, hindmargin faintly sinuate,
cilia \. Abdomen broadly dilated, distinctly flattened, strongly
margined. Posterior tibiae with dense appressed hairs. Pore-
wings with vein 7 to hindmargin, 2 from before angle of cell.
Hindwings normal.
Closely allied to Seliocausta, from which it is distinguished
principally by the broadly dilated and rather flattened abdomen.
488 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTKALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
The genus is clearly a development from HeJiocausta, and probably
forms a transitional step to Hoplitica.
51. Eu7\ ocellifera, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. dilute oclireis, dorsi basi lineaque postiea
transversa nigrescentibus, macula maxima media saturate pur-
pureo-grisea, maculas duas glaucas nigro-cinctas conjunctas
includente ; post, griseis, basi albido-oclirea.
(^ . 14^-17 mm. Headlight ochreous, face whitish-ochreous.
Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint white beneath. Antennae
whitish-ochreous, sharply annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax
dark purplish-fuscous, anterior margin broadly pale ochreous.
Abdomen whitish-yellow. Legs white, anterior and middle tibiae
mixed with grey, tarsal joints dark grey towards base, posterior
tibiae and tarsi j^ellowish-tinged above. Eorewings moderate,
costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rather oblique,
rounded ; pale ochreous ; a small cloudy dark purplish-fuscous
semi-oval spot on inner margin near base ; a large roundish well-
defined dark purplish-fuscous blotch in middle of disc, occupying
central third of wing, above almost touching costa in middle,
beneath extending on inner margin from beyond middle to above
anal angle ; within this blotch in disc are two rather large
roundish spots of whitish-blue scales mixed with blackish, each
surrounded with a suffused blackish ring, one before, the other
beyond middle, partially confluent in middle, posterior rather
larger and more strongly margined ; midway between this blotch
and apex is an outwardly-curved cloudy dark fuscous transverse
line, most distinct in middle, its extremities directed towards costa
beyond middle and anal angle, but not distinctly reaching either ;
two or three dark fuscous-grey scales on hindmargin round apex:
cilia pale ochreous, tips whitish, cilia beneath anal angle dark
grey. Hindwings with hindmargin slightly sinuate ; rather dark
fuscous-grey, towards base and costa whitish-ochreous ; cilia
whitish-ochreous, becoming grey along lower margin, sometimes
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 489
wholly grey except on costa and inner margin, with base round
apex ochreous.
A very peculiarly marked and distinct species.
Not uncommon round Sydney from October to December,
frequenting Acacia decurrens, and also at Hobart, Tasmania, in
January.
52. Eicr. demotica, n. sp.
Major, alls ant. griseo-fuscis, punctis disci tribus minimis
serieque punctorum postica angulata obscuris saturatioribus ; post,
griseis, apicem versus latius albidis.
^ $ . 23-33 mm. Head and thorax fuscous-grey or reddish-
grey-fuscous. Palpi grey-whitish, sometimes reddish-tinged,
second joint greyer towards apex, white at base. Antennae
whitish-grey, semi-annulated with dark fuscous. Abdomen
w^hitish-grey, sometimes ochreous-tinged. Anterior and middle
legs dark grey, tarsi with obscure whitish rings at apex of joints ;
posterior legs whitish-grey ; all legs white beneath. Forewings
large, moderately broad, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin somewhat oblique,
straight above, rounded beneath ; greyish-fuscous, sometimes
slightly reddish-tinged ; extreme costal edge very slenderly whitish
towards middle ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, a
second in disc beyond middle, and a third obliquely beyond first
on fold ; a very indistinct row of small dark fuscous crescentic
marks from costa about middle very obliquely outwards to disc
at *, thence bent sharply inwards and continued to inner margin
a little before anal angle ; a row of faint dark fuscous dots along
hindmargin and aj)ical third of costa : cilia light greyish-fuscous,
often reddish-tinged, extremities more whitish. Hindwings
trapezoidal, hindmargin markedly indented; ochreous- whitish,
towards inner margin broadly suffused with light grey, apex and
hindmargin very slenderly suffused with light grey ; cilia pale
whitish- grey.
490 DESCEIPTIOIfS OF ArSTEALIAX MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
In general appearance recalling the larger species oiHopUtica,
from wliich it may be superficially distingnislied by the reversed
colouring of the hindwings.
Kot uncommon at Blackheatli in the Blue Mountains (3,500
feet) in January, beaten from Eucalyptus ; also at Melbourne.
11. Atelosticiia, n. g.
Head loosely haired, sidetufts large, dilated posteriorly.
AntennsB in male moderate, somewhat serrate, moderately and
evenly ciliated (1), basal joint rather stout, without pecten. Palpi
moderate, second joint not reaching base of antennae, thickened
with dense scales, rather rough beneath, terminal joint as long as
second, moderately stout, strongly reflexed. Thorax smooth.
Eore wings somewhat oblong, broad, apex obtuse- angled, hind-
margin straight, not oblique. Hindwings distinctly narrower
than f Growings, oblong- ovate, hindmargin slightly indented
beneath apex, cilia \. Abdomen broadly dilated, somewhat
flattened, strongly margined. Posterior tibiae clothed with short
rough hairs. Eorewings with 11 separate veins (normal veins 7
and 8 being coincident), 7 to costa, 2 from before angle of cell.
Hindwings normal.
This genus and Allodoxa are distinguished from all the rest of
the family by the peculiarity of having only 11 veins in the fore-
wings, and in each case the change has been brought about by
the coincidence of the normal veins 7 and 8, but they are not
specially allied in other respects, and there can be little doubt
that the variation has arisen independently in each instance, and
is no indication of affinity. There is no difficulty in locating
these genera by their other points of structure. Atelosticiia is
undoubtedly a direct development of Iloplitica, from which it
only differs by this peculiarity of venation.
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 491
53. AteJ. phcsdrella, n. sp.
Parva, capite niveo, alis ant. saturate oehreo-flavis, ad costain
postice griseo-suffusis, costa uivea. puiicto disci postico nigro ;
post, griseis.
($ ? . 121-14. mm. Head and palpi snow-white, basal half of
second joint externally reddish-ochreous. Antenna? white.
Thorax deep yellow, posteriori}^ lighter. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous. Legs white, anterior and middle tibiae and tarsi
yellowish-brown above, posterior tibise and tarsi yellowish-tinged.
Fore wings rather broad, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse-
angled, hindmargin straight, not oblique ; deep yellow, deepest
towards base of costa, greyish-tinged towards costa posteriorly ;
costal edge very narrowly snow-white almost from base to near
apex, less distinct posteriorly ; a fuscous dot in disc before middle,
often obsolete ; a more conspicuous dark fuscous dot in disc
beyond middle: cilia yellow, becoming whitish towards extremities.
HindwinL!S grey, darker grey in female, towards base somewhat
lighter and yellowish-tinged ; cilia grey.
A very distinct and pretty species.
]Xot uncommon at Sydney and Newcastle, in ]N'ovember, and
from January to March, seeming to frequent Kunzea.
12. Xymphostola, n. g.
Head loosely haired, sidetufts large, dilated posteriorly ; in
male an expansible pencil of long hairs on side of face beneath
eye. Antennae in male stout, somewhat serrate, very shortly
ciliated (|), basal joint rather stout, without pecten. Palpi
moderately long, second joint reaching base of antennae, clothed
with dense rather loose scales, with a short projecting triangular
tuft of scales beneath towards apex, terminal joint as long as
second, stout, strongly reflexed. Thorax smooth. Forewings
somewhat oblong, broad, apex obtusely rounded, hindmargin
evenly rounded, cilia \. Abdomen moderate. Middl^ tibiae
492 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
roughly haired beneath ; posterior tibias clothed with rather short
rough hairs. Porewings with vein 7 to apex, 2 from distinctly
before angle of cell. Hindwings with vein 5 bent and approxi-
mated to 4 at base.
This and the following genus are closely allied, and are both
restricted to New Zealand, where there can be no doubt that both
have developed from a common ancestor, which must itself have
been very nearly allied to Hoplitica, of which both genera preserve
the exact neuration and other essential characters ; both differ
from Hoplifica and its allies in the very short ciliations of the
antennae, and JSfympliostola also in the loose tuft of the palpi, as
well as other minor characters. The cilia of the hindwings are
unusually short, and the abdomen is not dilated.
54. NympJi. galactina, Feld.
(CryptoUcJiia yalactina, Feld., Eeis. Nov. PI. cxl., 34.)
Media, alis ant. niveis, puncto disci postico nigro, venis omnibus
punctis minimis griseis notatis ; post, niveis.
Conspicuously distinct by its white colour ; when fresh, faintly
tinged with greenish.
Hamilton and Dunediu, New Zealand, in January ; rather
common.
13. Proteodes, n. g.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts large, spreading.
Antennae in male moderate, somewhat serrate towards apex, very
shortly ciliated (i), basal joint moderate, without pecten. Palpi
moderately long, second joint reaching base of antennae, thickened
with appressed scales, rather rough beneath, terminal joint much
shorter than second, rather stout, slightly rough anteriorly.
Thorax smooth. Porewings somewhat oblong, moderately broad,
apex obtusely rounded, hindmargin not oblique. Hindwings as
broad as f orewings, ovate, rounded, cilia i. Abdomen moderate.
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 493
Posterior tibiaa clothed with rather short rough hairs. Forewings
with vein 7 to apex, 2 from before angle of cell. Hindwings with
vein 5 bent and approximated to 4 at base.
Xearlv allied to N't/mpJiosfola, from which it is distinguished
by the structure of the palpi, of which the second joint is
untufted, and the terminal joint considerably shorter than the
second.
55. Prot. carnifex^ Butl.
fCryptolecliia carnifex, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 406;
Cryptolechia rivfosparsa, ibid. 406.)
Media, alis ant. griseo-ochreis vel flavis, interdum ferrugineis,
costa f erruginea, linea perobliqua punctoque disci obscuris griseis,
venis omnibus punctis crebris griseis notatis ; post, albis, apice
leviter griseo.
Very variable in colouring and intensity.
Christchurch and Mount Hutt, New Zealand, in March and
April ; a common autumnal species.
14. HoPLiTiCA, n. g.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderately large, closely
appressed. Antennse in male moderately stout, moderately and
evenly ciliated (1), basal joint rather stout, without pecten ol*
with two or three fugitive hair-scales. Palpi rather long, second
joint exceeding base of antennse, thickened with appressed scales,
terminal joint hardly shorter than second, rather stout, strongly
recurved. Thorax smooth. Eorewings somewhat oblong,
moderately broad, apex obtusely or acutely angled, hindmargin
perpendicular or oblique. Hindwings somewhat narrower than
forewings, oblong-ovate, hindmargin sinuate beneath apex, cilia
\. Abdomen broadly dilated, somewhat flattened, strongly
margined. Middle tibiae with dense loose hairs ; posterior tibiae
clothed with rather short loose hairs. Forewings with vein 7 to
494 DESCRIPTION'S OF ArSTRALIAlS' MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
apex, 2 from rather before angle o£ cell, fork of 1 strongly dilated.
Hindwings with vein 5 bent and strongly approximated to 4 at
base.
Differs from Eulechria (to which it is not in fact immediately
related) through the absence of a complete basal pecten of
antennae, the dilated abdomen, and the approximation of veins 4
and 5 of the hindwings at base. It must be considered as
developed directly from Heliocausta through Euryplacci, its
relationship with Eulechria being merely collateral. The genus
is of some extent, and has given rise to several offshoots, which
have been already discussed.
The perfect insects are inactive, and seem attached to species
of Eucalyptus. I have thirteen species, some of which are closely
allied ; the following is a tabulation of them :
A. Forewings ochreous-rosy or reddish-ochreous.
1. With two or three transverse strigse.
a. With two inwardly oblique cloudy fascia? Qij. rufa.
h. AVithout inwardly oblique fasciae ... 64. costimacuJa.
2. With a series of dots only.
a. Apex of hindwings rosy ... ... . . G2. pudica.
h. Apex oi hindwings grey. ... ... ... 63. leucerytlira.
B. Forewings greyish-pink or pinkish-grey.
1. Without transverse lines ... ... ... b9. sericata.
2. With transverse lines.
a. Eorewings broad.
i. Hindwings towards base whitish , . . 60. carnea.
ii. Hindwings towards base ochreous .. 61. repandula.
h. Eorewdngs elongate.
i. Hindwings dark grey, ochreous-tinged... QQ. ahsumptella.
ii. Hindwings rather light grey ... ... 67. coenosa.
iii. Hindwings whitish towards base, apex
grey ... ... ... ... ... 68. cholodella.
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 495
C. Forewings pure grey.
1. Whitish-grey, posterior line separated into
minute scales ... ... ... ... 58. myodes.
2. Grrey, posterior line forming distinct dots... 57. sohrieUa.
D. Forewings whitish-ochreous ... ... ... 56. neocliJora.
56. Sdpl. neocliJora, n. sp.
Parva, alls ant. albido-ochreis, punctis disci quattuor serieque
punctorum marginis postici nigris ; post, griseis.
<$ . 13 J mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi
wdiitish, with a dark fuscous band before apex of second joints
terminal joint ochreous-tinged. Antennae grey. Abdomen
wdiitish-grey (?). Anterior tibiae dark fuscous, apex and two
bands white, beneath white, tarsi dark fuscous, two basal joints
with apical white rings ; middle tibiae and tarsi whitish-ochreous
mixed with grey ; posterior tibiae and tarsi whitish. Porewings
moderately broad, hardly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex
obtuse, hindmargin rather oblique ; whitish-ochreous ; a black
dot at base of costa ; a conspicuous black dot in disc before
middle, a second in disc beyond middle, a third on fold beyond
first, and a fourth below and rather beyond second ; a row of
black dots on hindmargin : cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind wings
grey, cilia whithish-grey.
Allied to the two following species, but distinguished from all
by the whitish-ochreous colour and small size.
One specimen sent by Mr. Gr. Barnard from CoomooboolaroOy
near i^uaringa, Queensland.
57. HopJ. sohriella, Walk.
(Depressaria sohrieUa, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 565.)
Minor, alls ant. griseis, punctis disci quattuor, serie punctorum
postica partim obsoleta alteraque marginis postici nigris ; post,
saturate griseis.
496 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN" MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
(^ ? . 15-18 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi whitish,
second joint with a narrow oblique dark fuscous band above
middle, extreme base of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae
light grey, obsoletely anuulated with darker. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous-grey. Anterior tibiae black, beneath white, tarsi black
with whitish rings at apex of two basal joints ; middle tibiae
ochreous-grey, tarsi dark grey with ochreous- whitish rings at
apex of joints ; posterior tibiae and tarsi ochreous- whitish. Fore-
wings moderately broad, rather dilated posteriorly, costa
moderately strongly arched, apex obtuse-angled, hindmargin
straight, slightly oblique ; uniform grey, rather glossy ; extreme
edge very slenderly ochreous-whitish ; a black dot at base of costa;
a black dot in disc before middle, a second in disc beyond middle,
a third obliquely beyond first on fold, and a fourth obliquely
beyond and below second, all generally conspicuous ; sometimes
a fifth smaller obsolete dot between and rather beyond second
and fourth ; an outwardly curved row of incomplete black dots
from disc above middle at | to slightly before anal angle, lower
portion more or less obsolete ; a row of conspicuous black dots
along hindmargin and apical fifth of costa : cilia whitish-grey.
Hindwings grey, rather darker posteriorly ; cilia whitish-grey,
with an indistinct darker line near base.
This and the following species a.re very closely allied ; H.
sohriella is considerably smaller and darker, the band of the palp)i
narrower, the black dots more conspicuous, and the posterior line
composed of tolerably distinct moderate-sized dots, wholly
obsolete towards costa and partially towards inner margin.
Not uncommon round Sydney in January and February, and
at Toowoomba, Queensland, in September.
58. Hopl. myocles, n. sp.
Media, alls ant. albido-griseis, puncto ad dorsi basim, aliis disci
quattuor serieque marginis postici nigris, linea squamarum postica
tenui angulata grisea ; post, saturate griseis.
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 497
(^. 22-2^^ mm. Head and thorax whitish- grey, slightly
ochreous- tinged. Palpi whitish, second joint with a blackish
median band, base of terminal joint blackish. Antennae f>-reY.
Abdomen whitish- grey. Anterior tibiae dark fuscous mixed with
ochreous, tarsi dark fuscous, two basal joints with whitish apical
rings ; middle tibiae greyish- ochreous, tarsi dark grey with whitish
rings at apex of joints ; posterior tibiae and tarsi ochreous- whitish.
Forewings moderately broad, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa
moderately strongly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rather
oblique ; uniform whitish-grey, faintly ochreous- tinged ; costal
edge whitish ; a minute black dot at base of costa ; a black dot
on inner margin near base, and sometimes one or two others in
disc towards base ; a black dot in disc before middle, a second in
disc beyond middle, a third on fold obliquely beyond first, and a
fourth, minute or obsolete, below and beyond second ; a very fine
transverse row of dark grey scales, not forming distinct dots,
from middle of costa to inner margin before anal angle, irregularly
sinuate on upper half and strongly angulated in middle ; a row of
conspicuous black dots on hindmargin and apical fifth of costa :
cilia ochreous-grey-whitish. Hindwings grey, darker towards
apex ; cilia whitish- grey, with a suffused dark grey line near base.
Very near the preceding, but larger and lighter, the band of
palpi broader, a distinct blackish dot near base of inner margin,
which is not found in S. sohriella, the discal dots less distinct,
the posterior line composed of numerous minute scales arrano-ed
in a fine line and not collected into dots, distinct throughout.
The species also has considerable superficial resemblance with
Uiil. griseola, but may be immediately distinguished by the dark
band of the palpi.
Two specimens taken at Murrurundi, New South Wales, in
November.
59. Ho])!.. sericata^ n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. griseo-carneis, sericeis, punctis disci tribus
saturate griseis ; post, griseis.
493 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
? . IG^ mm. Head grey-wliitisli, above pinkish- tinged. Palpi
whitish, pinkish- tinged, terminal joint and apex of second
anteriorly grey. Antennae ochreous- whitish, annulated with dark
fuscous. Thorax pinkish-grey. Abdomen ochreous-whitish,
segments suffused with ochreous-grey except on margins.
Anterior tibiae and tarsi dark grey, reddish-tinged, apex of tarsal
joints with whitish rings ; (middle legs broken ;) posterior legs
ochreous-whitish. Fore wings moderately broad, rather dilated,
costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin almost straight,
slightly oblique ; glossy pinkish-grey ; costa narrowly dull pink,
tips of scales whitish ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle,
a second in disc beyond middle, and a third obliquely beyond
first on fold ; cilia whitish, towards base pinkish-tinged. Hind-
wings grey, slightly ochreous-tinged, lighter towards base ; cilia
whitish- grey, with an indistinct grey line near base.
Distinguished from all the other pinkish-grey species by the
total absence of the posterior and other transverse lines, which
are distinct in all of them ; in its glossy appearance it resembles
IT. cliolodella, but is smaller.
One specimen taken near Sydney in December, and a second
at Brisbane in September.
60. llo])l. earned, Z.
{Cryptolecliia carnea, Z., Linn. Ent. X,, 148.)
Media, alis ant. carneo-griseis, punctis disci -tribus, serie
punctorum postica angulata alteraque marginis postici saturate
griseis ; post, griseis, basim versus albidis. •
(^ ? . Head and thorax pinkish-grey, face whitish. Palpi
grey, second joint whitish towards base, terminal joint whitish
posteriorly. Antennse whitish-grey. Abdomen whitish-grey,
anal tuft'ochreous-tiuged. Anterior tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous,
tarsi with obscure whitish rings at apex of two basal joints ;
middle tibiae whitish, slightly reddish-tinged, tarsi dark grey with
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 499
whitish rings at apex o£ joints ; posterior tibiae and tarsi whitish.
Porewings moderately broad, rather dilated posteriorly, costa
moderately arched, more strongly at base, apex obtuse, hind-
margin straight or faintly sinuate, slightly oblicjue ; light pinkish-
grey ; costal edge pale pinkish, tips of scales whitish ; a dark grey
dot in disc before middle, a rather larger and sometimes partially
double one in disc beyond middle, and a bhird obliquely beyond
first on fold ; an irregular often obsolete, twice strongly dentate,
ill-defined dark grey transverse line from i of costa to middle of
inner margin ; between this line and base is sometimes another
similar line ; a well-defined transverse row of dark grey crescentic
dots from middle of costa very obliquely outwards to disc at f
f rom base, thence sharply bent and nearly parallel to hindmargin,
ending on inner margin before anal angle ; a row of well-defined
dark grey dots along hindmargin and apical third of costa : cilia
pale pinkish-grey, towards tips whitish. Hindwings grey,
becoming whitish towards base ; cilia wdiitish-grey, w4th a faint
darker line near base.
Closely allied to H. rejjiandula^ from which it is best distinguished
by the hindwings, which are whitish towards base, without any
ochreous tinge ; it is also duller and less mottled in appearance,
and the antennae are not distinctly annulated.
Common round Sydney and Mittagong, ]N'ew South "Wales, in
March, beaten from Eucalyptus ; also received from the neigh-
bourhood of Duaringa, Queensland.
61. Hopl. repandula, Z.
(Criijptolecliia repaoidula, 7i., Linn. Ent. X., 150, fig. 3.)
Media, alis ant. griseo-carneis, punctis disci tribus, serie
punctorum postica angulata alteraque marginis postici saturate
griseis ; post, griseis, basim versus albido-ochreis.
^ $ . 22-25 mm. Head and thorax fuscous-grey, pinkish-
tinged, face whitish. Palpi grey, slightly pinkish externally,
500 DESCEIPTIOiiS OF ArSTBALIAN MICBO-LEPIDOPTERA,
second joint whitish towards base, terminal joint whitish
posteriorly. Antennae ochreous- whitish, sharply annulated above
with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Anterior tibiae
and tarsi rather light reddish-fuscous, tarsal joints obscurely
whitish at apex, dark grey at base ; middle and posterior legs
ochreous- whitish, middle tarsi grey with whitish rings at apex of
joints ; femora white beneath. Forewings moderately broad,
rather dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, more strongly
at base, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight or faintly sinuate,
hardly oblique ; light pinkish-grey, somewhat ochreous-tinged ;
costal edge pale pinkish, tips of scales whitish ; a dark grey dot
in disc before middle, a distinctly double one in disc beyond
middle, and a third obliquely beyond first on fold ; a very
irregularly dentate ill-defined cloudy dark grey transverse line
from "I of costa to middle of inner margin, a second between this
and base, and a third more obsolete near base, all sometimes
partially obsolete ; a tolerably well-defined transverse row of dark
grey crescentic marks, almost connected, from middle of costa
very obliquely outwards to disc at e, thence shar^^ly bent and
nearly parallel to hindmargin, ending on inner margin before
anal angle ; a row of cloudy dark grey dots along hindmargin
and apical third of costa : cilia pinkish mixed with w^hitish-grey,
towards tips whitish. Hindwings ochreous-grey, darker grey
posteriorly, becoming whitish-grey-ochreous towards base ; cilia
whitish-grey, towards anal angle whitish-ochreous.
Very near the preceding, yet easily separated by the distinct
ochreous suffusion of the hindwings, the brighter forewings with
more distinct transverse lines, and the antennae sharply annulated.
Eather common round Melbourne, and on the Mount Lofty
Eange, South Australia; also once taken near Sydney in
J^^ovember.
62. Iloph 'piidica^ Z.
{Cnjptolecliia piulica, 7i , Linn. Ent. X., 152.)
BY E. METRICK, B.A, 501
Media, alls ant. oclireo-carneis, punctis disci duobus anticis
tertio postico majusculo glauco-mixto, serieque pimctorum postica
angulata saturate griseis ; post, albidis, apicein versus roseo-
suffusis.
^ . 21-25 mm. Head and thorax pinkish-oclireous, face lighter,
whitish beneath. Palpi carmine-pink, second joint towards base
whitish, terminal joint posteriorly whitish. Antennae whitish-
grev, near base suffused with rosy. Abdomen ochreous- whitish,
anal tuft more ochreous. Anterior tibiae and tarsi carmine-pink ;
middle tibiae rosy- whitish, tarsi carmine-pink with obscure whitish
rings at apex of joints ; posterior tibiae and tarsi whitish. Fore-
wings moderately broad, rather dilated posteriorly, costa
moderately arched, more strongly towards base, apex obtuse,
hindmargin almost straight, hardly oblique ; light pinkish-ochreous
sometimes strongly pinkish-tinged ; costa narrowly carmine-pink,
extreme tips of scales whitish ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before
middle, and another very obliquely beyond it on fold ; a small
round dark fuscous spot in disc beyond middle, variable in size,
its centre suffused with whitish-blue scales ; a tolerably distinct
transverse row of dark fuscous somewhat crescentic dots, from
middle of costa very obliquely outwards to disc at ^, thence sharply
bent and nearly parallel to hindmargin, ending on inner margin
before anal angle, sometimes partially obsolete ; cilia pink, towards
tips w^hite. Hindwings whitish, towards apex and hindmargin
rather strongly rosy-suffused ; cilia whitish.
A beautiful species, differing from all in the rosy suffusion of
the hindwings, and the enlargement of the posterior discal dot.
Not uncommon and widely distributed ; taken near Sydney,
Brisbane, and on the Mount Lofty Eange, South Australia, in
November and from January to March.
63. Hoj)]. leucerytlira, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. ochreo-carneis, punctis disci tribus serieque
punctorum postica obscura angulata saturate griseis ; j^ost. albidis,
apicem versus leviter griseo-suffusis.
HI
502 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAX MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
(^ ? . 18|-21 mm. Head and thorax pinkish-ochreous, face
whitish. Palpi dull fuscous-carmine, second joint whitish
internally and towards base, terminal joint whitish posteriorly.
Antenna) grey, suffused with carmine towards base. Abdomen
whitish-grey, slightly ochreous-tinged. Anterior tibiae and tarsi
carmine, four apical tarsal joints partially suffused with blackish ;
middle tibiae rosy- whitish, tarsi grey, basal joint and apical rings
of other joints whitish ; posterior tibiae and tarsi whitish, Eore-
wings moderately broad, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa
moderately arched, rather more strongly at base, apex obtuse,
hiiidmargin almost straight, oblique ; pale pinkish-ochreous,
sometimes rather strongly pinkish ; costa narrowly carmine-pink,
lips of scales whitish ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle,
a second, slightly larger, in disc beyond middle, and a third
obliquely beyond first on fold ; sometimes a short obsolete oblique
row of three grey dots from costa at 3, and occasionally two or
three ether scattered dark scales towards base ; an ill-defined,
often almost obsolete, transverse row of irregular dark fuscous
dots, from middle of costa very obliquely outwards te disc at c,
thence sharply bent and nearly parallel to hindmargin, ending on
inner margin before anal angle ; cilia pink, towards tips whitish.
Hindwings whitish, posteriorly faintly tinged with ochreous-grey ;
cilia whitish, round apex greyish-tinged.
Nearly allied to II. inidlca^ but smaller and slightly duller, the
posterior discal dot not notably enlarged, and the hindwings
posteriorly tinged with greyish instead of rosy.
Common at Sydney and Mittagong (2,000 feet), New South
Wales, and at Launceston, Tasmania, in December, January,
March, and April.
64. Ho])!, costimacula, u. sjd.
Media, alis ant. saturate ochreo-carneis, puuctis disci tribus
serieque punctorum marginis postici nigris, strigis tribus
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 503
ti'ansversis dentatis maculaque marginis postici saturate griseis ;
post, griseis, basim versus albido-oclireis.
^ $ . 18-21 mm. Head and thorax liglit reddish-ochreous
brown, face light ochreous. Palpi liglit rosj-ochreous, second
joint internally whitish towards base. Antennse whitish- ochreous,
sharjilj annulated with dark fuscous, towards base rosy-tinged.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous, above partially greyish-suffused.
Anterior tibiae and tarsi ochreous-carmine, apex of tarsal joints
ochreous ; middle and posterior legs whitish-ochreous, middle
pair partially rosy- tinged ; femora clear white beneath. Eorewings
moderately broad, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently
arched, rather more strongly at base, apex obtuse, hindmargin
hardly oblique, slightly rounded ; oehreous-carmine-pink, strewn
with whitish-ochreous scales ; costa narrowly deeper pink, tips
of scales w^hitish-ochreous ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before
middle, a second, rather larger and sometimes distinctly double,
in disc beyond middle, and a third obliquely beyond first on
fold ; a very irregular cloudy grey transverse line close to base,
darker on costa : a distinct cloudy strongly and irregularly
dentate transverse grey line from \ of costa to i of inner margin,
and another more strongly dentate from i of costa to middle of
inner margin, both forming small dark grey spots on costa ; a
slenderer and more distinct dark grey sinuate or dentate line
from f of costa obliquely outwards, thence curved strongly round
to inner margin before anal angle, thickened and darker near
costa; a cloudy grey shade from t of costa to inner margin
before anal angle, considerably broader towards costa ; a small
cloudy grey spot towards middle of hindmargin; a row of
distinct dark grey dots along hindmargin and apical fourth of
costa, cilia light carmine-pink, towards tips whitish-ochreous.
Hindwings ochreous-grey, costa and base more whitish-ochreous ;
cilia whitish-ochreous grey, with a distinct grey line near base.
Deeper-coloured than the preceding, and readily known by
the several transverse strigae forming dark spots on costa.
504 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTEALIAX MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
Common round Sydney and Brisbane, in September, October,
January, and February.
65. Hopl. rufa, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. ochreo-rufis, strigis duabus rectis parallelis
obscuris lineaque postica curva dentata saturate griseis ; post,
griseis, basim versus albido-ocbreis.
(^ . 15-18 mm. Head redoisli-ochreous-brown, face pale
ochreous. Palpi ligbt fuscous-reddish, externally mixed with
dark fuscous, second joint ochreous-whitish towards base.
Antennae light ochreous, annulated with dark fuscous, towards
base reddish-tinged. Thorax reddish-ochrcous-brown, suffused
oh back with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, segments
suffused with grey except on margins. Legs whitish-ochreous,
anterior tibiae and tarsi suffused with pinkish above, middle tarsi
greyish towards base of joints. Forewings moderate, slightly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rounded,
oblique ; deep reddish-ochreous, or reddish-ochreous-brown, with
scattered lighter ochreous scales ; costa very narrowly carmine-
pink, tips of scales ochreous-whitish ; discal dots obsolete ; some
blackish- grey scales at base ; a small blackish- grey spot on costa
before middle, tending to form a connected streak with a smaller
cloudy blackish-grey spot in disc at \ from base, and another on
fold somewhat nearer base ; an elongate cloudy blackish-grey
blotch along inner margin from \ to I ; a blackish-grey cloudy
streak from i of costa to t of inner margin, dilated on costa into
a small spot, whence proceeds a transverse slightly curved row
of indistinct blackish-grey dots to inner margin before anal angle ;
a row of indistinct dark grey dots along hindmargin and apical
fifth of costa: cilia reddish-ochreous, towards tips ochreous-
whitish. Hind wings ochreous-grey, costa and base more whitish-
ochreous : cilia whitish-ochreous-grey, with a faint grey line
near base.
. BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 505
Allied to H, costi macula^ o£ which I once fancied it nii^ht
prove an abnormal variety, though the markings are very different ;
but the wings are distinctly narrower and less dilated, and the
ground colour much browner, so that it is probably a perfectly
good species.
Two specimens taken near Sydney in December.
66. Hopl. ahsiunptella, Walk.
fDepressaria ahswnptelJa, AValk., Brit. Mus. Cat. oQ7.)
Minor, alis ant. griseo-carneis, punctis disci tribus, strigis tribus
transversis dentatis serieque punctorum marginis postici saturate
griseis ; post, saturate ochreo-griseis,
S ? . 15-20 mm. Head and thorax whitish-grey, slightly
ochreous-tinged, mixed with dark fuscous, face whitish-ochreous.
Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint and apex of second
anteriorly suffused with dark grey. Antennae ochreous-whitish,
sharply annulated with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous,
segments ochreous-brown except on margins. Anterior tibiae and
tarsi carmine-pink mixed with dark grey, tarsal joints with
ochreous-whitish apical rings ; middle tibiae ochreous, tarsi grey
with whitish rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs whitish-
ochreous, tarsal joints faintly grey towards base : femora white
beneath. Forewings moderate, somewhat dilated posteriorly
costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rounded, oblique ;
purple-fuscous thickly overlaid with grey-whitish scales ; costal
edge very narrowly carmine-pink, tips of scales whitish ; a dark
grey dot in disc before middle, a second in disc beyond middle,
and a third obliquely beyond first on fold ; three rather oblique
tolerably well-defined dark grey lines, very strongly and irregularly
dentate, crossing wing near base, at i, and about middle, generally
thickened on costa and inner margin, sometimes by partial
obsolescence and confluence appearing to take different and more
oblique directions ; a distinct slender, sometimes interrupted,
506 DESCRIPTIONS OF ArSTBALIAJf MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
dentate dark grey line from -| of eosta obliquely outwards to disc,
thence sharply bent and continued inwards to inner margin
before anal angle, often considerably thickened on costa ; a small
cloudy grey spot below second discal dot, sometimes connected
with costa at f by a cloudy fuscous-grey streak ; sometimes these
markings are suffused with reddish-fuscous ; a row of distinct
dark grey dots along hindmargin and apical fourth of costa : cilia
whitish-grey, with a distinct central carmine-pink line, sometimes
basally suffused with pinkish. Hindwings dark grey, ochreous-
tinged, especially towards base, costa whitish-ochreous ; cilia grey,
with a dark grey line near base.
Var. a. — Markings of forewings all obsolete, except discal
dots, a small dark grey spot on inner margin before middle, and
a larger blackish-grey spot on inner margin beyond middle.
This and the two following species have the forewings more
oblong and less dilated than the preceding group, and are duller
in colouring. H. ahsumptella differs from the other two by the
smaller size, more numerous transverse strigae, and darker
hindwings. One variety described above is clearly an abnormal
form of this species, in Avhich the dark pigment seems to have
been withdrawn from most of the wing to concentrate itself in
one place ; I have only a single specimen of it, taken in company
with the usual form.
Common round Sydney, especially at rest on fences ; also
taken in the Shoalhaven district, New South "Wales, at
Launceston, Tasmania, and near Melbourne and Brisbane, from
September to January.
67. Hopl. coenosa, n. sp.
Media, alis. ant. carzieo-griseis, punctis disci tribus, strigis
duabus transversis dentatis serieque punctorum marginis postici
saturate griseis ; post, griseis.
$ . 22 mm. Head grey-whitish, mixed on crown with dark
ochreous-fuscous. Palpi whitish, suffused with pinkish except
BY E. MEYBICK, B.A. 507
towards base, terminal joint and apex of second anteriorly grey.
Antennse grey. Thorax dark ochreous-fuscous, mixed with
grey-whitish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, segments ochreous-
fuscous except on margins. Anterior tibiae and tarsi dark
fuscous, pinkish-tinged, apex of tarsal joints rosy- whitish ;
middle tibiae ochreous- whitish mixed with grey, tarsi greyish with
whitish rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs ochreous- whitish ;
femora white beneath. Porewings moderate, somewhat dilated
posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin
rather oblique, slightly rounded ; pinkish-fuscous, thickly overlaid
with grey- whitish scales, appearing pinkish-grey ; costal edge
more pinkish-tinged, tips of scales whitish ; an ill-defined dark
grey dot in disc before middle, a second in disc beyond middle,
and a third obliquely beyond first on fold ; an indistinct cloudy
dark grey very strongly and irregularly dentate transverse line
from costa before middle to inner margin before middle, rather
dilated on margins, passing through the two anterior dots ; an
indistinct cloudy grey spot below second dot ; a more distinct
irregular partially interrupted dark grey transverse line from f of
costa obliquely outwards, rectangularly bent in disc, and
continued to inner margin before anal angle ; a row of tolerably
well-defined dark grey dots along hindmargin and apical fourth
of costa ; cilia grey- whitish, with a faint pinkish-grey central
line. Hindwings grey, faintly ochreous-tinged ; cilia grey, with
a darker line nearer base.
Nearly allied to the preceding, but larger, with only two
transverse strigae, the hindwings lighter, and the antennae not
annulated.
Two specimens taken at Blackheath in the Blue Mountains
(3500 feet) in March.
6S. Hopl. cJiolodella, n. sp,
Media, alis ant. carneo-griseis, sericeis, punctis disci tribus
nigris, striga postica angulata serieque punctorum marginis
508 DESCBIPIIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
postici obscuris saturatioribus ; post, griseo-albidis, apice
griseo.
(^. 18-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-brown, face
mixed witb whitisb-ochreous. Palpi fuscous-grey, towards base
and posteriorly whitisb. Antennae wbitisb, sbarply annulated
witb dark fuscous. Abdomen grey-whitisb. Anterior tibiae and
tarsi dark fuscous, apex of tarsal joints obscurely whitisb ;
middle tibiae dark fuscous, beneath white, tarsi dark fuscous with
whitish rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs whitish. Fore-
wings moderate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa moderately
arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, rounded; glossy
fuscous, almost wholly overlaid with whitish-ochreous-grey
scales, faintly pinkish- tinged ; costal edge purple-fuscous, tips of
scales whitish ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, a second,
larger and indistinctly double, in disc beyond middle, and a third
rather obliquely beyond first on fold ; the purple-fuscous ground
colour forms a small spot on costa before f , its apex tending to
be connected with the second discal dot, and also giving rise to
an obsolete sinuous-dentate transverse line proceeding obliquely
outwards, sharply bent in disc, and continued to inner margin
before anal angle, most distinct in disc ; a row of purple-fuscous
dots along hindmargin and apical fourth of costa; cilia
whitish-grey, towards base faintly pinkish-tinged. Hindwings
whitish- grey, darker posteriorly; cilia whitish-grey, with a
darker line near base.
Characterised by its uniform glossy appearance, the single
posterior striga not separated into dots, and the whitish-grey
hindwings.
Two specimens taken at Blackheath in November.
15. ECLECHEIA, n. (j.
Head loosely scaled, sidetufts large, meeting, loose, somewhat
projecting between antennae. Antennae in male moderate, evenly
BY E. MEYETCK, B.A. 509
and moderately or rather strongly ciliated (1 to 2), basal joint
moderate, with strong pecten. Palpi moderate, or rather long,
second joint hardly reaching or rarely somewhat exceeding base
of antennae, thickened with appressed scales, somewhat loose or
slightly rough beneath, terminal joint somewhat shorter than
second, moderate, recurved. Thorax smooth. Forewings
elongate, moderate, apex rounded more or less strongly, hind-
margin obliquely rounded. Hindwings slightly narrower than
forewings, elongate-ovate, hindmargin rounded, cilia -^ to 1.
Abdomen moderate, generally strongly margined. Posterior
tibisB clothed with long hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to
apex, 2 from or close before angle of cell. Hindwings normal.
An extensive genus, forming the type of one of the principal
groups of the family, essentially characterised by the termination
of vein 7 in the apex, and the strong basal pecten of the antennae.
None of the genera hitherto given belong to this branch, but a
number of the small genera, which immediately succeed, are
attached to it. Eulecliri t must be regarded as originating from
PJiJoeopola ; that is,' the species of the latter present the nearest
approach amongst known genera to the ancestral form oiEulechria
which genus differs from Vhloeopola especially by the absence of
the thoracic crest.
Although some of the species are abundant, I have not met
with any of the larvae. I have described here thirty- seven
Australian species, and two from New Zealand. The following
is the best tabulation which I can contrive ; but the species are
in general so obscurely coloured and deficient in special
characteristics, that a clear analysis is quite impracticable ; the
principal defect in this is that the character by which the genus
is divided into two main groups, viz. the form of the posterior
line, although a natural distinction, is sometimes hard to observe
accurately from the obsolescence of the line itself.
la. Forewings white with two dark fasciae.
510 DESCEIPTIONS OF ArSTBALUN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
2fl5. Fasciae dark fuscous ... ... ... S2. friferella.
2b. Fasciae ochreous-brown.
Sa. Hindwings grey ... ... ... ... 84. epicausta.
35. Hindwings whitish- grey ... ... ... SS. hracht/p epl a.
Ih. Forewings not white, or if so, without
two fasciae.
2a. Posterior line not angulated beneath
costa, leaving costa near middle ; usually
three discal dots.
Sa. Forewings narrow, blackish ... ... 107. perclita.
35. Forewings moderate, ochreous, fuscous,
or grey.
4«. With a longitudinal interrupted blackish
median streak ... ... ... ...103. zylopterella.
4b. "Without median blackish streak.
5a. With a short black subcostal strigula at
base.
Qa. Discal strigulae thick, irregular ... ...105. grammatica.
65. Discal strigulae slender, uniform... ...106. scoparieUa.
55. Without black subcostal strigula.
6ff. Hindwings dark grey ... ... ... 12. zoplioesm.
65. Hindwings grey or whitish-grey.
la. With a black transverse fascia near base. 74. episema.
75. With a dark fuscous rather oblique dorsal
streak near base ... ... ... ... 70. nephelopa.
7c. Without basal markings.
8a. Head whitish-ochreous.
9a. Posterior line running to middle of inner
margin ... ... ... ... ... 73. melesella.
95. Posterior line to before anal angle.
10«. Cilia of forewings whitish-ochreous ... 7S. panteleUa.
105. Cilia of forewings whitish-fuscous ... 75. convictella.
85. Head whitish.
9a. Forewings rosy-tinged ... ... ... SO. piieUar is.
BY E. METRICK, B.A.
511
9h.
10a.
10b,
8c.
da.
9h.
10a.
lOh.
11a.
Uh.
12a.
12b.
2b.
Sa.
4(7.
Sb.
4ta.
5a.
5b.
Ga.
6b.
7a.
7b.
4b.
5a.
5b.
4c.
76.
77.
81.
79.
69.
71.
Forewings not rosy.
Shoulders blackish
Shoulders oehreous-brown
Head grey or whitish-grey.
Forewings whitish-ochreous, sometimes
rosy or greyish- tinged
Forewings grey.
Forewings uniform
Forewings irrorated with blackish or
dark grey.
Forewings elongate
Forewings dilated.
Forewings pale grey, slightly ochreous-
tinged
Forewings rathqr dark grey
Posterior line sharply angulated beneath
costa, leaving costa near apex ; usually
five discal dots.
Hindwings yellow.
Hindwings margined with dark fuscous.
Hindwings not margined ...
Hindwings not yellow.
Forewings with ground colour white.
With a black transverse fascia near base
"Without basal fascia.
Discal dots obscured
Discal dots clearly defined.
Markings fuscous...
Markings grey
Forewings with ground colour ochreous-
yellow or whitish-ochreous.
With a strong dark fuscous costal streak 90.
Without costal streak ... ... ... 85.
Forewings dull light pinkish ... ... 92.
exanimis.
palJidella.
acJialinella.
leptobela.
104. siccella.
f/riseola.
cremnodes.
9-6.
89.
'philotherma.
leucopelta.
86.
91.
88.
transversella,
liabroplianes.
variegata.
hemiphanes.
poecilelJa.
clilorella.
I iv I del la.
512 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEBA,
4id. Fore wings grej.
5-7. Hindwiugs brownish-ochreous suffused
with grey 94. Irontomorjplia.
5/>. Hind wings dark fuscous... ... .. .102. cim?neriella.
5c. Hindwiugs grey.
6r^ Head w^hite ... ... ... ... Oo. caJofropJia.
6^. Head pale yellow .. . ... ... ... 10\. paurogramma.
iSc. Head grey or whitish- grey.
7«. Costa with two cloudy darker spots.
8«. First spot reaching to fold ... ... d^. philostaura.
85. Both spots short ... ... ... ...100. phot inella.
7h. Costa without spots.
Sa. Forewings rather short, without white
scales ... ... ... ... ... 97. amaura.
Sh. Forewings elongate, generally with white
scales.
9a. With a distinct longitudinal whitish streak;
spots nearly obsolete .. ... ... 98. dolosella.
9h. Without distinct whitish streak ; spots
distinct ... ... ... ... ... 99. adoxeUa.
69. Eld. griseola, 7i.
{Crgptolecliia rjriseola Z., Linn. Ent. X, 151.)
Media, alis ant. dilute griseis, fusco-sparsis, punctis disci
tribus serieque punctorum postica angulata saturate f uscis ; post,
dilute griseis.
^ $ . 20-22 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-grey, face
whitish-ochreous. Palpi grey-whitish. Antennae whitish-grey.
Abdomen ochreous-grey-whitish. Anterior and middle legs
fuscous-grey, tarsal joints with ochreous-whitish apical rings ;
posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderately broad,
somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, more strongly at base,
apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; whitish- grey, very
BY E. METRICK, li.X. 513
faintly oclireous-tinged, finely and irregularly sprinkled with
dark grey; a dark grey dot in disc before middle, a second,
rather larger and indistinctly double, in disc beyond middle, and
a third rather obliquely beyond first on fold ; a transverse row
of dark grey somewhat crescentic dots, generally well-defined,
from middle of costa very obliquely outwards to a little before
hindmargin, thence bent sharply and continued, very near and
almost parallel to hindmargin, to inner margin before anal angle ;
hindmarginal dots sometimes very faintly indicated ; cilia
whitish-grey, ochreous-tinged, towards tips whitish. Hindwings
grey, rather lighter towards base ; cilia whitish, with an obsolete
grey line near base.
Broader- winged than the other grey species of the genus, and
therefore seeming to approach Jfoplitica, but the resemblance is
due to analogy only ; it is easily distinguished from the grey
species of Hoplitica by the absence of the dark band of the
palpi, and of the hindmarginal dots.
Common round Sydney and Melbourne, in January and March.
70. Eul. neplielopa, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. fusco-ochreis, strigula dorsi prope basim
transversa, punctis disci tribus, serieque punctorum postica
angulata nigris ; post, dilute griseis.
^ . 19 mm. Head and thorax brownish- ochreous mixed with
dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, irrorated with whitish-ochreous.
Abdomen bright ochreous, margins of segments ochreous- whitish.
Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, tarsi with whitish rings at
apex of joints ; posterior legs ochreous- whitish, tarsi somewhat
mixed with fuscous. Fore wings moderate, costa rather abruptly
arched near base, thence slightly arched, apex rounded, hind-
margin obliquely rounded ; light brownish-ochreous, irrorated
with fuscous towards costa and posteriorly ; costal edge dark
fuscous towards base ; a short rather oblique transverse dark
-514 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPfDOPTERA,
fuscous streak from inner margin near base ; a conspicuous
blackish dot in disc before middle, a second in disc beyond
middle, and a third smaller one on fold obliquely beyond first ;
an indistinct transverse series of cloudy dark fuscous dots
from f of costa obliquely outwards to near middle of hindmargin,
thence bent inwards and continued, very near and parallel to
hindmargin, to inner margin before anal angle ; cilia whitish-
ochreous, somew^hat mixed with fuscous. Hindwings pale grey,
apex somewhat darker ; cilia grey- whitish.
Specially characterised by the abrupt basal arch of costa, the
brownish-ochreous ground colour, and the oblique transverse
streak from inner margin near base.
One specimen taken near Sydney in November.
71. Eul. cremnodes, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. saturatius griseis, nigro-conspersis, punctis
•disci tribus strigaque postica flexuosa nigris ; post, griseis.
(^. 20 mm. Head grey. Palpi light grey, second joint
externally mixed with blackish, terminal joint with a blackish
:anterior spot at base. Antennae grey, annulated with dark
fuscous. Thorax grey, irrorated with blackish. Abdomen grey.
Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous-grey, tarsal joints witli
whitish apical rings ; posterior legs grey- whitish. Forewings
strongly dilated, costa arched towards apex, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; grey, sprinkled with numerous
small ill-defined spots of blackish scales ; a somewhat larger and
more distinct blackish spot in disc before middle, a second in disc
beyond middle, and a third almost directly beneath first on fold ;
A cloudy ill-defined blackish transverse line from costa about f
very obliquely outwards, beneath apex sharply dentate inwardly,
thence bent nearly parallel and very near to hindmargin, ending
in an angle ; beyond this line the veins are distinctly darker
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 515
than the groundcolour : cilia grey, towards bas6 mixed with
blackish, tips lighter. Ilindwings grey, cilia light grey.
A distinct species, in form of Aving closely approaching E.
melesella.
One specimen taken at Blackheath in the Blue Mountains
(3500 feet) in November.
72. Eul. Zojjlio'essa, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant: fuscis, punctis disci tribus, macula costae post
medium parva, strigaque postica flexuosa saturatioribus ; post,
saturate griseis.
^. 15 2 mm. Head fuscous, mixed with whitish-ochreous.
Palpi dark fuscous, second joint whitish-ochreous internally and
at extreme apex, apex of terminal joint whitish-ochreous.
Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, becoming ochreous
posteriorly. Abdomen dark fuscous. Anterior and middle legs
dark fuscous, tarsi whitish-ochreous beneath ; posterior legs dark
grey, apex of tibise and tarsal joints whitish-ochreous. Porewings
somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged, basal %
irregularly mixed and suffused with whitish-ochreous, and thinly
irrorated with dark fuscous, hindmargin rather broadly suffused
with dark fuscous ; a small dark fuscous spot at base of costa,
and another at base of inner margin ; a small dark fuscous spot
in disc before middle, a second in disc beyond middle, and a
third almost directly beneath first on fold ; first and second
connected by a clear whitish-ochreous line, beneath which is a
fourth similar spot between them ; a small dark fuscous spot on
costa at f, its apex suffusedly confluent with second discal spot ;
a very indistinct suffused strongly curved dark fuscous line from
f of costa to anal angle, beneath closely approximating to
hindmargin : cilia dark fuscous-grey, mixed with whitish-ochreous.
Hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey, with a dark grey line near base.
516 desceiption:s of atjstealia?^ miceo-lepidoptera,
A very distinct species, not approaching near to any other,
but in general appearance recalling some species of Fhloeopola.
One specimen taken at Wellington, New Zealand, in January.
73. Eul. meleseJla, Newm.
{Depressaria melesella, Newm, Trans., Ent. Soc. Lond., YoL
iii., N.S., 291.)
Media, alis ant. dilute ochreis, venis obscure fusco-lineatis,
punctis disci tribus serieque punctorum postica flexuosa nigris ;
post, dilute griseis.
(5". 21 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen
whitish-oehreous, slightly suffused with brownish. Legs whitish-
ochreous, anterior tibiae and tarsi suffused above with grey.
Forewings strongly dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched,
apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded , whitish-oehreous,
all veins indicated by suffused ochreous lines, more or less mixed
with dark fuscous scales, especially towards base of subcostal ;
a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, a second rather larger
in disc beyond middle, and a third almost directly beneath first
on fold ; a row of tolerably well-defined transversely elongate
dark fuscous disconnected dots, proceeding from middle of costa
almost parallel and very near to costa, opposite apex sharply
indented inwards, almost touching hindmargin beneath apex,
thence very close and parallel to hindmargin, continued to middle
of inner margin ; a suffused dark fuscous hindmarginal line :
cilia whitish-oehreous, towards tips whitish, mixed with dark
fuscous towards base. Hindwings pale whitish-grey ; cilia
grey-whitish, with a faint grey line near base.
Markedly characterised by the strongly dilated f orewings, and
peculiar form of the posterior line.
Common round Melbourne, and also at Hobart, Tasmania, in
January. Newman's description is very inadequate, but I do
not know any other species to which it could refer.
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 517
74. Eul. episema, n, sp.
Minor, alls ant, dilute ochreo-griseis, nigro-sj^arsis, fascia
angusta prope basim, macula disci ante medium transversa, altera
post medium breviore, maculis costae posticis quattuor serieque
marginis postici nigris ; post, griseis.
($ . 18 mm. Head whitisb-oclireous, with a dark fuscous spot
on forehead. Palpi oclireous-white, second joint suffused with
dark fuscous on basal f externally. Antennae ochreous-white,
becoming black towards base. Thorax pale ochreous-grey,
suffused with blackish towards middle of anterior margin.
Abdomen whitish-grey, anal tuft ochreous-tinged. Anterior and
middle leg dark fuscous, with whitish rings at apex of joints ;
posterior legs ochreous-whitish, tarsal joints greyish towards
base. Forewings moderate, rather dilated, costa gently arched,
apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous-
grey, with scattered black scales ; a slender black transverse
fascia very near base ; a slender black transverse bar in disc at
i, extending across median third ; a small transverse oblong black
spot in disc at f, connected with anal angle by a dark grey
suffused streak ; four small inwardly oblique subquadrate
blackish spots on costa between middle and apex ; a suffused
dark grey roundish spot on disc at i ; a hindmarginal row of
large ill-defined blackish dots : cilia with basal half pale
ochreous-grey mixed with blackish, apical half ochreous-whitish.
Hindwings grey, lighter towards base ; cilia grey-whitisb.
Allied to E. convictella, but differing widely in the sharply-
defined black transverse and marginal markings ; the fusion of
the two anterior discal dots into an oblong bar is a striking
characteristic.
One specimen received from Mr. E. Quest, taken on the
Mount Lofty Eange, South Australia, where he states it to be
rather common.
II
518 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
75. Eul. convictella, Walt.
fDepressaria convictella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 56G).
Minor, alis ant. ochreo-griseis, nigro-sparsis, punctis disci
tribus (tertio duplici) serieque piinctoruui postica flexuosa nigris ;
post, griseis.
^ $ . 15-18 mm. Head and palpi oclireous-whitish, base of
second joint suffused with dark fuscous, terminal joint anteriorly
dark fuscous towards apex. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax
ochreous-grey, anteriorly suffused with fuscous, anterior margin
blackish. Abdomen light ochreous-grey. Anterior and middle
legs dark grey, tarsal joints with whitish apical rings ; posterior
legs grey- whitish. Eore wings rather strongly dilated, costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique, strongly
rounded ; rather light brownish- grey, with a few scattered
blackish scales ; extreme costal edge from near base to apex
whitish-yellowish ; a blackish dot in^disc before middle, a second,
transverse and obscurely double, in disc beyond middle, and a
third almost directly beneath first on fold ; the second is some-
times connected with anal angle by a cloudy grey streak ; a row
of tolerably well-defined disconnected transverse blackish dots
from costa about middle, almost parallel and very near to
costa, opposite apex indented inwards, almost touching hind-
margin beneath apex, and continued thence, very close to hind-
margin, to inner margin a little before anal angle : cilia light
ochreous-grey, more whitish-grey towards tips. Hindwings grey ;
cilia grey- whitish, with a faint grey line near base.
This and the three following species are closely allied, and are
nearly identical in size and form ; E. convictella differs from all
in its brownish-grey forewings.
Very common round Sydney, and also at Brisbane, frequenting
Kunzea capitata, from November to January.
BY E. meteick:, b.a. 519
76. Eld. exanimis, ii. sp.
Minor, alls ant. oclireo-albidis, punctis disci tribus, ? etiam
serie punctorum postica flexuosa saturate fuscis, saepe obsoletis ;
post, griseis ; humeri s nigris.
S ? . 15-18 mm. Head and palpi white, second joint suffused
with fuscous-grey towards base, terminal joint anteriorly dark
fuscous towards apex. Antennae dark fuscous, more whitish
towards apex. Thorax whitish, with a dark fuscous spot on each
shoulder, sometimes connected in middle. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Anterior and middle legs grey, beneath white ; posterior
legs ochreous- whitish. Forewings rather strongly dilated, in
female more elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded ;
hindmargin oblique, strongly rounded ; whitish, slightly ochreous-
tinged ; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, often obsolete ;
a second, larger and generally distinct, sometimes double, in disc
beyond middle : a third almost directly beneath first on fold,
often obsolete ; sometimes a few dark grey scales near hind-
margin, faintly indicating the transverse line ; in female a distinct
row of dark grey dots parallel and very near to hindmargin, and
an obscure greyish suffusion between second discal dot and anal
angle, sometimes obsolete ; cilia white, towards base faintly
ochreous-tinged. Hindwings grey, lighter at base ; cilia whitish,
with a cloudy grey line near base.
This and the following species are readily distinguished from
JE. coiivlctelJa and JE. i^fcinteleUa by their ochreous- whitish fore-
wings and white heads ; E. exanimis is best separated from E,
pallidella by the blackish shoulders, but differs also in the usually
more distinct discal dots, and the greyer hindwings.
Common round Sydney ?ind Melbourne, from November to
January.
77. Eul. paUidella, n. sp.
Minor, alls ant. ochreo-albidis, ? fusco-sparsis ; post, albido-
griseis ; humeris ochreo-f uscis.
520 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTEALUX MICEO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
^ $ . 15-18 mm. Head and palpi white, second joint and
apex of terminal joint suffused with fuscous anteriorly. AntennsB
of male white, of female grej. Thorax white, shoulders suffusedly
brownish. Abdomen ochreous- white. Anterior and middle legs
grey, posterior legs whitish. Forewings moderately dilated, in
female more elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; ochreous-white ; the three discal
dots rarely faintly indicated ; in female an obscure greyish
suffusion between the veins, more or less distinct ; rarely the
transverse line indicated by a few dark grey scales near hind-
margin : cilia ochreous-white. Hindwings ochreous- whitish,
suffused with grey on posterior half ; cilia ochreous-white.
Closely allied to ^. eccanimis, from which it differs in having
the shoulders marked only with a suffused ochreous-brown spot,
the discal dots usually quite absent, even in the female, and the
hindwings paler and more whitish towards base.
Common round Brisbane in September.
78. IJiil. pantelella, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. ochreo-griseis, sericeis, costa ciliisque dilute
ochreis, $ interdum punctis disci tribus serieque postica flexuosa
saturate fuscis ; post, saturate griseis.
(^ ? . 15-17 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, more yellowish on
crown. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint and apex of terminal
joint suffused anteriorly with dark fuscous. Antennae dark
fuscous. Thorax grey, sprinkled with whitish-ochreous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous, greyish towards base, more yellowish at apex.
Anterior and middle legs dark grey, tarsi with slender obscure
whitish rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs whitish-ochreous.
Porewings rather strongly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin oblique, strongly rounded ; uniform glossy
grey, thickly irrorated with pale ochreous ; costal edge suff usedly
pale yellowish-ochreous, extreme costal edge at base dark fuscous;
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 521
in female sometimes the usual discal dots and posterior series of
dots distinct, dark fuscous, but usually these are wholly absent :
cilia pale yellowish-ochreous, somewhat mixed with grey at base,
towards tips whitish. Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia whitish-
ochreous, with a faint grey line near base.
jS'early allied to E. cojivicfella, but separable by the glossy
forewings and absence of any fuscous tinge, the clear ochreous
cilia, the usual absence of the discal and posterior dots, the darker
hindwings and yellower head.
jS'ot uncommon near Parramatta in November and January,
certainly frequenting Acacia decurrem.
79. Eul. leptohela, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. griseis, margine costali albida, punctis disci
tribus serieque punctorum postica flexuosa nigris ; post, dilute
griseis.
S . 16 mm. Head, palpi^ antennsB, and thorax glossy grey.
Abdomen grey-whitish, posteriorly ochreous-tinged. Anterior
and middle legs dark grey ; posterior legs ochreous-whitish, more
ochreous beneath. Porewings rather strongly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique, strongly
rounded ; glossy grey ; costal edge slenderly ochreous-whitish
from i nearly to apex ; a conspicuous black dot in disc before
middle, a second rather larger in disc beyond middle, and a third
almost directly beneath first on fold ; a row of irregular some-
what crescentic blackish dots from middle of costa very obliquely
outwards to beneath apex, near costa partially obsolete, after-
wards conspicuous, dentate inwards opposite apex, thence con-
tinued, near and almost parallel to hindmargin, to inner margin
at f : cilia glossy grey, towards tips whitish-grey. Hindwings
light grey, rather lighter towards base ; cilia grey- whitish.
522 DESCEIPIIOI^S OF ArSTRALTA^f MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
Recognisable by its uriform glossy grey colour and wliitisb
costal edge ; from E. 'pawrocjramma^ which it nearly resembles in
superficial appearance, it may be known by the grey head.
One specimen taken at Blackheath in the Blue Mountains
(3,500 feet) in February.
80. Eiil. 2^UGllaris, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. roseo-albidis, postice griseo-sparsis, punctis
disci tribus serieque postica obsoleta saturate griseis ; post.
griseis, basim versus albidis.
(^ . 17 mm. Head and antennse ochreous- whitish. Palpi
ochreous- whitish, second joint fuscous-grey externally except
towards apex, terminal joint dark fuscous anteriorly. (Thorax
defaced.) Abdomen light ochreous, at base whitish. Anterior
and middle legs fuscous-grey, posterior legs ochreous-whitish.
T'orewings oblong, not dilated, costa gently arched near base,
apex roundpointed, hindmargin straight, rather strongly oblique ;
pale whitish-ochreons, irregularly suffused with j)ale carmine-
pink, especially towards disc, and with a few scattered dark grey
scales ; costal edge narrowly ochreous- white ; a dark grey
ill-defined dot in disc before middle, a second, rather larger and
more conspicuous, in disc beyond middle, and a third slightly
beyond first on fold ; an indistinct cloudy grey suffusion towards
hindmargin and apex, especially between the veins : cilia whitish-
ochreous, mixed with pinkish, towards tips more whitish. Hind-
wings grey, ochreous-tinged, suffused with ochreous-whitish
except towards apex ; cilia ochreous-whitish.
This and the next species are distinguished from all the pre-
ceding by their hardly noticeably dilated f orewings and more
strongly oblique hindmargin. They are very closely allied ; this
species may be distinguished by the more pronounced rosy
suffusion, the more ochreous-whitish hindwings, and the head not
greyish.
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 523
One specimen sent by Mr. G. Barnard from Coomooboolaroo,
near Duaringa, Queensland.
81. Eul. achalmella, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. albido-oclireis, interdum vix roseis griseisve,
punetis disci tribus nigris ; post, griseis.
J$. 15-161 mm. Head ochreous- whitish, suffused with grey
on crown. Palpi dark fuscous, second joint whitish at apex and
internally, terminal joint whitish posteriorly. Antenna? grey.
Thorax whitish-ochreous, sometimes suffused with grey. Abdomen
whitish-oehreous, more ochreous posteriorly. Anterior and
middle legs fuscous-grey, posterior legs whitish-ochreous. Pore-
wings somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex almost acute,
hindmargin straight, very oblique ; whitish-ochreous or whitish-
yellowish, often faintly and irregularly suffused with pale pinkish
or sometimes greyish ; a conspicuous blackish dot in disc before
middle, a second in disc beyond middle, and a third, smaller and
less distinct, rather obliquely beyond first on fold ; sometimes a
few scattered blackish scales tending to form a bent transverse
line midway between second dot and apex, generally obsolete :
in female a row of ill-defined dark grey dots on hindmargin ;
cilia whitish-ochreous, towards tips paler. Hindwings grey ;
cilia grey- whitish, with a cloudy grey line near base.
Closely allied to the preceding, but hardly perceptibly rosy-
tinged, the hindwings nearly uniform fuscous-grey, and the head
partially suffused with grey.
Common round Sydney and in the Shoalhaven district, Xew
South Wales, in January and February ; also at Melbourne, and
in the neighbourhood of Duaringa, Queensland.
82. Ful. triferella, Walk.
(Oecopliora triferella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 681-.)
Parva, alis ant. canis, basi nigra, fascia media alteraque postica
arcuata latioribus fuscis ; post, griseis.
524 DESCEIPTIO.^S OF AUSTRALIAJf MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
(^ ? . 11-14^ mm. Head and palpi white, basal half of second
joint dark fuscous. Antennas whitish. Thorax blackish-fuscous,
with a white anterior spot. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, towards
base more w^hitish. Anterior legs dark grey ; middle tibiae
ochreous-grey, tarsi whitish-ochreous suffused with grey towards
base ; posterior legs whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderately
dilated, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin
almost straight, rather oblique ; clear white ; base narrowly
blackish-fuscous ; a moderately broad well-defined fuscous trans-
verse fascia from middle of costa to middle of inner-margin,
anterior edge straight, posterior edge concave in middle, dilated
towards inner margin ; a second fuscous transverse fascia, about
as broad, from costa before apex to inner margin before anal
angle, anterior edge broadly convexly angulated in disc, posterior
edge almost straight, leaving a narrow w^hite hindmarginal streak ;
a row of cloudy rather dark fuscous dots near hindmargin, some-
times suffused and confluent so as to form an irregular line :
cilia white, mixed with fuscous, with two indistinct dark fuscous
lines round apex. Hindwings grey ; cilia grey- whitish, with a
faint darker line near base.
This and the two following species are rather nearly allied,
being distinguishable by the w^hite bifasciated forewings. E.
triferella is smaller than either of the other two and relatively
broader- winged, with the markings rather dark dull fuscous and
comparatively broader.
Not uncommon round Sydney and Melbourne in January and
March ; also at Brisbane and E-osewood, Queensland, in
September.
83. Eul. hracliyjjepla, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. canis, basi nigra, macula apicis, fascia ante
medium alteraque postica arcuata angustis ochreo-fuscis ; post,
albido-griseis.
BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 525
(^ ? . 12-15i mm. Head and palpi white, basal f o£ second
joint, and extreme apex of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae
white, annulated above with fuscous. Thorax white, with a small
dark fuscous lateral spot. Abdomen whitish, posteriorly
ochreous-tinged. Anterior legs dark fuscous ; middle legs grey,
yellowish-tinged ; posterior legs whitish-ochreous, beneath
yellowish. Forewings hardly dilated, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; clear white ; base
narrowly blackish-fuscous ; a narrow brown or ochreous-brown
tolerably straight transverse fascia from f of costa to i of inner
margin, generally abruptly dilated on inner margin, sometimes
slender and not distinctly reaching costa ; a slightly broader
inwardly curved brown or ochreous-brown fascia from f of costa
to inner margin slightly before anal angle ; an ill-defined
ochreous-brown line from upper extremity of this fascia to anal
angle, faintest at extremities ; a small apical brown spot, pro-
duced along upper half of hindmargin, ill-defined : cilia white,
towards base sHghtly ochreous-tinged, mixed with fuscous at
apex and anal angle. Hind wings light grey, more whitish-ochre-
ous towards base, cilia ochreous- whitish.
Somewhat larger than U. triferella, the fasciae narrower and
more ochreous, a distinct costal spot, and the hindwings lighter.
Common at Brisbane in September, and also taken near Sydney
in December and February.
84. Eul. epicausta, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. canis, basi, fascia ante medium alteraque
postica arcuata modicis ochreo-fuscis ; post, griseis.
^ . 16 mm. Head and palpi white, basal half of second joint
dark fuscous. Antennae white, annulated above with fuscous.
Thorax white. Abdomen ochreous. Anterior legs dark fuscous;
middle legs yellowish-grey ; posterior legs whitish-ochreous,
beneath ochreous-yellow. Forewings hardly dilated, costa
526 DESCEIPTIOXS OF AUSTEALIAX MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely roanded ;
clear white; base narrowly dark ochreous-fuscous ; a rather
narrow brownish-ochreous fascia from i of costa to I of inner
margin, considerably dilated on inner margin, both edges rather
concave ; an ochreous-brown fascia, about as broad, from costa
a little before apex to inner margin just before anal angle, bent
inwards in middle, the anterior angle of the bend emitting a
cloudy bent brownish-ochreous line towards costa at I, hardly
reaching it ; an irregular thick ochreous-fuscous line alond hind-
margin from apex to anal angle ; cilia whitish, basal half dark
fuscous mixed with whitish. Hindwings grey tinged with
ochreous ; cilia whitish- ochreous, with a cloudy grey line near
base.
Allied to E. hrachy^yejyla^ but longer- winged, the thorax wholly
white, the basal spot more ochreous, the fasciae somewhat broader
and the position of the second different.
One specimed taken at Helidon, Queen si and, in September.
85. Eul. cldorcJla, n. sp.
Minor, alls ant. albido-ochreis flavidisve, costas basi, punctis
disci, quinque, strigulaqueante-apicali obliqua nigris, ciliis ochreo-
flavis ; post, griseis.
^ ? . 15-20 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi pale ochreous,
second joint externally dark f nscous except at apex. Antennae
wbitish-ochreous, obscurely annulated with grey. Thorax whitish-
ochreous, anteriorly suffused with ochreous-yellow, shoulders
blackish-fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, more yellowish
posteriorly. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous-grey, apex
of joints obscurely whitish-ochreous ; posterior legs whitish-
ochreous. Forewings not dilated, costa moderately arched, apex
round-pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous,
costal edge narrowly pale ochreous-yellow, sometimes wholly
suffused with ochreous-yellow ; costal edge dark fuscous at base;
BY E. METRICK, B.A. 527
a blackish dot in disc before middle, a second almost directly
beneath it on fold, a third obliquely beyond and above first, a
fourth in disc beyond middle, and a fifth immediately beneath
fourth ; a short inwardly oblique dark fuscous streak from costa
a little before apex, from lower extremity of which proceeds a
strongly outwards-curved line of dark fuscous scales, sometimes
distinct but often obsolete, to innner margin a little before anal
angle : cilia pale ochreous-yellow, becoming whitish-ochreous
towards tips. Hindwings grey, darker towards apex ; cilia
ochreous- whitish, with a very faint grey line near base.
Xot to be confouiKled with any other species of the genus.
Common near Sydney from October to December, appearing
to frequent Kunzea cap it at a.
86. Eul. transversella, Walk.
(Cryptole cilia transversella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 7G3.)
Minor, alis ant. albis, griseo-sparsis, fascia prope basim angusta,
triangulo costae medio, punctis disci quinque, serie punctorum
postica e strigula ante-apicali oriente, alteraque marginis postici
nigris ; post, griseis.
^. 17-19 mm. 'Head ochreous-white. Palpi white, second
joint dark fuscous except at apex and internally, apical third of
terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenna whitish, annulated with
dark gre}^ Thorax white, mixed with dark fuscous on shoulders.
Abdomen ochreous-whilish, anal tuft pale ochreous. Anterior
and middle legs dark fuscous-grey, apex of joints obscurely
ochreous- whitish ; posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Torewings
not dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
oblique, slightly rounded ; white, towards inner and hindmargins
faintly suffused with greyish, and with a few scattered dark
fuscous scales ; a narrow blackish transverse fascia very close to
base, dilated on costa ; a flattened triangular blackish-fuscous
blotch extending along central third of costa, reaching -3- across
528 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
wing; a blackisli-fuscous dot in disc at i, a second rather
obliquely beyond it on fold, a third confluent with apex of costal
blotch, a fourth in disc at f , and a fifth, indistinctly double, a
little below fourth ; a short inwardly oblique blackish-fuscous
streak from costa a little before apex, from lower extremity of
which proceeds a strongly outwards-curved well-defined row of
almost confluent blackish-fuscouo dots to inner margin a little
before anal angle ; a row of dark fuscous dots along hindmargin
and apical third of costa: cilia ochreous- whitish, with an indistinct
central row of grey dots. Hindwings grey, towards base ochre-
ous-tinged ; cilia dull whitish-ochreous.
A very distinct species.
Not uncommon at Sydney and Newcastle, from October to
December, generally at rest on fences.
87. Eul. variegata, n. sp.
Media, alls ant. canis, vitta costse antica, altera dorsi media,
fascia postica angusta, punctis disci quinque, serie postica suffusa
e macula apicis oriente, alteraque marginis postici saturate f uscis ;
post, saturate griseis.
^ $ . 17^-21 mm. Head white. Palpi white, apex of
terminal joint, and second joint externally except at apex dark
fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous, beneath whitish. Thorax dark
fuscous, with a square white spot on back extending to anterior
margin. Abdomen grey, margins of segments ochreous-whitish,
anal tuft of male ochreous-yellow. Anterior legs dark fuscous ;
middle legs dark grey, apex of joints suff usedly ochreous-whitish ;
posterior legs whitish-yellow. Fore wings elongate, not dilated,
costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very
oblique, slightly rounded ; white, with a few scattered fuscous
scales ; a broad dark fuscous streak along costa from base to j,
its extremity suffused ; a thick cloudy dark fuscous streak along
inner margin from J to f , attenuated at extremities, sometimes
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 529
almost obsolete ; a small round dark fuscous spot in disc before
middle, a second rather obliquely beyond it on fold, a third in
disc below middle, fourth and fifth on posterior fascia ; a short
thick inwardly oblique dark fuscous streak from costa at f , from
middle of posterior edge of which proceeds a narrow straight
rather irregular-edged dark fuscous transverse fascia to anal
angle, rather dilated beneath ; a small triangular dark fuscous
blotch on apical sixth of costa, directed obliquely inwards, lower
margin rather suffused, emitting from its apex a strongly
outwards-curved dark fuscous line to anal angle, at first thick,
beneath more slender and interrupted ; a row of dark fuscou^
dots along hindmargin, sometimes partially confluent: cilia
ochreous-whitish, mixed w^ith dark fuscous at apex and anal
angle, and with an interrupted cloudy dark fuscous central line,
sometimes obsolete. Hindwings rather dark grey, towards base
slightly ochreous-tinged : cilia ochreous-whitish, with a faint
grey line near base.
A conspicuous species, nearly allied to the following, but easily
recognised by the fuscous colour and distinctness of the markings.
Common near Sydney from December to February.
88. Eul. hemiplianeSy n. sp.
Media, alis ant. albis, griseo-sparsis, vitta costae antica, altera
dorsi media, macula costae postica obliqua, altera anguli analis,
lineaque postica e macula apicis oriente saturate griseis, punctis
disci quinque nigris ; post, saturate griseis.
^. 19 mm. Head white. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint
and apex of second white. Antennae dark grey. Thorax dark
fuscous-grey, with a suffused white central spot. Abdomen grey.
Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, apex of joints very
obscurely whitish ; posterior legs whitish- grey. Forewings
elongate, not dilated, costa moderately arched, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin very oblique, slightly rounded ; white,
530 DESCRIPTIONS OF AL^STRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
irreo'Lilarly irrorated with grey ; costa suffused with dark grey
towards base ; a suffused dark grey streak along inner margin
from i to f ; a small round dark fuscous spot in disc before
middle, a second directly beneath it on fold, a third in disc above
middle, a fourth transversely double in disc bej^ond middle, and
a fifth rather below and before fourth ; a cloudy dark grey
inwardly oblique spot on costa at j ; a similar spot on anal
angle ; a tolerably well-defined inwardly oblique dark grey apical
spot, emitting a suffused dark grey curved line to anal angle :
cilia whitish-grey, tips paler, with a suffused dark grey line near
base. Hindwings grey, darker towards apex ; cilia grey, with a
darker basal line.
Allied to E. variegata, but all the markings (except discal
dots) are grey instead of fuscous, and much more suffused, the
posterior costal and anal spots do not unite to form a complete
fascia, and the posterior legs and anal tuft are not yellowish.
One specimen taken at Launceston, Tasmania in January.
89. Eld. leucopelta, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. saturate fuscis, triangulo magno ad dorsi basim,
macula obscura cost?e media, altera postica, tertiaque anguli
analis albis ; post, ochreo-flavis, ciliis griseis.
(^ . 19 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi dark fuscous,
posterior edge obscurely whitish. Antenna? dark fuscous. Thorax
dark fuscous. Abdomen yellowish-grey, segmental margins and
anal tuft ochreous-yellow. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous;
posterior legs pale ochreous-yellow. Forewings elongate, not
dilated, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
very oblique, slightly rounded ; dark fuscous, darkest towards
costa ; a well-defined triangular white blotch towards base,
resting on basal third of inner margin, its apex obtuse, reaching
to disc at J from base, followed by two small indistinct transversely
placed dark fuscous spots, round which the ground-colour is
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 531
lighter and mixed with whitish, a short cloudy inwardly oblique
whitish streak from costa slightly beyond middle, almost con-
nected with apex of basal blotch ; a small irregular ill-defined
whitish spot above anal angle, containing a dark fuscous dot
near its anterior margin, and connected with anal angle by a short
cloiidy whitish streak ; a small inwardly oblique ill-defined white
spot on costa at f ; one or two whitish scales near hindmargin in
middle, and faint indications of a darker fuscous curved transverse
line near hindmargin : cilia dark fuscous-grey, mixed with whitish
at base, and with an indistinct central row of darker dots. Hind-
wings nniform ochreous-yellow ; cilia dark fuscous-grey.
A conspicuously distinct species.
One specimem taken in March in a railway carriage after
descending the mountains by night from Mittagong to Sydner ;
it may probably have entered the carriage near Mittagong.
90. Eul. 'poeciJella, n. sp.
Minor, alls ant, saturate ochreo-flavis, vitta costae dimidium
superante, altera dorsi post medium dilatata, fascia antica angusta,
altera postica latiore cum vitta costae conjuncta saturate fuscis ;
post, saturate fuscis.
($ . $ 16-19 mm. Head deep yellow. Palpi dark fuscous,
above yellow. Antenna? dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous,
posteriorly paler, with a small yellow lateral spot. Abdomen
fuscous- grey, segmental margins and anal tuft deep yellow.
Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, beneath yellowish ;
posterior legs ochreous-yellow. Eorewings elongate, hardly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
very oblique, slightly rounded ; deep ochreous-yellow, with well-
defined dark fuscous markings ; a moderately broad streak along
costa from base to f , leaving costal edge very narrowdy yellow
except near base ; a moderately broad streak along inner margin
from base to f , attenuated at base, posterior extremity dilated
532 DESCRIPTIONS OE AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
into an irregular spot ; a rather narrow oblique transverse streak
from middle of costal to middle of dorsal streak, bent convexly
outwards ; a straight rather narrow transverse streak from near
apex of costal streak to anal angle : a rather broad straight band
from costa before apex to lower half of second transverse streak,
leaving a narrow yellow streak along hindmargin : cilia dark
fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous- grey ; cilia dark grey, extreme
base ochreousryellow.
A handsome insect, not to be confused with any other.
Xot uncommon round Parramatta, and near Melbourne,
frequenting Acacia decurrens and flying readily in the sun during
March ; I have also seen a specimen from Tasmania.
91. EuJ. liahropJianeSy n. sp.
Minor, alls ant. ^ ochreo-fuscis, $ saturate fuscis, cano-
nebulosis, basi cano-maculata vel omnino cana, maculis costae
duabus angustis obliquis tertiaque dorsi postica suffusis canis ;
post, griseis.
(^. 16 mm. Head ochreous-yellow, face whitish-ochreous.
Palpi whitish-ochreous, anteriorly dark fuscous. AntennsB dark
grey. Thorax greyish-fuscous, with a small whitish-yellow
anterior spot, posterior extremity whitish. Abdomen ochreous-
yellow, paler towards base. Anterior and middle legs dark
fuscous ; posterior legs whitish-ochreous. Porewings elongate,
not dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
oblique, slightly rounded ; ochreous-fuscous, with ill-defined
white markings ; a small spot on costa near base ; an irregular
oblique streak from middle of costa to base of inner margin,
dilated beneath, interrupted in disc and on fold ; a small roundish
spot above fold beyond this, followed by two or three scattered
white scales in disc ; an inwardly oblique rather narrow streak
from costa at f , and an inwardly oblique streak from inner margin
before anal angle, their extremities only separated in disc by a
BY E. MEYRICK, E.A. 533
dark ochreous-fuscous dot ; a small spot on middle of Wudmargin,
and some scattered white scales before it : cilia grey, mixed with
whitish-ochreous, with an interrupted dark fuscous line. Hind-
wings fuscaus-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous-grey, becoming pale
yellowish-ochre ous at base, and wholly round apex, with a darker
grey line near base.
? . 17 mm. Head white. Palpi white, anteriorly dark fuscous.
Thorax dark fuscous, anterior margin and small lateral and
posterior spots white. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Posterior
tarsi white, base of joints grey, rest as in male. Pore wings as
in male, but ground-colour dark fuscous, white markings broader
and partially confluent, entire base of wing becoming white, and
ground-colour mixed with white scales ; cilia white, mixed with
dark fuscous at apex and anal angle. Hindwings as in male, but
yellowish-ochreous colour in cilia replaced by ochreous-whitish.
Perhaps most allied to E. leiicopelta, but very different-looking,
and with grey hindwings ; the sexual differences are curious, and
apparently peculiar.
I have a pair taken near Melbourne by Mr. Gr. H. Eaynor.
92. Euh livldella^ n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. albido-roseis, marginibus, vitta media birami,
fasciis duabus sub costa confluentibus, maculaque apicis obscure
ochreo-fuscis, nigro-sparsis ; post, griseis.
^ . 14^ mm. Head ochreous-fuscous mixed with fuscous- grey.
Palpi dark fuscous, internally and posteriorly ochreous-whitish.
Antennre dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-fuscous, shoulders and
centre of back dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous-grey, segmental
margins and anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Anterior and middle
legs fuscous-grey mixed with ochreous-whitish ; (posterior legs
wanting.) Eorewings elongate, hardly dilated, costa gently
arched, apex almost acutely pointed, hindmargin very oblique
slightly rounded ; dull light pinkish, almost whitish in disc -,
Jl
534 DESCRIPTION'S OF AUSTRALIA:?! MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
markings very suffused, ochreous-fuscous irrorated witli black ;
a slender central longitudinal streak from base, separating before
middle into two attenuated branches, upper branch hardly reach-
ing hindmargin, lower to anal angle ; a very indistinct streak
along costa, and another along inner margin, more distinct towards
base ; an obscure slender fascia from middle of costa to I- of inner
margin, more distinct beneath; a similar fascia from origin of
first on costa to anal angle ; an ill-defined suffusion towards apex
and hindmargin ; a hindmarginal row of cloudy blackish dots :
cilia pale pinkish, mixed with fuscous, tips more whitish. Hind-
wings rather light grey; cilia whitish-grey, faintly ochreous-
tinged.
An obscure-looking species, but not at all closely approaching
any other.
I have one specimen taken by Mr. Gr. H. E/aynor on Mount
Macedon, Victoria, in December.
93. Eul. pi ill other ma, n. sp.
Minor, alls ant. saturate f uscis, punctis disci quinque strigaque
postica nigricantibus, macula parva costa) postica alteraque
marginis postici obscuris glaucis ; post, saturate flavis, margine
postico ciliisqUe nigris.
(^. 17 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi dark fuscous,
terminal joint posteriorly, and apex of second joint w^hitish-yellow.
Antennae dark fuscous, beneath yellowish. Thorax blackish-
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous-grey, segmental margins whitish-
yellow. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous ; posterior legs
pale ochreous-yellow. tarsi with dark fuscous rings. Forewings
elongate, not dilated, costa nearly straight, gently arched before
apex, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very oblique, rounded ;
dark fuscous, rather lighter towards disc : a broad longitudinal
space above fold extending from base to -| scantily strewn with
bluish- white scales; an indistinct darker fuscous dot in disc
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 535
before middle, a second obliquely beyond it on fold, a tliird
beyond first near costa, and a fourth, indistinctly double in disc
beyond middle ; a small cloudy bluish- whitish spot on costa at },
from which proceeds an indistidct darker fuscous outwardly
curved line to anal angle, on its lower portion preceded and
followed by scattei'ee bluish- white scales : cilia dark purplish- grey,
mixed with bluish- white scales at base. Hindwings deep orange-
yellow, hindmargin very narrowly and apex more broadly suffused
with dark fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous.
Distinguished from all othor species by the orange- yellow
blackish-margined hindwings.
One specimen taken near Sydney in December.
01. EicJ. h'ontomorjylia, n. sp.
Minor, alls ant. griseis, f usco-sparsis, vitta costae antica, altera
dorsi media, punctis disci quinque, fascia post medium strigaque
postica obscuris saturatioribus ; post, ochreo-griseis.
S ? . 17-lS mm. Head yellowish-ochreous. Palpi dark
fuscous, internally and at apex of second joint ochreous-whifcish.
AntemicTe dark grey. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-
yellowish. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous ; posterior
legs ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elongate, not dilated, costa
gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very oblique,
rounded ; light fuscous-grey, ochreous-tinged, irregularly mixed
and suffused with darker ; a rather broad cloudy dark fuscous-
grey streak along costa from base to middle ; a small roundish
cloudy dark fuscous-grey spot in disc before middle, a second
beneath it on fold, a third very indistinct towards costa in middle,
a fourth and fifth close together in disc beyond middle, connected
with anal angle by an oblique cloudy streak ; a dark fuscous-grey
suffusion along inner margin from \ to f , confluent with an ill-
defined fuscous-grey suffusion of middle of disc ; a cloudy dark
fuscous-grey spot on costa at J ; a short narrow inwardly oblique
536 DEscI^IPTIO-^cs of australiax micro-lepidopteea,
streak from costa at s, emitting a cloudy, indistinctly interrupted,
outwardly curved line to anal angle ; a row of cloudy dark fuscous
dots along liindmargin : cilia fuscous-grey, mixed with paler.
Hindwings brownish-oclireous, thickly irrorated with fuscous-
grey ; cilia grey.
Ths type of markings approaches nearly to that of E. varier/ata
and IE, hemiphanes, from which however the species differs con-
spicuously in the ground «olour not being white, and in the
ochreous hindwings.
Two specimens taken near Sydney in January and March,
"beaten from Eucalijptus.
95. Eul. calotroplia, n. sp.
Minor, alls ant. dilute griseis, basi, lineis duabus anticis trans-
versis, maculaque postica transversa magna saturate griseis, nigro-
mixtis ; post, griseis, basim versus albida-ochreis.
(^ ? . 14 mm. Head white, on sides mixed with dark fuscous.
Palpi with second joint dark fuscous irrorated with white, apex
white, terminal joint white with a few dark fuscous scales.
Antenna) grey, basal joint white. Thorax anteriorly dark fuscous,
posteriorly gi'ey irrorated with white. Abdomen grey, sides
whitish-ochreous, anal tuft of male pale ochreous. Anterior legs
dark fuscous ; middle legs dark fuscous mixed with yellowish,
■with whitish-yellow rings at apex of joints and in middle of tibiae ;
posterior legs whitish-yellow, Eorewings moderate, hardly
dilated, costa moderately arched, appearing slightly sinuate in
middle, apex round-pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; grey,
densely irrorated with whitish, especially towards middle ;
extreme costal edge whitish-ochreous from about \ nearly to apex ;
base of wing dark fuscous ; a cloudy fuscous-grey outwardly
bent transverse line near base ; a wedge-shaped somewhat oblique
dark fuscous streak from inner margin before middle, reaching
more than half across wing, its anterior edge irregular, its apex
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 537
almost meeting a sTiort oblique fuscous-grey liue from costa at -;5 ;
a cloudy fuscous-grey dot in disc beyond middle, and a dark
fuscous dot below it ; a broad cloudy dark fuscous transverse
fascia from f of costa to anal angle, mixed with blackish on
upper half, anterior edge irregular and ill-defined, posterior edge
bordered by a sinuate whitish line, beyond which the apical area
is mixed with dark fuscous : cilia light grey, irrorated with whitish,
at apex and anal angle mixed with blackish-fuscous, beneath
anal angle whitish-ochreous. Hindwings whitish-ochreous, apical
half in male, two-thirds in female suffused with fuscous-grey ;
cilia whitish-ochreous, with a grey spot at apex.
A rather elegant species, very distinctly marked.
Three specimens taken at rest on fences in Sydn^, in December
and January.
96. Eld. 2)liiJostaura, n. sp.
Media, alis anticis griseis, cano nigroque sparsis, fascia costse
antica nebulosa plicam non superante, macula costse media
obscura, punctis disci quinque saepe duplicibus, serie punctorum
postica sinuata alteraque marginis postici nigrescentibus ; ^^o^t.
fusco-griseis.
(^ ? . 17-27 mm. Head gre}^, mixed with ochreous-whitish on
face and sides. Palpi whitish, externally more or less mixed
with grey. Antennae whitish, annulated with grey. Thorax
fuscous-grey, irrorated with whitish. Abdomen whitish-grey-
ochreous. Anterior and middle legs dark grey, with whitish
rings at middle and apex of tibiae, and apex of tarsal joints ;
posterior legs ochreous-whitish, beneath greyish. I'orewings
rather elongate, oblong, not dilated, costa slightly arched, more
strongly near base, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely
rounded ; light fuscous-grey, coarsely and irregularly irrorated
with whitish and dark fuscous ; a very irregular short oblique
cloudy dark fuscous streak from costa very near base ; a cloudy
538 DESCRIPTIONS OF At^STEALIAX MICEO-LEPIDOPTEKA,
dark fuscous-grey fascia-like spot from costa at i, reaching fold,
aud a small more suffused spot on costa in middle ; five small
irregular blackisli-fuscous spots in disc, each more or less
surrounded with whitish ; first in disc before middle, oblique,
often double, second on fold beneath first, similar, third roundish,
in middle towards costa, fourth transverse, in disc beyond middle,
indistinctly double, fifth small, below fourth, sometimes touching
it ; a suffused short inwardly oblique dark fuscous-grey streak
from costa at f , emitting a suffused strongly outwards-curved
line to anal angle^ more or less interrupted, before lower extremity
sinuate ; a row of ill-defined dark fuscous elongate dots along
hindmargin and apical fourth of costa : cilia light grey mixed
with whitish, basal third with ill- defined alternate whitish and
dark grey spots. Hindwings grey, ochreous-tinged, rather paler
towards base ; cilia whitish- grey- ochreous, with a faint grey line
near base, tips faintly grey.
This and the four following species are nearly allied ; JE.
pliilostaura is readily known by the forewings being relatively
broader towards base, with the costa basally more strongly arched,
the ground colour mixed with whitish throughout and therefore
appearing lighter, the two darker costal spots, of which the first
is produced as far as the fold, and the more ochreous-tinged
hindwings ; the size is very variable, some specimens being much
larger than any of the other species.
Common in Sydney, where however it seems confined to the
neighbourhood of gardens^ being found at rest on fences, from
IS'ovember to January ; also taken at Kiama, Xew South Wales,
and tolerably common in the bush near Brisbane, in September.
97. Euh amaura, n. sp.
Minor, alls ant. brevioribus, saturate griseis, punctis disci
quinque strigaque postica obscuris nigris ; post, griseis.
(^ ? . 1G-I7i inm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax dark
fuscous-grey. Abdomen ochreous-grey. Legs dark grey, tarsal
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 539
joints with whitish apical rings, posterior tibi?e ochreous-grey-
whitish. Forewings rather short in male, more elongate in
female, not dilated, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed,
hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; fuscous-grey, irrorated with
light grey and blackish ; an ill-defined dark fuscous dot in disc
before middle, a second larger on fold beneath it, a third beneath
middle of costa, a fourth and fifth partially confluent transversely
placed in disc bej'ond middle, sometimes a sixth before and
beneath fifth, all often obsolete ; a cloudy darker spot on costa
bej'ond middle, generally obsolete ; a short cloudy inwardly
oblique dark fuscous-grey streak from costa at 1, emitting an
indistinct outwards-curved line to inner margin before anal
angle ; sometimes a cloudy dark fuscous-grey streak from fifth
discal dot to anal angle ; a row of indistinct dark fuscous-grey
dots along hindmargin and apical fifth of costa : cilia grey,
mixed with darker and lighter, tips paler. Hindwings fuscous-
grey, cilia light fuscous-grey.
Rather shorter and broader-winged than the two following
species, to which it is very closely allied, distinguishable by the
entire absence of any white scales; it is also uniformly smaller.
I am not however sure that it may not prove to be a summer
generation of ^. adoxella.
Not uncommon round Sydnej', from November to February.
98, Eul. dolosella, Walk.
fPsecadia dolosella, "Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 539.)
Minor, alls ant. griseis, vitta media angusta obscura alba,
punctis disci quinque nigris ; post, dilute griseis.
^ . 16^-19^- mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax fuscous-
grey. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Anterior and middle legs
dark grey, tarsal joints with ochreous- whitish apical rings ;
posterior legs whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, not dilated,
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very
5i0 DESCRIPTION'S OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
obliquely rounded ; fuscous-grey, finely irrorated with dark
fuscous and grey- whitish ; a central longitudinal streak of
whitish scales from base almost to apex, posteriorly becoming
obsolete ; an indistinct dark fuscous dot beneath this before
middle, a second above it in middle, a third above it beyond
middle, a fourth below third, sometimes a fifth on fold before
first, all often obsolete ; cilia light fuscous-grey mixed with grey-
whitish. Hindwings grey ; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.
Distinguished readily by the distinct whitish longitudinal
streak, and also rather narrower- winged than E. adoxella, lighter
and more uniformly coloured, with the discal dots more obsolete ;
in E. adoxella the upper portion of the disc is often suff usedly
whitish, but does not form a distinct streak.
Five specimens taken near Sydney in February.
99. Eul. adoxella, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. elongatis, saturate griseis, disco saepius cano-
sparso, punctis disci sex strigaque postica nigris ; post, griseis.
^ ? . 19-21 mm. Head, palpi, antenna) and thorax fuscous-
grey. Abdomen whitish-grey-ochreous. Anterior and middle
legs dark fuscous-grey, tarsal joints with ochreous-whitish apical
rings ; posterior legs whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderately
elongate, not dilated, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed
hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; fuscous-grej^ finely
irrorated with whitish, sometimes longitudinally suffused with
whitish towards disc ; six clearly-marked blackish dots in disc,
irregularly roundish, sometimes partially surrounded with
whitish scales ; first in disc before middle, second slightly beyond
it on fold, third in middle towards costa, fourth and fifth often
confluent, transversely placed in disc beyond middle, sixth near
before and beneath fifth ; a short ill-defined inwardly oblique
dark fuscous streak from costa at y, emitting an outwards-curved
cloudy line to inner margin before anal angle, indistinctly inter-
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 541
rupted to form dots, beneath more indistinct and often obsolete ;
a row of very indistinct often obsolete dark fuscous dots along
hindmargin and apical fifth of costa : cilia fuscous-grey, slightly
mixed with whitish. Hindwings fuscous-grey, slightly paler
towards base ; cilia whitish-grey, slightly ochreous-tinged, with
a very faint grey line near base.
Usually rather larger than E. amatira or E. dolosella, with the
discal dots much more clearly defined than in either. The obscure
grey colouring and type of markings of this group recur in some
species of Neplwgenes and Philohota, but both those genera have
vein 7 of the forewings terminating beneath the apex.
Common round Sydney and MelboiH-ne in March.
100. Eld. i)liotineTla, n. sp.
Minor, alls ant. albido-griseis, basi, maculis costae duabus
obscuris, tertia dorsi, quarta apicis, punctis disci tribus strigaque
postica saturate griseis ; post, griseis.
(^.17 mm. Head fuscous-grey mixed with ochreous- whitish,
especially on face. Palpi fuscous-gre}'', base of terminal joint,
and extreme apex of second ochreous-whitish. Antenna) fuscous-
grey. Thorax fuscous-grey, irrorated with whitish. Abdomen
light ochreous-grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Anterior and
middle legs dark fuscous-grey, with ochreous-whitish rings at
middle and apex of tibia), and apex of tarsal joints ; posterior
legs ochreous-whitish, tarsal joints grey towards base. Fore-
wings moderately elongate, somewhat dilated, costa moderately
strongly arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very obliquely
rounded ; light fuscous-grey, irregularly irrorated and suffused
with whitish, especially in disc and posteriorly ; base of wing
very narrowly suifused with dark fuscous ; a very ill-defined
small dark fuscous-grey spot on costa at f, and a similar rather
larger one on costa slightly bej^ond middle ; a third on inner
margin slightly before middle ; a tolerably well-defined small
roundish dark fuscous spot in disc before middle, a second
542 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAK MICEO-LEPIDOPTERl,
obliquely before it on fold, and a third in disc beyond middle ; a
short inwardly oblique cloudy dark fuscous-grey streak from costa
at I, emitting an irregular outwards-curved line to inner margin
before anal angle ; apex dark fuscous-grey ; cilia whitish, at
and above apex suffused with grey, on basal half irregularly
mixed with dark fuscous-grey. Hindwings grey ; cilia white,
with a dark-grey line near base.
Eeadily known by the cloudy costal and dorsal spots, and the
discal dots being reduced to three. It is questionable whether
this species is not more directly allied to E. variegata, but it is
apparently a generalised type with diverse affinity.
One specimen taken at AVellington, New Zealand, January.
101. Eul 'paurogramma, n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. dilute griseis, nigro-sparsis, margine costali
ochreo-albida, ad basim nigricante, punctis disci tribus obscuris
nigris ; post, griseis ; capite ochreo-flavo.
^ $. H^-I7mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi dark fuscous,
whitish internally and towards apex of terminal joint. Antennae
grey. Thorax fuscous-grey. Abdomen slaty-grey, each segment
with an ochreous-orange oblong spot above, anal tuft ochreous-
grey. Legs dark slaty-grey, tarsal joints with slender whitish
apical rings, posterior tibite ochreous-whitish above. Forewings
elongate, not dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,
hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; uniform grey, thinly
sprinkled with blackish scales ; extreme costal edge ochreous-
whitish from \ to apex, towards base blackish ; an indistinct
blackish dot in disc before middle, a second in disc beyond middle,
and a third on fcld directly beneath first; cilia light grey, finely
irrorated with ochreous-whitish. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-
grey.
Distinguishable at once by the ochreous-yellow head.
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 543
Four specimens taken on Mount AYellington, Tasmania, early
in February.
102. Eld. cimmeriella, n. sp.
Parva, alis ant. saturate griseis, fasciis duabus angustis per-
obscuris albidis; post, nigrescentibus.
^ . 12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous, very finely
irrorated with whitish. Antennoe grey. Abdomen dark fuscous.
Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, tarsal joints with whitish
apical rings ; posterior legs grey-whitish. Forewings elongate,
not dilated, costa moderately arched, apex acutely pointed, hind-
margin slightl}' sinuate, very oblique ; dark fuscous-grey,
minutely irrorated with whitish ; a very ill-defined slender cloudy
whitish transverse fascia from \ of costa to %- of inner margin,
sharply angulated outwards above middle, posteriorly suffusedly
edged with darker fuscous-grey ; an indistinct whitish suffusion
on costa at f , and on inner margin before anal angle, seeming
to form a paler transverse fascia, followed by darker fuscous-
grey ; a faintly indicated paler curved transverse line before
hindmargin : cilia light grey, finely irrorated with whitish.
Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia grey.
An obscure little species, but very different from any other.
One specimen taken near Bowenfels in the Blue Mountains
(2,500 feet) in January.
103. Eul. xyloptereJla, Walk.
{Gelechia xylopterella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 650.)
Media, alis ant. canis, griseo-sparsis, vitta media angusta bis
interrupta nigricante ; post, dilute griseis.
J $ . 18-20. mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish, mixed
with fuscous-grey. Antenna) whitish-grey. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Adterior legs fuscous-grey ; middle and posterior legs
whitish, slightly mixed with fuscous-grey, middle tibiae fuscous-
544 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,
grey above. Forewings elongate, not dilated, costa gentl}'- arched,
apex round-pointed, hindmargin extremely oblique, slightly-
rounded ; white, irregularly mixed with light fuscous-grey ; a
short linear longitudinal blackish mark at base beneath costa ; a
narrow central longitudinal blackish streak almost from base to
apex, beneath suffusedly fuscous-margined, more or less distinctly
broken and interrupted at ^ and f , the central interrupted portion
tending to terminate in an incompletely defined ocellus at each
extremity ; cilia whitish, tips mixed with fuscous, basal half
more or less distinctly chequered with ill-defined dark fuscous
spots. Hindwings rather light grey ; cilia grey-whitish, with an
indistinct grey line near base.
Differs from all others in the central interrupted blackish streak.
One specimen taken at S^^dney in November ; a second received
from Mr. G. H. Eaynor, taken near Melbourne.
104. Eul. siccella, Walk.
{Gelechia stccella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 6i3.)
Media, alis ant. dilute griseis, nigro-conspersis, punctis dis c
tribus, serie punctorum postica angulata alteraque marginis
postici nigris ; post, griseis.
^ $ . 18-20 mm. Head and thorax fuscous-grey. Palpi
whitish, apical half of second segment blackish except a narrow
aj)ical ring, terminal joint blackish anteriorly. Antennae grey-
whitish, sometimes distinctly annulated with grey. Abdomen
whitish-gre}/, anal tuft ochreous- whitish. Anterior and middle
legs dark fuscous-grey ; posterior legs ochreous- whitish. Fore-
wings elongate, not dilated, costa gently arched, more strongly
near base, apex blunt-pointed, hindmargin very oblique, slightly
rounded ; very light grey, coarsely and irregularly irrorated with
blackish ; a very small blackish spot in disc before middle, a
second, larger and more conspicuous, in disc beyond middle, and
a third on fold slightly beyond first ; sometimes a fourth between
BY E. METEICK, B.A. 545
and slightly above first and second ; a transverse row of very
ill-defined small blackish, spots from costa at § very obliquely
outwards nearly to apex, thence very sharply bent and continued
very near hindmargin to inner margin before anal angle ; a row
of indistinct elongate blackish spots along hindmargin and apical
third of costa : cilia whitish-grey, with a blackish line, sometimes
obsolete. Hindwings light grey, in female slightly darker ; cilia
whitish-grey, with a very faint darker line.
Eecognisable by the very coarse black irroration ; allied to the
two following, but with the discal dots not transformed into
strigula3.
Common near Sydney, and at Blackhoath in the Blue Moun-
tains (3,500 feet), in September and October, at rest on the trunks
of fibrous-barked Eucalypti.
105. Eiil. grammatica, n. sp.
Media, alis ant. griseo-albidis, nigro-sparsis, strigula ad costee
basim, aliis disci quinque circulatim dispositis, serie punctorum
postica angulata alteraque marginis postici nigris ; post, dilute
griseis.
(^ . 23 mm. Head and thorax grey mixed with white. Palpi
with second joint blackish, mixed with whitish towards base,
with a white apical ring, terminal joint white, extreme apex
blackish. Antennse whitish, slenderly annulated with grey.
Abdomen whitish-grey, anal tuft ochreous- whitish. Anterior
and middle legs dark fuscous, tarsal joints with whitish-apical
rings ; posterior legs ochreous- whitish. Fore wings elongate, not
dilated, costa gently arched towards base and apex, rest nearly
straight, apex almost acute, hindmargin very oblique, almost
straight ; whitish, irregularly mixed with light fuscous-grey, and
with scattered dark fuscous-grey scales ; a short blackish very
oblique curved linear streak from base of costa, almost meeting
first discal spot ; a blackish irregular spot in disc at ^, and a
second on fold obliquely beyond it ; an elongate blackish
546 DESCEIPIIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,
longitudinal mark towards costa in middle ; a crescentic blackish
mark in disc at f , its lower extremity emitting a short blackish
streak towards base ; a small blackish spot on costa beyond
middle ; a transverse row of small ill-defined dark grey spots
from costa at f irregularly and obliquely outwards to beneath
apex, thence sharply bent and continued very near hindmargin
to inner margin before anal angle ; a row of well-defined blackish
dots along hindmargin and apical third of costa : cilia whitish,
with a dark grey interrupted line. Hindwings pale grey, with
dark grey dots on hindmargin on veins ; cilia grey- whitish, with
a very indistinct grey line.
Characterised by the strongly marked irregular partially con-
fluent discal strigul?e.
One specimen at rest on a fence near Sydney in July.
106. Eul. scopariella, Walk.
fCnjptolechia sco^mriella^ Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 765.)
Media, alis ant. griseo-albidis, obscure nigro-venosis. strigula
ad costse basim, annulo disci tenui interrupto, serieque punctorum
postica angulata nigris ; post, dilute griseis.
^ $ . 23-25 mm. Head and thorax whitish, mixed with dark
fuscous. Palpi with second joint rather roughly haired above
towards apex ; dark fuscous, apex of second joint white, base
whitish, terminal joint white posteriorly. Antennse whitish.
Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Anterior and middle
legs dark grey, apex of tarsal joints white ; posterior legs whitish.
Forewings very elongate, not dilated, costa gently arched, apex
round-pointed, hindmargin very oblique, rounded ; whitish,
irregularly mixed with light fuscous-grey and dark fuscous ;
veins obscurely lined with dark fuscous ; a short linear dark
fuscous streak from base beneath costa ; a short linear dark
fuscous longitudinal streak in disc before middle, a second above
middle, a third longer below middle, and two irregular trans-
versely placed dots beyond middle, all nearly confluent to form
BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 5i7
an elliptical ring ; a dark fuscous elongate dot on fold below first
discal streak ; a transverse row of small somewhat wedge-shaped
dark fuscous spots from costa at f very obliquely outwards to
below apex, thence sharply bent and continued near hindmargin
to before anal angle ; the streaks on veins form elongate dots on
margins : cilia whitish, mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings
rather light grey ; cilia grey- whitish, with a faint grey line.
Longer winged than JE. grammatica, the hindmargin more
rounded, the veins marked by obscure lines, the discal strigulse
reduced to lines, and the palpi peculiarly haired.
Three specimens taken on Eucalyptus trunks near Sydney in
April and August.
107. Eul. perditaf n. sp.
Minor, alis ant. angustis, nigricantibus, maculis disci plerisque
obscuris nigris ; post, saturate fuscis.
<^. 16|- mm. Head and thorax blackish-fuscous. Palpi
blackish-fuscous, with scattered whitish scales. Antennae dark
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous-grey. Legs dark fuscous, apex of
tarsal joints whitish ; posterior tibiae fuscous-grey. Fore wings
very elongate, very narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa
almost straight, gently bent towards base and apex, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; j)ale grey, very
densely and coarsely irrorated with black ; two round black spots
transversely placed in disc before middle, and a third rather
beyond and between them, all three confluent ; a fourth below
middle of costa, a fifth larger in disc beyond middle, and a sixth,
larger and more suffused, towards apex ; a short ill-defined pale
ochreous longitudinal mark on fold near base : cilia pale grey,
irrorated with black. Hindwings dark grey, lighter towards
base ; cilia fuscous-grey.
Immediately known by its narrow wings and blackish colouring.
One specimen taken at rest on a blackened Eucalyptus trunk
near Sydney in September.
548 GEOLOCiY OF THE WESTEBN COALFIELDS,
KOTES OX THE GrEOLOGT OF THE WeSTEEN CoaLFIELD,
Part I. Capertee.
By Professor Stephei^s, M.A.
Crow^t Eidge forms the watershed between the Upper
Turon and the Capertee basin, running in a north-westerly-
direction. The Turon, whose headwaters are parted from those
of Piper's Flat Creek by a low ridge which represents the main
Continental Divide north of Mount Lambie, passes at a distance
of five or six miles to the S.W. This river and most of its
tributaries wind their sinuous course along deep gorges eroded
in steeply inclined Devonian Quartzites, Slates and Limestones,
associated occasionally with Granite. From these rocks they
derive their stores of alluvial gold. They have all, here and there,
little fertile flats at corners and junctions, and are fringed
throughout by River Oaks {Oasuarina suberosci) of very rich and
umbrageous foliage. They are all so exactly after the same
pattern, that many have come to be known under one name,
Oaky Creek. On the Turon we have Palmer's Oaky, Tobin's
Oaky, Big Oaky, Little Oaky, and Oaky peo' se from Hill End,
entered on the County Map. We may assume the existence of
a few more. Prom the latitude of Capertee Railway Station the
river turns nearly due west, passing Sofala to meet the Macquarie
near Tambaroora.
On the other or seaward slope, we have the Capertee River,
which rises about 20 miles north of the Station. It is joined by
some more Oaky creeks, the name doubtless indicating that their
G-eological character is similar to that of their namesakes on the
"Western falls, and that at least the valleys are Devonian. This
is further suggested by the entry * Limestone Ridge ' upon the
map alongside one of these ' Oaky Creeks,' and near Vincents
Hole. I mention these conjecturally, as the country is coloured
for carboniferous in the G-eological Map, while I have not beeu
able to obtain more definite information about this portion of the
BY PROFESSOR STEPHENS, M.A. 549
basin. However, the Capertee Eiver, joined first on the left by
the Umbiella Creek, and then, about 12 miles N.E. of the Station
by the Coco, or Coco Coeai, takes the name of Colo, and enters
an impassable ravine, Sir John's Mouth, down which it flows for
nearly twenty miles until its junction with the AVolgan, which
rises near the head of the Cox.
A small portion of the upper part of the AVolgan is thus
described by Darwin — " When cattle are driven into the valley
of the Wolgan, by a path (which I descended) partly cut by the
colonists, they cannot escape ; for this valley is in every other
part surrounded by perpendicular cliffs, and eight miles lower
down, it contracts, from an average . width of half a mile, to a
mere chasm impassable to man or beast."* Through a similar
chasm, 20 miles further down, the Wolgan joins the Colo, which
continues an almost subterranean course, receiving, 12 miles lower,
the Wollungambe from Mounts Wilson and Tomah, until, about
eight miles further, it at last emerges into more tolerable country,
finally joining the Hawkesbury about 10 miles below.
These phenomena are frequently repeated in the Blue Moun-
tains. We see long and wide valleys which suggest the action
of erosion on a gigantic scale, but are now drained through gorges
which are often absolutely impassable, and through which it is
inconceivable — in fact impossible — that such a volume of detritus
could have passed as would correspond to the amount of supposed
excavation. The friction of innumerable multitudes of travelling
pebbles and sands (the chief materials of the rocks which are
assumed to have been removed by erosion and denudation) would
surely in the long course of ages have worn broad and open
channels for their passage. Yet we do not find this to be the
case. The Wollondilly and Cox Eivers, leaving the extensive
basins which they drain, and passing through contracted and
deep ravines, unite to form the Warragamba, the course of which
* Geological Observations, p. 152, Ed. 1876.
Kl
550 GEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN COALFIELDS,
has never been followed by man, so precipitous are its walls, its
bed so narrow, and so encumbered by fallen rocks and timber.
The Nepean leaves its wide and gently undulating valley for a
ravine leading into the heart of the sandstone mountains, there to
join the now accessible "Warragamba. The united waters, under
the name of Nepean receive the G-rose through a similar funnel
(which is almost impassable) and finally, joined by the Colo
as aforesaid, strike once more from the open country into
the highest part of the range which separates them from the sea,
and carve out for their passage the deep and winding chasm
known as the Lower Hawkesbury, and extending from Wilberforce
to Broken Bay. Of all these facts a rational explanation is
required.
To return to our subject. The Crown Ridge consists of a base
of conglomerate, stratified horizontally, though not very definitely
the beds not showing out until bleached, as described p. 403. It
is variously intercalated with sandstone beds, and is succeeded
by (1) fine grained sandstones and shales, with Vei^fehraria,
Glossopteris, Fossil Wood, Iron Ore, &c. ; these are overlaid by
(2) massive white sandstones and grits, and these by (3) another
series of shales, generally of a warm reddish-yellow tint, and full
of waterworn fragments and skeletons of Glossoptei^ls and other
ferns, PJiyllotheca &c. all lying flat on the lamination faces, while
Vertehmria is observed to traverse, as if on the spot where it
grew, several inches of shale at various angles.
These three formations are so well marked and so easily
examined at Capertee that I propose to call them — 1. the Lower
Capertee Shales. 2. The Capertee G-rits. 3. The Upper
Capertee Shales. It would be convenient also to call the under-
lying conglomerates and sandstones the Marangaroo Beds, as it
is at Marangaroo that they are perhaps best exposed, have
certainly been most carefully examined, and have yielded to Mr.
Wilkinson's persevering search several specimens of Marine
Carboniferous fossils. Above the Upper Capertee Shales the
BY PROJESSOR STEPHENS, M.A. 551
"Wallerawang Coal measures come in, but in a very fragmentary
manner. Several seams are visible here and there, but are
apparently not of much commercial importance. Last of all the
Hawkesbury Sandstone tops the series, rising in a lofty and
solitary crest over the highest point of the road (at Blackman's
Crown) and giving the ridge its picturesque designation.
Denudation has in most places so lowered the level of the water-
shed that only the Marangaroo Beds are left, as at the Station,
and generally along the road. In some places we see the G-rits
appearing as terraces, and the Upper Shales forming peaks at the
uneroded extremities of the spurs which branch eastward from
the main range. But only at Blackman's Crown do we find the
superincumbent coal measures with their Hawkesbury capping
preserved.
If at this point we turn to the west, the view sweeps over the
dark and monotonous forests of the Turon, stretching away
range after range to the horizon. If we turn to the east, we see
beneath our feet a continuation of the same rocks, forming with
a series of similar though less formidable ridges, the general
bottom of the Coco basin. In the distance a level formation
may be seen quite beyond and below this rugged country, while
the whole landscape is enclosed with an apparently continuous
rampart of vertical walls of rosy sandstone, from the foot
of which a forest covered slope gradually descends to the floor
of the valley. This slope, though sometimes perhaps only a
talus, often betrays indications of the beds which compose it,
and which appear to correspond to the series above described as
occurring beneath the Hawkesbury rocks at Blackman's Crown.
The valley is extensive, and appears to widen out to the northward
beneath perpendicular cliffs at a distance of from 15 to 20
miles.
Crown ridge is in fact a very narrow causeway formed by
Nature's engineering over an impassable labyrinth of rocky
gullies. Neither road nor railway can deviate. A few minutes'
552 GEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN COALFIELDS,
descent in either direction brings us into impracticable country.
If we follow a track wliicb runs southwards from the station,
we reach the bottom of the conglomerate in about a quarter of a
mile, and at once enter rugged ground. Here the underlying
rocks dip at a very high angle towards the east. Following the
creek as it winds between the spurs, we reach the Turon at about
five miles from, and 300 feet below our starting point. The
dip seems to diminish regularly as we proceed southward, until
near the river, where it is about 16° S.E. If we take the other
slope and follow to the north the road down the Capertee valley,
we come upon the same rocks, here traversed by a vein of
porphyry. This is about half a mile from, and about 150 feet
below the station.* The same rocks appear in the same
association about a mile further. But it must be observed that
the road never leaves the conglomerate slopes except under
strong compulsion, so that we are generally above the i^evonian
outcrop. The road seems to wriggle right and left, up and down,
in its effort to escape the rugged gullies on the right, while on
our left gigantic walls of sandstone cut sheer, and showing
square built towers and battlements against the sky, rise many
hundred feet overhead. At last, at about four miles distance as
the crow flies, and good eight as the road runs, we strike a main
ridge which leads us by a long and rapid descent down from the
conglomerate to the Coco. It is extraordinarily long, narrow
and straight, runs at right angles to the strike, and is apparently
separated from similar ridges to north and south by equally
straight gullies. It consists for the few first miles of the ordinary
hard slates and quartzites, succeeded by vertical limestones and
softer clay (or chloritic) slates, these latter being intimately
associated for some miles. I was not able to find many fossils,
but such as I did find, I have laid before you. They are un-
* To the east at about the same distance is the quartzite quarry for
road metal referred to at our last meeting, the beds in which are nearly
vertical, though a furlong or so nearer the station they dip to the west.
BY PKOFESSOR STEPHENS, M.A. 553
doubtedly what we call Devonian. Upon the summit of this
limestone and filling its crevices, we find a kind of secondary
deposit of travertine mixed with a greater or less proportion of
silicious matter. It frequently includes fragments of the orio-inal
limestone and of slaty rock which appears to have been the
same as the associated slates, but in a less metamorphic condition.
I have observed precisely the same phenomenon on limestone
summits near Tam worth, Moara Creek, and Attunga. It is quite
different from the formation of travertine in a river bed, as
at AYallerawang. (See p. 40Ji). I do not doubt that this flinty
travertine is a deposit from springs which at one time rose to the
surface through joints, fissures or faults of the limestone, bein^
derived from the internal drainage of high silicious rocks in the
vicinity. The frequent silicification of corals and other organic
remains in these Devonian limestones, together with the more or
less complete abstraction of carbonate of lime from the structure
of the same fossils, even when not replaced by silica, seem to
indicate that the water was warm, and charged moderately both
with silica and carbonic acid. It would under such conditions
be likely to dissolve the limestone with which it came in contact,
and at the same time to deposit both silica, as it cooled, and lime,
when exposed to the air. Such waters might be expected to soak
down through the silicious and permeable rocks of this formation,
which at the time formed mountain masses of great height and
extent, and to rise again to the surface where they found an
outlet. The outlet in this case can hardly have been submarine,
as we cannot suppose that the lime held in solution would be
deposited at the bottom of the sea, where the exce^^s of carbonic
acid would keep it dissolved. We must therefore suppose this
travertine to have been formed on land, or in shallow fresh water.
In either case we are driven to the conclusion that the existing
ridge was at one time a valley, and that the present gullies on
either side were its containing ranges.
554 GEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN COALFIELDS,
Perhaps it was this very superficial deposit, especially where
much hardened by silica, that so defended the bed o£ the ancient
Talley from atmospheric erosion, that it ultimately came to stand
out in relief above the areas over which much harder rocks had
been slowly broken down and removed. Soluble as limestone is,
it frequently appears in the f oi'm of ridges rivalling in height the
ranges among which it appears, and which have evidently been
formed by erosion.
The Coco where we cross it is bordered on both sides by the
Slates, which show caves in their precipitous faces, and the
Limestone reappears again beyond it. At Mr. Maclean's, eight
miles as the crow flies, and something more like eighteen by the
road, these Slates and Limestones disappear, and are succeeded
by the Quartzites, dipping to the West. This would seem to
indicate a great fold. But the time at my disposal was too
limited to allow for more than a cursory glance at the country,
or to pursue the road any further.
Mr. Maclean informed me that these quartzites continue for
some six miles further, until the level country is reached. The
rock there is freestone. To whatever formation it may belong,
it has certainly nothing to do with the Hawkesbury sandstones,
as it obviously underlies the Marangaroo conglomerate, or its
equivalent. It seems probable that it may be some portion of
the lower marine carboniferous beds. It is said to contain fossils.
Mr. Maclean further states that the sandstone ranges which
separate the main valleys, as of the Capertee and the "Wolgan,
and their spurs of equal elevation which divide minor basins, are
really and truly wcdls, much higher than they are broad, often
not more than from one hundred to twenty yards in width, and
with sides, as we see, perfectly vertical. Something of this
structure may be observed from Crown ridge on a day when the
landscape is brought into perspective by the shadows of drifting
clouds. But on a bright day the succession of summits shows
BY PROFESSOR STEPHENS, M.A. 555
like ft plateau. It is a phenomenon of much importance in con-
nection with the inquiries into the formation of the Hawkesbury
rocks, and the excavation of the Blue Mountain valleys.
On the Edible Otsters found on the Australian and
Neighbouring Coasts.
By J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., &c.
Some months ago I read before this Society a paper on the
Edible Oysters found on the Australian and adjacent Coast, and
exhibited specimens to illustrate my remarks. I stated that we
had five distinct species of Oysters on the coast of New South
"Wales 2)roper. Eirst the Mud Oyster — Ostrea Angasi, Sowb.,
secondly the !Rock Oyster — Ostrea fjlomerata, Grould, third the
Drift Oyster — Ostrea suhtrigona, Sowb., all of commercial value ;
fourth Ostrea circumsiita, Gould, and fifth Ostrea virescens, Angas,
only of interest to the Conchologist.
My paper as published attracted the attention of a critic
who is not only a successful commercial cultivator of our Oysters,
but who is a close and careful observer, and who has the preser-
vation and culture of our Oysters at heart for no selfish purpose
but as a public good. Mr. Woodward pointed out in the public
press that he thought I was wrong in considering our Eock
Oyster and our Drift Oyster distinct species, and founded his
conclusions from practical obserA^ations made by himself on his
Oyster Beds on the W^alambi at Cape Hawke two miles above
the village of Eorster. Mr. Woodward has recently paid a visit
to his Oyster Beds and has selected from four of them specimens
of Oysters for me to illustrate his reasons for differing with me,
and I now exhibit these specimens to you ; but instead of proving
to me that I am wrong these specimens have only the more firmly
convinced me that my theory of the replenishing of our exhausted
Oyster Beds is the correct and only one to be depended on.
556 EDIBLE OYSTERS FOUND ON THE AUSTRALIAN COAST,
There are circumstances connected with these extensive and
well conducted fisheries which are not generally known, and
which I am desirous with Mr. Woodward's permission of placing
on record.
These Oyster Banks are at the mouth of what is known as
as Swan Bay. At the entrance of the AVallambi Eiver into
Swan Bay, there is a bank across the mouth of the river com-
posed of coarse Cockle Shell sand, through which a narrow
channel has been cut by the Grovernment to permit of boats and
traffic to pass. The samples of Oysters exhibited are marked
Xos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The Oysters marked No. 3, are says Mr.
Woodward in his letter to me " real Bank Oysters, they grow on
a bank upon which there is never more than one foot of water
at high- water and six inches at low- water at ordinary tides but
for four or five tides one after the other at spring tide time the
water does not cover them at all. These Oysters are of a good
age and if left on the bank where they grow they never improve
better than they are now ; I have never seen them as good as
they are now" (25th August, 18S2). The samples exhibited
marked No. 2 and 4, are Oysters, says Mr. Woodward, " which
were removed from the above mentioned bed about twelve months
ago, a few of them two years ago, and placed on other beds ;
those from one of these newly formed beds lie in water about
eighteen inches deep at high, and twelve inches at low tide, and
only have six inches of water over them at spring tide ; these new
beds are about 300 yards from the original bed."
The true Drift Oysters exhibited marked No. 1, are from a
bed up the river about 600 yards from the exposed bed first men-
tioned, the bottom ot which is Sandy Mud, it has about two feet
of water over it at high water, and eighteen inches over it at low-
water, and twelve inches of water over it at spring low-water
tides. These large fine Oysters taken from it says Mr. Woodward,
" have not been taken from the first mentioned exposed bed and
deposited there, but are its natural production, they nevertheless
BY J. C. COX, M.D., F.L.S. 557
spawn at the same time (25th August) as those do at the first
mentioned exposed bed." The difference in size Mr. Woodward
believes to be entirely attributable to their being always covered
with water, but in this I differ with him.
Some notion of the value of this important fishery may be
made when I tell you that Mr. Woodward has during his recent
trip to Cape Hawke superintended the laying down of 3,000
sacks or 9,000 bushels of the oysters from the last mentioned
exposed bed to the other beds in the vicinity ; a sack of oysters
at present is valued at £2, so that this last operation represents
a value of £6,000.
On the above facts Mr. "Woodward thinks that the Rock
Oyster and the Drift Oyster are one and the same species, but I
feel quite sure that the more this subject is studied the more
certain it will be proved that you cannot replenish the Drift
Oyster beds with Rock Oysters. jSTo doubt Rock Oysters will
improve when placed in a position where they receive more
nourishment, such as the position where Mr. "Woodward has from
watchful care and experience placed them in, but this does not
prove that they will live and thrive and alter their character
so much if deposited at the bed up the river in deeper water as
to be converted into another species.
Por many years I have dredged in our Australian Coast waters,
and my friend Mr. Brazier has had still larger experience in
dredging than I have in these waters, but Mr. Brazier tells me
he has never known a Rock Oyster dead or alive from deep beds
such as are occupied by our Drift Oysters, and I certainly endorse
his opinion. If they were the same would you not expect that
at least in some position you would be able to trace the beds
of Drift Oysters running direct into the beds of the Rock
Oysters. The finest Rock Oysters are found in greatest per-
fection a few inches below dead low water mark, but you never
find them under any circumstances in deeper water attached or
558 EDIBLE OYSTERS FOUND ON THE AUSTRALIAN COAST,
unattached unless placed there artificially, and then they will
not, I think, thrive well if placed much under a foot deep of
water at dead low water. Surely the spat from the extensive
beds of the Drift Oyster would sometimes find a resting place
on stakes or other objects below the position which Rock Oysters
are found, but such is not the case. It is argued that this arises
from the fact that the spat when emitted from the Drift Oysters
rises instantly to the surface and is then drifted still on the
surface to the nearest rocks or other objects and there attaches
itself ; if this were the case, why is it that the stakes which were
driven into the mud so much used in former times to mark the
position of Drift Oyster beds were never found to have Oysters
attached to them all the way up where they stood in the water,
I have myself pulled up many of these stakes on purpose to
examine into this point but could never discover an instance in
which it occurred.
There are some circumstances connected with the Hawkes
Bay Oyster Beds which are well worthy of record, and although
contrary to the usual course of tidal events goes far in my
opinion to show the difference between the Eock and Drift
Oyster. As a rule the Bock Oyster beds are covered deeper
with water at high spring tide time than at any other, but in this
particular instance, these Bock or "real Bank Oysters " as Mr.
Woodward calls them, are absolutely uncovered with water '• for
four or five tides one after another" at spring tide time, this
arises from the very narrow entrance of this bay out to sea : the
water from the bay has time to all run out of it, but owing to
the intricate nature of the channel up to these beds, and the
many small islands just inside the narrow entrance to the sea,
the water does not or cannot flow in sufficiently quick to fill the
bay — having been previously so thoroughly emptied — to cover
this valuable bank of Oysters, hence the unusual occurrence of
their being left high and dry for four or five tides at spring tide
time.
BY J. C. COX, M.D., r.L.8. 559
It is extremely to be regretted that througli an unaccountable
oversight the framers of our present Fisheries Act have failed to
protect our Kock Oyster beds from wilful waste and destruction,
the definition of " Xatiiral Oyster beds " is so worded that it
only protects Oysters from being removed at any time from beds
below low water mark. Such valuable Banks as I have just
described, and in fact all our shore Oysters attached to rocks
are legislated for under our Fisheries Act only so far as giving
persons the right to lease them, which leases it is found im-
practicable to issue. In Queensland the Oyster beds are divided
into two classes — Dredge Oysters and Bank Oysters. The former
are leased at auction for a term of seven years, subject to
certain restrictions, the latter are worked under license.
The period which an Oyster will live when taken from its
natural bed and left out of water, is a proof in the opinion of
many who have given much attention to this subject that our
Drift Oysters differ from the Eock Oysters, and it certainly
appears true from what experiments I have been able to make,
that our Bock Oysters will live much longer when so removed
from the water than the Drift Oyster, I suspect it is this j)ower
of endurance which is favouring at present the active cultivator
of the Bock Oyster in preference to the Drift Oyster.
The other specimens of Oysters exhibited are from Townsville,
Queensland, they are very fine specimens of the common Queens-
land Bock Oyster — Ostrea mordax of Gould, and which it would
be unpardonable for any one to mistake or confuse with the Bock
Oyster of our shores : these Oysters extend for fifty miles north
of Cardwell, a point much further north than I had known them
to extend when I wrote my paper on the Edible Oysters of
Australia, published in this Journal some months ago.
I have also ascertained through my friend and able Concho-
logist Mr. Gr. Neville of the Calcutta Museum that our Bock
Oyster — Ostrea glomerata extends as far north as Moreton Bay
560 XOTES AND EXHIBITS.
in Queensland, but only very sparingly so, I believe that that is
the absolute northern limit of the species.
]S'OTES A3fD EXHIBITS.
Prof. Stephens exhibited specimens of rocks and fossils
illustrative of his paper upon the Western Coal-fields, together
with examples of Siluro-Devonian Brachiopoda from the Murrum-
bidgee near Yass, and from the Minjary Ranges near Tumut,
apparently identical with those from Mount Lambie and Coco
Creek.
Dr. Cox exhibited samples of Oysters from the beds leased
by Mr. Woodward at Swan Bay, near Cape Hawke. These were
of three distinct types ; first, those designated by Mr. AYoodward
as the Bank Oysters, secondly those which had been taken from
the same bank and which had been improved by being placed in
more favourable waters ; and third, large Drift Oysters taken
from their natural bed about 600 yards above where the Bank
Oysters were taken from. Also a torch from the Duke of York
Island, composed of a resinous substance enclosed in large leaves
These torches are used by the natives at night to attract fish.
Mr. E. P. Ramsay exhibited specimens of Sandstone, of
Shale containing fossil plant impressions, and of Coal, from
Xancarrow's new Coal Mines between Dubbo and AYellington.
Also specimens of Fire Clay and Burnt Ironstone from the same
locality. Also three stone implements from Samoa, which had
been dug up in forming a Plantation, at a depth of five feet from
the surface. They were found on a sandy bottom supposed to
be a raised beach, by Mr. Parkinson of Samoa. One of them
was a large flat chopper-like implement with a sharp cutting edge
and a thick blunt back — about two feet in length, five inches in
breadth, and two inches in thickness. The second was an adze
found in the same place of a different material from that at
DOXATIOXS. 561
present in nse in the island. The other was an adze of recent
origin of the kind of stone now used for making axes.
WEDNESDAY, 29t]i XOYEMBEE, 1882.
Tlie President J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., &c., in the Chair,
DONATIONS.
" Southern Science Hecord, complete set, Vol. I., Xos. 1 to 13 ;
Vol. II., Xos. 1 to 9. Erom J. E. Bailey Esq., of Melbourne."
" Southern Science Becord, Vol. II., Nos. 9 and 10, Sept. and
October, 1882 ; " from the publishers.
" On Eossil Chilostomatous Brjozoa from Mount G-ambier,
South Australia. August, 1882." By Arthur Wm. Waters,
E.L.S., &c.
" Annual Eeport of the South Australian Institute, 1881-82."
"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part 2, 1882."
papees bead.
Description of two xew Bieds of Queensland.
Br CiiAELEs W. De Yis, B.A.
Eam. PAEADISEID^.
Peionoduea, n. g.
Beak short, shallow, with a feeble maxillary tooth and a
regularly arched culmen compressed over the nostrils. Nostrils
oval, sunken, sub-basal, partly hidden by plumes and surrounded
by a few weak bristles. Gape wide, feebly fringed with bristles.
Wing rather short, obtusely pointed — fourth quill the longest ;
third and fifth nearly equal. Tail moderate, of twelve feathers
which are subspinose at the apex. Tarsi short. Inner and outer
toes nearly equal. Two outer toes connected at base.
562 DESCRIPTION OP TWO XEW BIRDS OF QUEENSLAND,
An aberrant form e£ the family, approaching Colluricincla in
structure of bill but exaggerating the exsertion of the tips of the
tail feathers in that genus (e. g. C. rufogaster) .
P. Newtoniana.
Above uniform olive-brown, beneath impure grey. Under
surface of wing with the base of the inner webs of the primaries
and the entire inner webs of the secondaries broadly edged with
pale sulphur-yellow. Under surface of shafts of wing and tail
feathers yellow. Grape yellow. Length 8^ in. ; wing 4i in. ;
tar^ius li in. ; bill i in., its depth and width at the nostrils iV in.
Sex ? Locality, Tully River scrubs ; type specimen in Queens-
land Museum.
In honouring this Bower Bird with the name of Professor
I^ewton, it is hoped that the interest attaching to it will be
accepted as an equivalent for its plentiful lack of beauty. Its
discoverer, Mr. K. Broadbent, unfortunately met with no other
specimen, and can give no item of its life history except that, on
the testimony of its stomach, it feeds in the month of September
on a fruit determined by Mr. Bailey to be that of Linociera
ramijlora, a large tree of the Olive family growing in dense scrubs.
Besidents near the haunts of the bird have an opportunity of
doing a good turn to Science by searching for the bird and
studying its habits.
Cracticus rufescens.
General tint rufous, bright on the side of the neck and on the
shoulder, paling on the lower surface. Head brownish-black
with a spatulate rufous streak on each feather. Back lighter
with the streaks broadly linear and indented by the ground-
colour. On the rump and upper tail-coverts the rufous markings,
interrupted by the ground-colour on the latter, render their tint
predominant, and on the wing-coverts spread broadly on the tips
of the feathers. Chest with an obscure collar formed of dark
BT CHARLES W. DE VIS, B A. 563
intramarginal bands on the feathers. Abdomen and flanks
uniform. Thighs rufous- grey with obscure dark cross bars.
Wing above rufous-brown ; secondaries broadly edged with
rufous-grey, beneath brown with the basal third of the inner
webs of the primaries and margin of the inner webs of the
secondaries pale rufous. Tail rufous-brown above, lighter beneath.
Legs and feet dark brown. Beak mealy-blue at the base, horn-
brown toward the tip of the upper mandible. Iris red. Length
12 in. ; tarsus 1^ ; wing 6t ; bill 2.
The female is considerably lighter in colour and has the streaks
on the upper surface pale and narrow, but the markings on the
breast conspicuous and extending to the vent, leaving only the
middle of the abdomen immaculate.
Locality, Tully and Murray Eiver Scrubs ; types in Queens-
land Museum.
Note. — The female has been recently nestling.
PuNGi ALIQUOT Australia Orientalis.
Eeyerendo Carolo Kalchbrexxer definiti.
Agaricus megalotheles, Kalchbrenner. (Sectio Lepiota.J
Amplus, pileo carnoso campanulato expanso, albo circa
umbonem maxime prominentem glabrum squamis adpressis f uscis
ornato stipite subcavo gracili cylindrico ad basim dilatato sed vix
bulboso nudo ex albo fuscescente, annulo mobili lato persistente,
lamellis remotis latis ventricosis subconfertis.
Endeavour Biver, Persieh.
Pileus 2-3 pollices et ultra latus ; stipes o-6 poll, longus, Isevis
glaber.
Ab A. prominenfe (Viviani) stipite nudo et labellis latis, ab A.
procero (Scopoli) et A. hubalino (Berk.) umbone mamilliformi
et stipite baud bulboso distinctus.
564i rUNGI ALIQUOT AIJSTEALI^ OBIENTALIS,
Agaricus Kirtoni, Kalchbrenner. (Sectio Heheloma).
Pileo compacte carnoso convexo-plano obtuso subrepando
l^evi glabro testaceo praeditus cortina nulla, stipite solido carnoso
fibrilloso pallido albo-sericeo, lamellis adnatis confertis angustis
carneo-lateritiis, sporis ovatis, carneo-ocbraceia.
Illawarra, W. Kirton.
Pileus 2-3 poll, latus ; stipes pileo sequilongus, \ poll, crassus.
Statura A. fastihilis. Ob sporarum colorem inconsuetmn forte
ad Entolomata ref erendus, sed nimis compactus et habitu omnino
Tricliolomatis.
Agaricus peltastes, Kalclibrenner. (Sectio IIi/2)JioIoma.)
Pileo carnoso viscoso piano scutit'ormi leviter umbonato
margine demum reflexo f uscescente praeditus, stipite solido longo
deorsum incrassato nudo albo, lamellis uncinato-adnatis latis
ventricosis subdistantibus cinereo-nigricantibus, sporis fusco-
purpureis.
Illawarra, W. Kirton.
Pileus 2-3 poll, latus ; stipes 4-5 poll, longus, superne 3 lin.
inferne 4-5 lin. crassus.
Proximus A. Buxlcnnii (Weinm.), abs quo colore pilei et stipite
deorsum incrassato differt. Ab A. Frescottii (Weinm.) et A.
Gilleti (Pries) ob stipitem nudum alienus.
I'oly])orus lucidus, Pries, var. exqulsitus, Kalcbbr.
(Sectio TleiirojJiis.)
Pileo circinato-renif ormi liorizontali piano castaneo ad ambitum
albido praeditus, zonis pilei dilute rufis, stipite verticali piceo.
Endeavour River, Persieli.
Medius inter P. litcidum et P. Japonicum (Pr.), qui vero
stipite toruloso differunt.
EEVEEEXDO CAROLO K.VLCIIEREXXER DEFIXITr. 565
Scleroderma pUeolatum^ Kalehbrenncr.
Peridio globoso opaco umbriuo subtus concavo pracditum
stipite tenui, subaequali vix in pileum dilatato, basi coma radi-
culorum acuto, massa sporifera nigra.
Illawarra, W. Kirton.
Peridiuin nucis avellanse mai]fmtiidiiie.
Botanical Notes ox Queensland.
Br the Eev. J. E. Texisox-Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S., &c.
No. Y. — The Forests or Scrubs.
The general impression about Australia is that its interior is
o£ a desert character and generally more or less denuded of trees.
"Whether this is true of any desert region may be questioned.
The most arid regrions of the world have trees or shrubs of some
kind. Even the shifting sands of the jSTefood of Arabia or the
African Sahara have their stunted vegetation, and these regions
are continually interrupted with finely timbered plains. The
stony deserts of Central Australia are rare Jind exceptional. On
these nothing is to be seen but a solitary clump of Poli/gomim
jimceum or of Mulga (^Acacia aneura) . The vast plains of the
interior are however covered with trees, and when these grow in
thiciiets they go by the colonial name of " scrubs." The term is
of very varied application. Just as the trees in different localities
are of different kinds and different heights, so are the scrubs.
There is the greatest possible diversity between what is called a
"scrub" in New South Wales, in Victoria, and in Queensland.
The trees are different and the whole aspect is different. To
describe the distinctive features of each would be a kind of
descriptive botany for each colony. A scrub is usually a dense
thicket of the trees which happen to be most common in the
locality. The term forest would best suit some of these masses
LI
56G BOTAXICAL :N'0TFS on QUEEXSLAjS"!),
of vegetation, and the term thicket others. In reality the word
scrub is an incumbrance because it confuses by classing under
one term the most diversified features. Still as it is employed
everywhere in the colonies I suppose we must put up w^ith it and
try to render its ambiguity less misleading by descriptive explana-
tions. This is the object of the present paper, and it proposes
to deal with the scrubs of Queensland.
In a former w^ork* I have described at some length what is
meant by one kind of scrub in South Australia. This is what is
known as Mallee. It covers many thousand square miles of flat
country on the low lands between the south bank of the River
Murray and the sea. Through all this vast extent the land is
thickly and almost exclusively clothed with a dense shrubby
growth of Eucalyptus. I do not pretend to determine the species
since there are three or four and there may be more, E. oleosa,
P.V.M., is one of the species and E. diunosa, A. Cunn. is another,
with occasionally trees of E. gracilis, E.v.M. But which of the
two first predominates I cannot say. They are not trees : instead
of a trunk or stem, there rises from each root a cluster of slender
stalks scarcely an inch in diameter, which ends at from eight to
fourteen feet in height in a cluster of pale olive leaves. All
round the stem, small dry withered branches stand out. These
represent successive bush fires which sweep over the j)lains, at
intervals of about three years or more, for it takes three years
growth to place the bushes in a state of thickness sufficient to feed
a fire again. The soil is hard and level, almost indurated, of
yellow or brown colour and with abundance of brown polished
or glazed rounded pebbles of iron oxides. There is more sand
than clay in the ground, but this varies. In many places it is soft
and boggy, or again covered with sand and even crystals of
selenite of large size. Besides the Mallee as the Eucalyptus
hicket is called, there is but little in the way of shrubs or trees.
* Geolo<^ical Observations in South Australia, London, 1863.
BY THE REV. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L S. oG7
On the rising ground one may find clumps o£ Pine {Callltris
rohusta) and in the clay flats open forests of Box {E. hemipliloia)
but otherwise the Mallee is a dense thicket of Eucalypts, bushes
of the whipstick pattern I have described. The view over one of
these areas of Mallee is very peculiar. From the top of any
moderate elevation, one looks over an immense undulating sea of
yellowish-brown bushes. In the far distance one may observe a
blue outline of some solitary hill or granite peak, otherwise the
monotonous dun outline of the horizon is unbroken, silent, and
motionless except where the scrub hen {^Leipoa ocelJataJ raises
its mournful note, or the wind stirs the stiff branches near.
Such thickets as these are absolutely impenetrable. The
bushes oppose an effectual obstacle to both man and horse. But
there is nothing for which they need be penetrated. They are
waterless regions and there is no grass. A few of what are
called scrub cattle have tracks on the outskirts, where they live
and breed much to the annoyance of the settlers near. Horse-
men sometimes follow them but any attempt to go off the track
is sure to result in the clothes being torn to pieces. As an
instance of what a barrier these scrubs are, I may mention that
in 1859 I had to ride a distance of 25 miles to skirt a scrub
between two stations in the Tatiara country (Victoria and South
Australia) that were only six miles apart. This was the usual
road between Yarrak and Lowloit the stations in question. In
1860 the blacks w^ere induced by threats and promises to cut a
road through the Mallee which is now generally used and has
become a good beaten track.
Such scrubs as these are not known in Queensland, but there
are others quite as impenetrable. But in order to institute a
better comparison, I will describe some other thickets. In South
Australia, on the borders between that colony and A'ictoria it is
not uncommon to meet with almost impenetrable thickets of
Baiiksia marc/inata (Honeysuckle) in marshy places. The trees
56S BOTANICAL IS'OTES OX QUEEXSLAXD,
are poor", and stunted, but grow with a very straggling virgate
habit out of a thick tenacious yellow clay. One remarkable
feature in these scrubs is that they are infested with the venomous
Hoploceplialus curtus to an extraordinary extent when the water
has dried and the grass is long.
In Tasmania there are thickets or scrubs of various kinds. On
the north side of the Island the dense growth of the Pine
Artlirotaxis cupressioides, Dom., makes some of the mountains
quite inaccessible. On the south-east side the spurs of Mount
Adanson and the Hartz Mountains between Port Esperance and
!Recherche Bay are clothed with a scrub of Pomaderris elliptica,
or as they term it pear-tree. It grows in close masses of saplings
some 15 or 20 feet in height and scarcely any one would make a
way through such a thicket unless with an axe. The same kind
of scrub is seen on the sj^urs of the Dandenong Eanges near
Melbourne as well as on the south- cast coasts of JSTew South
"Wales. At Cape Otway and in some portions of the above
Dandenong Mountains there is a scrub of beech {Fac/us cunning-
liami) a lofty tree with most graceful myrtle-like foliage of every
variety of colour. Then there are fern tree scrubs in the AYestern
Port, Gipps Land, and other districts where the fern tree is
principally Ahopliila exceJsa. There are also fern tree scrubs in
Tasmania, but these are principally constituted by the shady
DicJhSonia aniarctica.
AVith a knowledge of this diversity in the composition of what
is called a scrub, it will not surprise us to learn that the masses
of vegetation which go by that name in Queensland are of a quite
peculiar character. I have already in the course of these notes
dealt with the river scrubs on the eastern side of the watershed.
These are properly speaking forests, tropical forests with the
character of the Indian jungles. They comprise very large trees
with an undergrowth of ferns, and in the tropics abundance of
Calamus australis a climbing palm with long thoruy tendrils.
"Without a scrub-knife, an instrument which is a combination of
BY THE EEY. J. E. TEXISOX-WOODS, F.G.S , F.L.S. 569
a thin sword-blacle and a bill-hook, such forests are absolutely
impenetrable, and even then the Lawyers as the Calamus i^ called,
form a most irritating and effectual obstacle. To this drawback
may be added the Stinging Tree {Laportea moroides) the stino- of
which is fatal to horses. The soil of such scrubs is of the richest
description. I think it would be better if the term "scrub " was
not applied to these forests. They are so utterly different from
what is included under that name in other parts of the colony
that jungle would be a far better expression. We find in them
a very large proportion of genera and species which are
characteristic of the Indian Archipelago and China, while the
characteristic Australian genera such as JEiocalyptus, Acacia, and
Banhsia form a comparatively small portion of the vegetation.
There is one peculiarity about them to which attention has not
been drawn as a mark of distinction. In the true Australian
scrub usually one or two species predominate, in fact almost
exclude every other. The jungle forests are of a much more
mixed character. No one genus or even species gives its character
to the forest. If there be any aparent exception to this, it is
that in the tropics the climbing palm ( Calamus) is very abundant
and nearly every tree has its stem variegated by the pretty
climbing Aroid, Potlios loureirl. Another very common Aroid
climber is Rhipidopliora quinata, Schott, called in most places
the climbing fern. It clasps the stems of the tallest trees in
succulent snake-like smooth vines about two inches in diameter,
sending forth at every few inches enormous pinnate leaves a
couple of feet in length. In New South Wales, such forests are
called " Brushes."
But the characteristic scrub of Northern Queensland is that
called Brigalow which covers so much of the tablelands of the
colony. Every one wdio is familiar with the works of the early
explorers must remember how frequent are the reference to
" Brigalow." In Leichhardt's " Overland Journey to Port
Essingtou," it occurs at almost every page. Before I visited
570 BOTAXICAL NOTES OX QUEENSLAND,
Queensland I found a great difficulty in finding out wliat Brigalow
signified. The only attempt at an explanation is in the excellent
Treasury of Botany, but there the account is given by one who
had evidently never seen the scrub referred to, and took his
description from others. Yet it is not very difficult to characterize
it and it is very uniform in its features wherever it is met w^ith.
Brigalow is an Acacia forest where the trees are of good height
and size, seldom rising more than about 100 feet above the ground.
The species in most places is A. JiarpojyJii/Jla, P. v. Muell. The
name is derived from the sickle-shape of the leaves w^hich more-
over are of a peculiar bluish grey colour. This gives the scrub
a silky or hoary appearance never to be mistaken, and thus one
can tell a clump of Brigalow at some considerable distance. The
bark is dark brown, very rough and furrowed and the general
habit of the tree is sordid and straggling. In j^oor soils this is
especially so, but in the rich black volcanic soils, it does not so
readily become a tree, but rises up in a luxuriant dome of foliage
from the ground. The sap-wood is yellow and somewhat soft,
but the duramen or heart- wood is of a rich purple-brown colour,
emitting a fragrant odour of rosewood when fresh cut. This is
a character which it shares with many Acacia trees.
This tree Acacia liarpopliylla is the only one which is recognised
as Brigalow. There are two or three other species of Acacia
always found near it, but they are never called Brigalow, and this
species moreover is so very marked in its characters that it can-
not be mistaken for any other. The bluish-grey appearance, the
long sickle-shaped rigid leaves and the rough furrowed bark
when once seen will always be readily recognised. Near the
scrubs of the Expedition Eange I remember seeing a large
quantity of Brigalow where the leaves from some cause were pale
yellowish-brown. This I should say was a variety ; but even
then there was no mistaking the Brigalow from its other characters.
The scrubs formed of these trees are very dense as they grow
onl}'^ close together. Generally speaking there is a tangled under-
BY THE TIEY. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.G.S. 571
growth and over a very large extent of country I observed tliat
this was mainly composed of a thorny bush of the Apocynea3,
named Carissa ovata. The leaves are small and bright green
and the flowers are white, but quite inconspicuous. Unlike most
of the dogbanes, this little bush produces a very pleasant fruit
which is both agreeable and wholesome. It is like a Sloe, egg-
shaped and about half an inch long. It exudes a viscid milky
juice and contains a few woody seeds. Some persons are afraid
to indulge in these berries, no doubt owing to the bad character
of the order, which contains some of the most poisonous plants
known. I can however testify that the fruit of Carissa ovata is
both agreeable and wholesome, and I never knew an in-stance of
any evil consequences, even when they were partaken of most
abundantly. The fruit ripens in April, May, and June. It may
serve to allay the fears of some who are suspicious, to remind
them that the Cow-tree whose milky juice is so freely partaken
of by the natives of British (xuiana is one of the Dogbanes
(Tahcrnamoniana).^
Side by side with Brigalow we meet with two other species of
Acacia^ but they are not so abundant and never form more
than a minor ingredient of the scrubs. One is A. excclsa which
in the Treasury of Botany is the name sriven to Briiialow. Its
habit is quite different. Its leaves are green, somewhat pendulous
and the bark is black, but not furrowed in the manner of true
Brigalow. It may be easil}^ confounded with the other Acacia
wliich is found in these scrubs, namely A. saliciua. This is a
tree with long pendulous branches along which the rather small
ovate-lanceolate leaves hang down somewhat like the weeping
willow. The flowers are in little yellow globular heads, and the
bark though rough is less so than either of the other two species.
It is a pretty tree and forms by its drooping habit an agreeable
* We have three speaies of this genus in North Queensland, one very
common and yielding an abundance of milky juice.
.572 BOTAXICAL XOTES 0^^ QUEEXSLAND,
contrast to the Brigalow, but though common it never grows in
the form of scrubs.
Both these Acacia trees were described very early in the
botanical history of this continent. Neither of them is so com-
mon as the Brigalow, and yet strange to say the latter which is
found scattered over an enormous extent of country remained
undescribed until it was found by Baron von Mueller in his
overland journey from the Victoria River with Augustus G-regory
in 1851. This is the more remarkable when we remember that
Sir Thomas Mitchell was a zealous botanist, and on his journey
to the Barcoo made extensive collections which Lindley described
for him in the published account of his journey.* He passed
through extensive forests of this very tree, but I suppose ho
must have regarded it as already described as it was so common,
or confused it with some species that he had seen elsewhere.
This was probably the case with Leichhardt who was the first to
introduce the native (?) name oE "Brigalow" to the public.
There can be no doubt however that the species was never sent
to Europe by any of the earlier botanists.
It is somewhat singular that this species of scrub is not con-
fined to the poor light soils and stony ground. In the rich black
soils of what are called the downs, dense Brigalow thickets are
met with. These soils ai'o derived from volcanic rock, and
boulders of vesicular dolerite rock with glazed ironstone pebbles
are always scattered amidst the black earth. In such localities
there is usually an abundant and luxuriant growth of fodder
grasses such ?i^ Anclropogon serlceus, Anthisteria australis, Perofis
rara, Sporoholus llncUei/i, Leptocliloa suhdigitata, Stipa. micrantTia^
Aristida calycina^ A. ramosa, A. vagans, A. arenaria, and occas-
ionally Triodia mitclielU or porcupine. But while such grasses
appear in abundance in some parts of the volcanic soils and
downs, they quite disappear in places where the Brigalow is
* " Tropical Australia/' by Sir Thomas Mitchell, 1 vol., London, 1846.
BY THE RET. J. E. TEXISOX-AVOODS, F.L.S., E.G. 8. 573
abundant and the dry, black cracked earth looks singularly arid
and desolate. But the Brigalow (I am speaking now only of
the sj)ecies A. liarpopliylla) is he^^e a rich looking and luxuriant
tree, and as 1 have already remarked, rising in a mass of foliage
from the very earth. It is said that of late years the Brigalow
has considerably increased and that the pastoral qualities of many
portions of the downs have mnch deteriorated in consequence.
Prom the amount of young trees on these downs I have no doubt
that Brigalow has spread rapidly, and is spreading. Mr.
O'Shannessy the well-known botanist of the Emerald District
informs me that he has discovered the cause of this. He finds
that the root suckers of the tree which spread a long way from
the stem, always send up shoots when they are exposed and
bruised. This happens frequently now from the abundance of
cattle which keep down the grass. As far as I am aware the
pods or seeds are not much eaten so that the explanation above
given seems the only feasible one. If some means cannot be
found to check the growth of the shoots, the value of the sheep
and cattle runs will be reduced in an alarming way.
The black soil downs are also covered by a very beautiful
<3rimson flower which deserves cultivation in our gardens as much
as any member of the Australian indigenous flora. It is like a
Waratah on a small scale with this difference, that it belongs to
a different order (ThymelecB) and is very much more abundant ;
I refer to the JPimelea hcematosfachi/ui. When first I saw the
plant on the black soil of the Westwood Railway Station, about
30 miles west of Hockhampton, I thought it must be an escape
from some garden. The beautiful head of scarlet flowers, varie-
gated with the bright yellow anthers made it a most conspicuous
addition to the flora of the plains. But as I travelled west I
found the plains to be perfectly crimson from the abundance of
these plants. I am told that it has increased very much of late
years, and as it aj)pears not to be eaten by stock while the grasses
all round are devoured, there is every probability that it will
574 BOTANICAL NOTES OX QUEENSLAND,
go on increasing. This and the African Marigold {Tacjeies
glanclulosns) bid fair to overrun all the open country. They form
a thick growth already, the latter sending up stems which are
eight and ten feet high.
I may here remark in passing, that the black soil becomes
almost impassable in wet weather. It forms a thick and stiff
tenacious clay, through which the roots and stems of the grasses
interlace, making it as tough almost as gutta percha. It clogs
round the feet of cattle and horses so that they stagger about
with these enormous clay boots on their feet. Those who have
had the misfortune to be overtaken by rain when driving through
such soil, will like myself, probably never forget their experiences.
Travelling soon becomes an impossibility. The wheels become
large, clumsy disks of black clay and grass requiring long and
severe work with a hatchet or spade to set them free. When
this process has to be repeated every mile or so, and the rate of
travelling is about a mile an hour, one can guess what sort of
progress is made and what tedious labour entailed.
In the rich soils the vegetation of the Brigalow is more uniform
and there are but few other trees noticed besides Brigalow. In
the poor soils the scrub is more dense. Interspersed in all such
thickets we find four or live trees of small size which are widely
distributed throughout Australia, EremopliiJa mitcheUi is one of
them. This also goes by the name of Sandal Wood from the
pleasant odour given off by the wood not only when freshly cut,
but also for a long time afterwards. It is said that this wood
will keep away that domestic pest of Queensland households the
Blcdta or cockroach. I cannot confirm this statement. I had a
good sized billet cut and planed, and the odour from it was so
strong as to perfume one of my trunks in which it was placed,
but the cockroaches treated it with the utmost disdain. They
ran over it and laid their eggs under it just as if it had been put
there for their accommodation. This tree has been found
throujrhoiit the whole extent of Australia. I have seen it on the
BY THE RET. J. E. TEXISOX-WOODS, F.L.S., F.G.S. 575
edge of the salt-lake region north of Adelaide, and all explorers
and collectors have recorded it from central Australia, Porrest
in his last exploration traced it to the desert regions of North-
west Australia not far from Nichol Bay. Thus we see it is a
desert tree found all through the arid regions of tropical and
sub-tropical Australia. It well deserves its mime of EremopliiJa
(lover of the desert) as it is found in no other regions. In many
places it goes by the name of Dogwood. It has small dark grev-
green linear leaves, and has a bushy appearance by no means
inelegant. There are two other species generally associated with
it, but not so common. One is a bush with ver^^ large brownish-
red campanulate flowers. This is E. longlfolia. The other is a
small tree with larger leaves.
Occasionally through all the Briiralow one meets with trees of
Alpliitonia excelsa a member of an order {Jlliamnacece) not at all
well represented in this part of Australia. It may be easily
known at a distance by its dappled aspect, for the oval leaves
are a bright shining green on one side and white underneath,
and thus it alwaj^s has a speckled appearance. Like the sandal
wood it is very wide spread, and is as common in the dense
tropical jungle as in the desert. This feature is quite exceptional,
for there is little else common to the two floras.
In all the Brigalow scrubs in the neighbourhood of the Dawson,
Nogoa, Comet and Belyando Eivers one meets with occasional
patches of the Bottle Tree, or StercuUa rtq)fisfrisa,nd. S. tricliosi2)lion
The two species may be at once distinguished by their foliage.
In other respects they are very similar. The stem is somewhat
like an elongated soda-water bottle, and has a greeu, succulent,
faintly wrinkled or smooth bark. They always grow in patches,
not clusters, and generally in very thick scrub. It is said that the
soft juicy tissue of the stem can be eaten and that manv a
wanderer in the bush has staved off hunger by its meaus. The
young shoots and roots of young trees are agreeable and refreshing.
The nuts are also eaten.
576 BOTANICAL NOTES OX QUEENSLAND,
AtaJaya liemiglauca, a member of the Sapindacece is aiiotlier
widely spread inhabitant of the desert regions and a constant
accompaniment of the Brigalow scrubs. I believe it was found
abundantly in Central Australia and is included in Baron von
Mueller's list of the plants brought by Forrest from North-
western Australia. It is an abnormal member of the Sapindaceous
tribe, with emaciated looking pinnate leaves, but the pinn?e are
long and so far apart as scarcely to be recognised as such. I
have already remarked in a former part of these papers how
beautifully fragrant are the graceful clusters of its small white
flowers, and how in the desert it is a tree which may be easily
known by the multitude of insects it attracts in flowering time.
Afterwards it is equally conspicuous from the abundance of
small yellow, winged seeds. These are like the sycamore except
that they are not in pairs. The wood is very hard but the trees
are always too small to be of much use. With it, scattered here
and there in the more open plains is another abnormal member
of an order which cannot count Australia for its stronghold.
This is Heterodendron olecefolium which belongs to the BoraginecB.
It is a good deal like Atala>^a at a distance, but a nearer inspection
of course shews a vast difference in the foliasje &c. It is not at
all rough in the leaf. Ehretla saligna, H, Br., is another member
of the same family found in the Brigalow. It is essentially a
small desert tree. Mr. Alexander Forrest found it on Sturt's
Creek on the edge of the Central Desert and I have little doubt
that it extends through the whole interior. This is also true of
a pretty little blue flower of the same order, which is found on
all the more open Brigalow downs. This is Trichodesma zeilanicum
E/. Br., easily known by its grey silky leaves and blue flowers.
I first noticed it on the granite slopes of Mount Cudtheringa at
the back of Townsville, but afterwards found it was a common
plant on all grassy plains throughout tropical Queensland.
Forrest gathered it in North-west Australia, and in G-regory's
Expedition Baron von Mueller brought it from Sturt's Creek.
BY THE REV. J. E. TENISOX-WOODS, F.L.S., F.G.S. 577
Three or four species of Capparis are very common in .ill the
Brigalow scrubs. G. lasiantha, R,. Br. is the one most frequently
met, and this is dispersed throughout Australia as a true desert
plant. In Western Australia it is found as far south as the
G-ascoyne E-iver, and on the Eastern side of the continent it
extends far vi-ithm the borders of ISTew South Wales, always
following the Brigalow\ The other species are C. nobiJis with
large globular fruits, C. liemistriatus a small but rather prettv
shrub seldom more than two feet high, C. canescens a small tree
reaching 30 feet high ; C. mitchelli, another shrub about half
the height, and finally C. ornans a climber which spreads its large
white showy flowers over many of the bushes and trees. In the
scrubs near the coast one occasionally meets with Randia densiflora
which I mention here for the sake of calling attention to its
great beauty as an ornamental shrub. It is certainly a wonder
that it has not been introduced into some of our gardens, -where
its thick clusters of crimson blossoms ought to make it a genera^
favourite. Two species of Leguminous plants may be mentioned
in this place. One is rather rare, BarMya syringifoJia, with
splendid racemes of rich yellow flowTrs possessing a fragrance
far more delicate and rich than the v;q\1-\\\ov;w Acacia fajiiesiana ,
It is a very abnormal member of the Leguminosa? and is quite
peculiar to Australia. The other tree is Cassia hrewsteri, equally
conspicuous from its flowers or fruits. The former are in long
yellow racemes very like the Lahurnum of Europe. The pods
very long, black and ornamental, the well-marked dissepiments
between the seeds adding much to the peculiar appearance.
Messrs. Bailey and Scortechini are of opinion that there are two
distinct species confounded under this name. I should add that
the plant just referred to, Acacia farnesiana is not uncommon
amid the Brigalow\ It is scarcely necessary to remind readers
that this species is widely distributed over the earth's surface,
being found in Africa as well as India and the Indian Archipelago.
It differs from most Australian species in the almost orange hue
578 BOTANICAL N'OTES OX QUEENSLAND,
of tlie flowers, and the clusters of black swollen pods like
bunclies of black fingers. Acacia osimldl is a common bush iu
the scrubs, with small phyllodia not very unlike the Mulga (^A.
aneura~) of the central deserts. Alhizza hasaltica is as its name
implies common on the rich baealtic downs amongst the Brigaiow.
This has been already referred to as being so useful for stock-
whip handles. It goes by the absurd name of " Dead Finish."
The wood is extremely tough and it is of good colour, like pale
cedar and takes a beautiful polish. The tree is usually very small,
not exceeding 15 feet.
A common tree amongst the more open portions of the scrub
where the Brigaiow begins to get less abundant, is Alstonia
const ricta, one of the Ajjocynece. Like the Indian Alstonia it
contains a bitter principle w^hich is of great value as a drug. Dr.
Bancroft of Brisbane has exported a small quantity of the w^ood,
every portion of which contains an extraordinary quantity of the
bitter principle. From experiments at the Brisbane Hospital I
have been given to understand that it w^as found as efficient as
quinine. It goes by the name of " Bitter Bark," which is also a
common epithet for JPetalostigma rj[uadriloculare which also occurs
in the scrubs. I have noticed both these trees from South
Queensland to the Carpentarian waters. The wood of both is
used to form drinking cups, wdiich for a long time converts into
a bitter infusion the water which is placed in them.
There is an absence of grasses in the poorer soils of the
Brigaiow, and instead one notices principally a thick growth of
Sida cordifolia, JPolymeria calycina, Evolvuliis alsinoides and
Vittadinia scahra and V. australis, which carpet the ground with
an almost constant bloom of yellow, pink, white, and blue flowers.
Occasionally we find scattered on the plains amongst Brigaiow,
bushy clumps of Apopliyllmn anomaliim, which looks exactly like
the wiry bushes of Poli/rjoiium jitnceiun such as we find in the
interior. We sec also a few trees here and there of Owenia
acidula with its very acid fruits and pendulous branches of bright
BY THE REV. J. E. TENISOX-^OODS, F.L.S., P.G.S. 579
green broadly pinnate leaves. It is a graceful addition to the
scrub. Grevillea striata is found at times in all inland scrubs as
far as Cape York. It presents a most peculiar appearance with
its pendulous ribbon-like leaves a foot or so in length, and half
an inch wide. Much of the same habit is Ilahea lorea, only its
long leaves are cylindrical and about an eighth of an inch in
diameter. Canthium huxifolium, C. vacciniifolium, and Yentilago
viminaUs may complete the mention of stragglers amid the
Brigalow. To mention all would be a long list.
As a rule, as I have already stated, where Brigalow is thick it
almost excludes every other kind of vegetation, except of Salt
Bush {Rhagodia spinescens) and a few other inconspicuous plants.
Brigalow may therefore be understood to mean an almost exclusive
scrub of Acacia liarpopJiyUa, or thickets of a mixed character to
which the various trees and shrubs mentioned in this paper con-
tribute in varying proportions. True Brigalow extends from the
northern tributaries of the Darling to about Lat. 19 S. It may
extend further north, but I have not seen it. Of its western
limits I have no means of judging. It is found on the head
waters of the Barcoo and Flinders. I have not seen it nearer to
the east coast than about 30 miles. The followino: is a list of a
few of the plants noticed by me in the Brigalow scrubs in the
northern territory and not referred to in the preceding pages.
Clematis micropliyUa, DC. .
Hammcichcs pa7'vijlorios, DC.
mhhertia stricta, B. Br.
Lepidium rudcrale, L.
Polanisia viscosa, DC.
Capparis sarmentosa, A. Cunn.,C. canescens, Lindl., C.Iorantliifolia
Lindl.
Hyhanthus sufridicosus, Ging,, H.florilundus, "Walp.
JBitfosporum 'pliillyrcBoides, DC.
Bursaria spinosa, Cav. The form found in the Brigalow differs
much from that common in South Australia, and it flowers
580 BOTANICAL XOTES ON QTJEENSLAND,
at a different time — May and June. Bentliam had mucli
hesitation in uniting the two species.
Citriohatus parvijlorus, A. Cunn.
Cheirantliera linearis, A. Cunn. In some patches of Brigalow
on the higher portions of Expedition Range. This is the
only record of its occurrence in the tropics. It is not un-
common at Stanthorpe.
JE*o lyga la jap o n ica , H out t .
Franlcenia paiicijiora, DC.
Cerastium vulgatum, L.
Stellaria media, L.
JBolycaiyon tetrapliyllum, L.
IBohjcarpcea synandra, I\ v. Muell.
JPortidaca oleracea, L., and JP.fiJifolia, F. v. Muell.
Calandrinia halonensis, Lindl., C. pusilla, Lindl.
Hypericum rjramineum, Eorst.
Sida corrugata, Lindl., 8. virgatay Hook., S. pleiantha, E. Muell.,
S. rlionibifolia, L.
Abutilon tubulosum, Hook., A, mitcJielli, Benth., A. subviscosum,
Benth., A. muticum, Gr. Don.
TJrena lohata, L.
mhiscus JicuJnens, L., H. trionum, L., H. hracJiysipliomus, F.v.M.,
II. divaricatus, Grrah., H. sturtii, Hook., H. tiliaceiis, L.
Sterculia diver si folia, Gr. Don.
JErytJioxyloR australe, E. v. Muell.
Tribulus terresfris, L., and T. cistoides, L., especially common on
the black soil.
Zygophyllum iodocarpum, Muell.
JErodium cygnorum, ISees.
Oxalis corniculata , L.
Eriostemon difformis, A. Cunn.
JBoronia ledifolia, J. Gay.
I^liehalium glandulosum, Hook.
I^hilotlieca australis, Kudge.
BY THE REV. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.L.S., F.G.S. 581
Oeijera sallcifolia, Schott, G. parvijlora, Lindl.
Atalantin gJaucn, Hook.
Oicenia vciiosa, F. v. Muell.
Flindersia maculosa, F.v.M.
Celastrus australis, Harv., C. hilocularis, F.v.M.
StackJiousla monogyna, Labill.
Cryptandra amara. Sin.
Vitis nit ens, Y. Muell.
Dodoncsa peduncularis, Lindl., D. vest if a. Hook., D. adenopliora,
Miq.
JacTcsoiiia scoparia, E. Br.
Viminaria denudata, Sm. I believe this has not been previously
recorded from Queensland.
Aotus mollis, Benth.
Gastrolohium grandiflorum, F. v. M.
Dillwynia Jlorihunda ? Sm.
Hovea long if alia, K. Br., H. longipes, Benth.
Grotalaria mitchelli, Benth., 0. dissitifolia, Benth.
Psoralea eriantlia, Benth., P. tenax, Lindl.
Indigofera linifolia, Ketz., I. glandidosa, Willd., /. trita, L., I,
australis, Heyne, /. hrevidens, Benth.
Seshania aculeata, Persoon. Generally in old watercourses.
Swainsonia galegifolia, B. Br.
Zornia diphylla, Pers. I have been inclined to think there are
two species.
Desmodium sp. Two or three specimens of this genus were
mislaid. It is well represented in the poor scrubs, especially
in stony ground.
Glycine falcata, Benth., G. tahacina, Benth.
Hardenhergia monopliylla, Benth. Very common in scrubs.
JErytlirina vespertilio, Benth.
Yigna vexillata ? Benth.
Atylosia scarahosoides, Benth.
Sarklya syringifolia, F. v. M.
Ml
582 BOTANICAL XOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
Cassia hrewsferi, F. v. M., C. australis, Sims, C. eremophila, A.
Cunn., C. artemisioides, G. sturtiij F. v. M.
BauJiinia cimningliami, Bentli., B. carroniiy F. v. M.
Neptunia gracilis^ Benth.
Acacia ^r/p^cr^, Benth., A. conferta, A. Cunn., A. sentis, F. Muell.,
A, penninervis, Sieb., A. neriifolia, A.. Cunn., A. podalyricefolia
A. Cunn., A. stenophylla, A. Cunn., A. implexa, Benth., A.
doratoxi/lon, A. Cunn., A. cunningliami, Hook., A. spectahilis,
A. Cunn., A. hidwilli.
Buhus parvifolius, L.
Ceratopliyllmn demersum, L. ^
Terminalia muelleri, Benth., T. oblongata, F. v. M.
Macropterantlies leichhardtii, F. Muell. This was found in the
Scrub between Emerald and Neathersfield by Mr.
O'Shannessy.
My specimens of Myrtaceae and Compositse, were with few
exceptions, destroyed in the Garden Palace Fire, together with
grasses, ferns, and all but the few remaining specimens to be
enumerated.
Dentella repens, Forst.
Cantliium lucidiom, Hook, and Arn. E-ather common in all the
Brigalow west of Eockhampton. C. oleifolium, Hook. C.
huxifolium, Benth. C. coprosmoides, F. v. M.
Asperula scoparia, Hook.
Cucmnis trigonus, Boxb.
Sydrocotyle laxijlora, DC.
Trachymene incisa, Budge.
JDaucus hrachiatus, Sieb.
Lomntlms loiifjifJorus, Desr., L. llnearifolius, Hook., L. penduliis,
Sieb.
Styliditom graminijvliicm, Swartz.
Velleia paradoxa, B. Br.
Goodenia glahra, B. Br. G. gmndijlora, Sims.
Sccevola spinescejis, B. Br.
BY THE REV. J. E. TENIS0X-T700DS, F.L.S., F.G.S. 583
Walilenhej'gia gracilis J A. DC.
Isotoma axillaris, Lindl.
Meliclirus rofafics, E-. Br.
Jlfaia Jiiunilis, R. Br.
Jasminum racemosiun, Y. v. M., tT. lineare, R. Br., J. suavissimum
Lindl.
Parsonsia lanceolata, li. Br.
Lyonsia eucali/ptifolia, P. v. M.
Secamone elliptica, H. Br.
Gymnanthera nitida.
JUarsdenia leichJiardtiaiia, F. v. M.
Soya aiisfralis, E. Br. Only on rocky places.
Artanema iimbriatum, Don.
The Brigalow is peculiarly rich in species of Solanwii, but alj
my examples are destroyed.
Tecoma ausfralis, E. Br.
Ruellia primulacea, E. v. M., R. corynotlieca, F. v, M., It. australis
E.Br.
Justicia procumhens, L.
Eriantliemum variahile, E. Br.
Ulyoporum deserti, A. Cunn,, 31. dehile, E. Br.
Eremopliila lafrohei, F. v. M., E. lonyifolia, F. v. M., E. polyclada
F. V. M., E. hrownii, F. v. M., E. macidata, F. v. M.
Verhena officinalis, L., Y. honariensis, L.
Spartotliamnus junceus, A. Cunn.
Clerodendronjlorihundiun, E. Br.
ALentlia australis, E. Br.
Salvia pleheia, E. Br.
Anisomeles salvifolia, E. Br.
Prostanthera eupthrasioides, Benth.
Teitcrium integrifolium, F. v. Muell.
Ajiiga australis, E. Br.
Plantago varia, Br.
Rhagodia paraholica, E. Br.
584! BOTANICAL NOTES ON QUEENSLAND,
Che?iopodium auricomum, Lindl.
Atriplex vesicaria, Hew., A. halimoides, Lindl.
Kochia lanosa, Lindl.
SalsoJa Icali, Linn.
Amarantus macrocarpus, Benth.
Tricliinum olovatum, Gaudich, T. tnacrocephahim,^.'Br., T.exaltatum
Benth.
AUernanthera nodiflora, E,. Br., A. denticulata, E-. Br.
Jjoerhaavia diffusa, Linn.
Petrophila sessilis, Sieb.
Conospermum sphacelatum, Hook.
Persoonia sericea, A. Cunn., F. falcatay R. Br.
Macadamia ternifolia, F. v. Muell.
X'l/lomelum salicinum, A. Cunn.
Grevillea longistyla, Hook., G. polystachya, E. Br., G. rohista, A.
Cunn.
Hahea saligna, Kniglit.
Lomatia silaifolia, K. Br.
Banlcs ia in tegri folia .
Pimelea glauca, K. Br., P. collina, E. Br., P. linifolia, Sni., P.
leptostachya, Benth.
Petalostigma quadriloculare, F. v. M.
JEupliorhia mitcJielliana, Boiss., E. dnimmondii, Boiss., E. alsiticefiora
Baill.
Poranthera microphyUa, Brongn. On clay banks.
Beyeria viscosa, Miq.
Picinocarpus loicmanni, F. v. M., B. ledifolius. F. v. M.
Bertya mitchelli, Mull Arg., B. olceifolia, B. sp, {crotonoides, O'Shan.
MS.)
AlchorrKsa iUcifolia, Muell. Arg.
Tragia novce-hollandia, R. Br.
This little plant stings just like the common house nettle.
Casiiarina glauca, Sieb., C. cunning hamiana, Miq.
Thesitim australe, R. Br.
BY THE REV. J. E. TEXISON- WOODS, F.G.S. 585
Sa?italum lanceolaticm, E.. Br.
JExocarpus aphylla, R. Br.
Frenela rohusta, Cunn. This tree occurs in patches in the Brigalow
scrub far "within the troj)ics, but always in the driest and
poorest sandy soils. I have noticed that it seems particularly
fond of soils derived from granite.
Araucaria hidwilU, Hook. Rare.
Cyeas media, R. Br., On poor soils.
Macrozamia perowshiana, Miq. If I am correct in my identification
this is very abundant on the edges of scrubs, and in the
sandstone and trap ranges between the Comet River and
Springsure. It is a noble tree like a palm, about 20 feet
high. The ground about this neighbourhood is covered
with the large nuts. Mr. Baily and Mr. O'Shannessy both
are inclined to regard this as a different species.
The few Orchids I was able to collect were destroyed in the
Garden Palace Fire. Brigalow is not rich in them.
Bulline lulhosa, Haw.
Arunidmella nepalensis, Trin.
Contribution to a knowledge of the Fishes of ^N'ew
Guinea. — ]S'o. III.
Bt William Macleat, F.L.S., &c.
Family LABRID^.
197. CniEROPS MACRODON, Blesk.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 94.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Labr., p. 162, pi.
47, fig. 1.
Syn. — Labriis macrodontus, Lacep. — Cuv. & Val.
" Tarquoya " of the natives.
198. Ch^rops ommopterus, Richards.
Ichth. China, p. 257.— Gunth., Cat. 4. p. 94.
586 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
Sjn. — C. ScJiosnleinii, Cuv. & Yal. — Bleek., Atl. Ichtli. Labr.,
p. 163, p. 46, fig. 3.
" Dava-Dava " o£ the natives.
199. Cheilinfs oxtcephalxjs, Bleek.
aunth., Cat. 4, p. 128.— Bleek., Atl. lehtli. p. 65, tab.;28, fig. 5.
" Mami " of the natives. A name given to several of this genus.
200. ChEILINUS FASCIA.TUS, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 129.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 68, tab. 26, fig. 3.
201. Cheilinus ijndulatus, Cuv. & Yal.
aunth., Cat. 4, p. 129.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 68, tab. 26, fig. 3.
202. Cheilinus eadiatus, Bl.
aunth.. Cat. % p. 131.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. p. 68, tab. 25, fig. 1.
Syn. — C, commersoni, Benn., C. coccineus, Riipp., and C.
diap^amma, Cuv. & Yal.
*' Ubaquarumi " of the natives.
203. Cheilinus chlorurus, Bl.
aunth.. Cat. 4, p. 128.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. p. 65, tab. 27, fig. 3.
Syn. — C. guttatus, and decacanthus, Bleek.
204. ChE'ILInus trilobatus, Lacep.
aunth.. Cat. 4, p. 126.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. p. m, tab. 27, fig. 2.
Syn. — G. nehuJosus, Richards. — C. tetragona, Bleek.
205. Epibulus insidiator, Bl.
aunth., Cat. 4, p. 135.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 74, tab. 22, fig. 3.
" Cabamourna " of the natives.
206. Anampses geographicus, Cuv. & Yal.
aunth., Cat. 4, p. 137.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. p. 102, tab. 25, fig. 3.
*' Humatua " of the natives.
by w. macleat, f.l s. 587
207. Hemigtmnits melanoptebus, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 139.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. p. 142, tab. 45, fig. 3.
Syn. — Tautoga melapterus, Cuv. & Val., Richards, and Bleek.
" Orlohe " of the natives.
208. Hemigymnus fasciatus, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 138.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. p. 141, tab. 46, fig. 2.
Syn. — Tautoga fasclata, Cuv. & Yal. — Cheilinus BlocJcii, Cuv.
& Val. .
209. Platyglossus chloropteeus, B1.
Grunth., Cat. 4, p. 144. — Salichoeres cMoropterus, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth., p. 125, tab. 35, fig. 3. — Jiclis semidecorata, Less., Yoj.
Coq., pi. 25.
" Gau " of the natives.
210. Platyglossus hortulanus, Lacep.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 147. — Hemitautoga centiquadra, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth., p. 139, tab. 32, fig. 3. — Julis decussatus, Cuv. & Yal. —
Halichoeres eximius, Kiipp.
211. Platyglossus guttulatus, n. sp.
D. 9/11. A. 3/11. L. lat. 27.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length ; the
anterior canine teeth long ; the tail truncate. The colour in
spirit specimens is of a pale olive-yellow all over, with indistinct
traces of two or more darker lines on the sides ; every scale on
the back and sides has a minute brown dot near its base ; there
is a coloured band from the mouth to the eye, and a dark spot
behind the eye, the pectoral fins have a narrow blue line at their
base above. The other fins are yellow and immaculate.
" Gau " of the natives. Length 4 inches.
588 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
212. NoYACULA. VANicOLENsis, Cuv. & Val.
Grunth., Cat. 4, p. 172. — Jidis vanicorensis, Quoy & Graim.,
Voy. AstroL, p. 704, pi. 20, fig. 1. — JVovacuUchthi/s tceniurus,
Bleek., Atl. IchtL, p. 144, tab. 31, fig. 5.
213. JULIS LCNAEIS, L.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 180.— Bleek., Atl. IcKth , p. 90, tab. 33, fig. 5.
Syn. — J. Hardwichii, Gi-ray. — J. jporpliyrocepliala^ Benn. — J.
Dupeoi^ei, Quoy & Gaim. — J. viridis, Cuv. & Val., &c. — Lahrus
gallus, L. Gm.
214. Cheilio inermis, B1.
Guntb., Cat. 4, p. 194.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 82, tab. 31, fig. 4.
Syn. — C. auratus, fmcus, cya)iocliloris, Forskalii, liemiclirysos,
viridis, and microstoma, of Cuv. & Val.
215. CoRis ANNULATA, Lacep.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 202.— Cuv. and Val., 13, p. 501, pi. 388.
Hologymnosiis fasciatus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 96, tab. 20. —
Julis rosea, Quoy & Gaim. — J. doliatus, Cuv. & Val.
216. COEIS CYANEA, U. Sp.
D. 9/10. A. 3/11. L. lat. 62.
Height of body nearly one- third of the total length, and con-
siderably more than the length of the head. Profile of head
concave with a prominent hump above. Eye small, about three
diameters from point of snout. Mouth oblique, anterior canine
teeth large, lips rather large but not fleshy, the lower with a fold
on each side. The first two spines of the dorsal fin longer than,
and nearly separated from the others ; the rays of the caudal fin
project considerably beyond the connecting membrane ; the
ventrals are pointed. The colour in spirits is black all over. Mr.
Goldie describes it as " Metallic-blue all over ; tip of tail and
lower fins edged with dark green."
" Gira-Gira" of the natives.
BY W. MACLEAY, F.L.S. 589
217. ComS PULCHEEEIMA, Val.
Gunth., Cat. 4<, p. 200.— 0. formosa, Bleek., Atl. Ichtli., p. 99,
tab. 19, fig. 3.
" Ilomatua " of the natives.
218. CoEis ciXGULUM, Lacep.
Grunth., Cat. 4, p. 203. — Julis cingulum, Cuv. & Val. — Julis
semipimetatus, Biipp. — Lahrus aureo-maculatus, Benn., Fish,
Ceyl. p. 20.
219. SCARICHTHTS C J.RULEOPUXCTATUS. Ellpp.
Guiitli., Cat. 4, p. 2L3.— Bleek., Atl. Ichtli. p. 16. tab. 1, fig. 2.
" Koko-koko " of the natives.
220. Calltodon brachtsoma, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 215.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. p. 14, tab. 2, fig. 3.
221. PsEUDOSCAEiJs MicEOEHiNUS, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 235.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 22, fig. 3.
222. PSEUDOSCAEIJS STEONGTLOCEPHALUS, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 235.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 23, tab. 4, fig. 3.
" Cuculedo " of the natives.
223. PsEUDOSCAEUs CHEYSOPOMA, Bleek.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 221.— P. viridis, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 45,
tab. 17, fig. 2.
Scarus Quoyi, Cuv. & Val., not Bleek.
224. PsEUDOSCAEUs Cantoei, Bleek.
Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 43, tab. 9, fig. 2.
225. PsEUDOSCAEUs NUCHiPUNCTATUS, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 223.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 31, tab. 10, fig. 3.
Scarus limhatus, Cuv. & Val.
590 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
226. PSEUDOSCAEUS GTMNOGNATHUS, CuV. & Yal.
Gunth., Cat. 4, p. 239.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., p. 28, tab. 15, fig. 3.
" Vaciri " of the natives.
227. PSEUDOSCARUS GOLDIEI, 11. sp.
Upper and lower profile moderately and equally convex ; lips
very narrow, jaws whitish or rosy ; two series of scales on the
cheek, the lower composed of six scales, the lower praeopercular
limb naked. Tail truncate, the three terminal body scales
extending far upon it. Pourteen pectoral rays. Colour " Dull
purple all over, pinkish under head." Length 7 inches.
*' Kukka-kukka " of the natives.
228. PsEUDOSCARUS FRONTALIS, H. sp.
Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower of seven scales ;
one scale beneath on the praeopercular limb. Lips narrow, jaws
blue, with strong pointed teeth at the angle of the upper. The
head is flat and almost horizontal above, until above the mouth,
where it becomes suddenly rounded and vertical. The scales are
large. L. lat. 22. Fifteen pectoral rays ; tail with the outer
rays much produced. Mr. Goldie's note of the coloration is,
'• Green back, dark purple over nose, fins and belly light green,
blue and purple streaks under the mouth, eye dark gold, fins and
tail purple and blue." The upper half of the pectorals is dark
coloured beneath. A. large fish over 18 inches in length.
"Naitahe " of the natives.
229. PsEUDOSCARUS PAPUENSIS, 11. Sp.
Three series of scales on the cheek, covering the praeopercular
limb. Jaws whitish, the upper not half covered by the lip, and
with two strong teeth at each angle. The tail is crescent shaped,
13 rays in the pectoral fins ; profile moderately convex. L. lat.
21. Colour in spirits uniform yellowish. Mr. Goldie says
" Green with edge of scales bright pink, side fins green and pink,
BY WILLIAM MACLEAT, F.LS. 591
tail green with pink stripe on top and bottom, but edged with
green, top and bottom fins pink edged with turquoise blue, orbit
hazel." Length 16 inches.
" Niiti " o£ the natives.
230. PSEUDOSCAEUS ZONATUS, Tl. sp.
Three series of scales on the cheek, not covering the prae-
opercular limb ; the jaws are whitish, without teeth at the angle,
the upper almost entirely covered by the lip ; thirteen pectoral
rays ; tail crescentic, the outer rays considerably produced. The
lower profile is much more convex than the upper. Coloration
according to Mr. Groldie — " Head dull green fading to light green
towards the tail, two yellow patches on each side, pinkish along
belly. There seems to be a well defined dark patch covering the
head and back from the mouth to near the extremity of the
pectoral fin in a line with the lower margin of the eye.
" Dulai " of the natives.
231. PSEUDOSCARL'S LABIOSUS, n. sp.
Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower of six scales ; the
pr^eopercular limb entirely naked. Profile more convex below
than above. Jaws whitish, the upper with three, the lower with
two pointed teeth at each angle of the mouth ; the upper lip
rather broad, but not covering more than half of the jaw, the
lower lip reflected and lobed in the middle. Pectoral rays
thirteen ; the lateral rays of the caudal fin somewhat produced.
L. lat. 24. The colour in spirits is of a brownish-yellow, lighter
on the under surface ; the fins are yellow, the dorsal and anal
having evidently had a coloured submarginal band, there are traces
of two broad coloured bands across the chin.
"Bonoheri" of the natives.
232. PSEUDOSCARUS MORESBYENSIS, U. sp.
Three series of scales on the cheek, the middle series with fire
scales, the lower with two, these last just reaching the prae-
592 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
opercular limb. Jaws whitish and half covered by the lips which
are rather broad and like those of P. lahiosus ; the tail is truncate.
Mr. Goldie thus describes the colour in the fresh specimen —
" G-reen and magenta body, top of head brownish, rest green, tail
green and magenta with sea-green edges, orbit light hazel."
" Carava " of the natives.
I believe Mr. Goldie's collection contains several other species
of this genus, but I am unable to satisfy myself as to their
specific differences. I regret to find that Mr. Goldie's descriptions
as regards this group of Fishes are not sufiicientiy detailed.
Family SILURID^.
233. Plotosus macrocephaltjs, Cuv. & Val.
Cuv. & Val., XV., p. 428, pi. 449.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Silur.,
tab. 47, fig. 1.
" Deteira " of the native.
Family SCOPELIDtE.
234. Saurus yaritjs, Lacep.
Gunth., Cat. 5, p. 395.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Saurid., tab. 2, fig. 5.
Syn. — S. variegatus, Quoy & Gaim. — S synodus, Cuv. & Yal.
Family SCOMBRESOCID^.
235. Belone cancila, Buch.
Gunth., Cat. 6, p. 253.— Cuv. & Yal, 18, p. 455.
" Quarrabudda " of the natives. From fresh water.
236. Belone annflata, Cuv. & Val.
Gunth., Cat. 6, p. 240.— Cant. Mai. Fish., p. 244.
Mastaca7)iheIuschoram,'Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Scombres.,tab. 10, f. 2.
" Quarabata " of the natives.
BY WILLIAM MACLEAY, F.L.S. 593
237. Belone liuroides, Bleek.
Guntli., Cat. 6, p. 2^3. — Masfacamhehts liuroides, Bleek., Atl.
lelitli. Scombres. tab. 9, fig. 1.
238. HEillEHAMPHrS COMMEESOISTI, Cuv.
Ountli., Cat. 6,p.271.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Scombres. tab. 6, f.3.
" Manaria " of the natives.
239. Hemirhamphfs Qiiori, Cuv. & Val.
aunth., Cat. 6, p. 267.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Scombres. tab. 6,
fig. 1, and tab. 4, fig. 3.
"Moa" of the natives.
240. HEiiiRiiAMPHUs DisPAE, Cuv. & Yal.
Grunth., Cat. 6, p. 274. — Zenarchopterus dispar, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth. Scombres. tab. 7, fig. 4.
" Quarapata" of the natives. From fresh water.
241. Hemiehamphus Cat^toei, Bleek.
aunth.. Cat. 6, p. 264.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Scombres., tab. 6, f . 2.
Syn. — H. longirostris and Georgii of Bleeker.
Pamilt CLUPEID^..
242. Eih'geaults enceasicholoides, Bleek.
aunth., Cat. 7, p. 387.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Clup., tab. 5, f. 4.
243. Chatoessijs chacunda, Cuv. & Val.
aunth., Cat. 7, p. 411. — Dorosoma chacunda,3leek., Atl. Ichth.
Clup. tab. 3, fig. 5.
" Rurupete " of the natives.
244. Albula coNOEHrxcHus, Bl.
aunth., Cat. 7, p. 468. — Gonorht/iichus glossodon, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth., Clup. tab. 7, fig. 1.
594 PISHES OF "NEW GUIJfEA,
Syn. — A. macrocephala^ parrce, goreensis^ hananus, neoguinece,
seminuda, ergthrocheilos, SLndfo?'steri, of Cu. & Yal.
" Quada " of the natives.
245. Elops saurus, L.
Guntli., Cat. 7, p. 470.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Clup., tab. 10, f. 3.
gyii — Mops machnata, Richards., Yoy. Ereb. and Terr., pi. 36,
fig. 3-5.
246. Mkgalops maceoptebus, Bleek.
Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Clup., tab. 15, fig. 2.
" U-n-la " of the natives.
Dr. Grunther includes this species among the many synonyms
of Megalops cyprinoides.
247. Changs sALMOis-Ers, Bl.
G-unth., Cat. 7, p. 473.— Bleeli., Atl. Ichth., Clup., tab. 14, f. 4.
gyi^_ — C, menfo, cJdowpterus, nuchalls, Oi^ientalls, and cypjnnella
of Cuv. & Yal. — Lutodeira salmonea, E/ichards., Yoy. Ereb. and
Terr., p. 58, pi. 36, fig. 1.
" Orrorobu" of the natives.
248. Chieocextrus doeab, Eorsk.
aunth., Cat. 7, p. 475.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Clup., tab. 13, f. 3.
" Harega" of the natives.
Family MUE^NIDtE.
249. MuEiEis'A siDEEEA, Eichards.
Yoy. Ereb. and Terror, p. 85, pi. 48, figs. 1-5.
" Tagala" of the natives.
Eamily SCLEEODEEMI.
BY WILLIAM MACLEAT, F.L.S. 595
250. Balistes flayimargixatus, Eiipp.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 223.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Balist., p. 113, tab.
4, fig. 3, and tab. 10, fig. 3.
"Dumocicia " of the natives.
251. Balistes yieidescens, B1.
G-untL, Cat. 8, p. 220.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth, Balist., p. 112,
tab. 17. fig. 2.
'• Baru-Baru " of the natives.
252. Balistes fuscus, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 222.—^. clirysospilus, Bleek.. Atl. Ichth.,
Balist. p. Ill, tab. 11, fig. 3.
253. Balistes aculeatus, L.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 233.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Balist., p. 120, tab.
2, fig. 3.
254. Balistes verrucosus, L.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 225.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Balist , p. 120,
tab. 2, fig. 2.
Syn. — B. ijradinoides^ Less., Yoy. Coq.. pi. 9, fig. 3.
255. Balistes rectaxgulus, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 225. — B. enjthropteron, Less., Yoy. Coq., pi.
10, fig. 3. — B. cinctiis, Bleek., Atl., Ichth., Balist., p. 119, tab.
34, fig. 1.
256. Balistes armatus, Bleek,
Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Balist., p. 115, tab. 2, fig. 1.
257. Balistes uxdulatus, Park.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 226. — B. lamourouxii, Quoy & Gaim., Yoy.
Uran., pi. 37, fig. 1. — B. lineatus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Balist., p.
118, tab. 15, fig. 2. •
596 FISHES OF NEW GUINEA,
258. MONACANTHUS SCOPAS, CuV.
G-untli., Cat. 8, p. 232. — Amanses scopas, Bleek , Atl. Ichth.
Balist., p. 135, tab. 14, fig. 3.
*' Kuclima " of the natives.
259. MoNACANTHUS CHINENSIS, Bl.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 236.— Bleek., Atl. Ichth., Balist., p. 125,
tab. 8, fig. 2.
260. MoNACANTHUS NIGRICANS, U. Sp.
D. 26. A. 23. P. 13. 0. 10.
Height of body half the total length, skin rough ; dorsal spine
strong and rough, but without rows of spines, situated above the
orbit, and about equal in length to the distance between the eye
and the mouth ; profile from the dorsal spine to the mouth at an
angle of 45° and slightly concave ; ventral spine strong, prominent,
and armed with short strong spines ; tail truncate, a tooth brush-
looking tuft of spines on each side between the dorsal and anal
fins. Colour dull dark brown all over, with traces of numerous
darker narrow bands on the body, dorsal, anal and pectoral fins
clear and spotless.
261. MONACANTIIUS FIJLIGINOSUS, n. Sp.
D, 34. A. 32.
Height of body half the total length ; skin like fine sand paper,
dorsal spine long, pointed, covered with granulations, rising
above the anterior margin of the eye, snout rather long, the
profile very slightly concave ; the tail is truncate, the ventral
spine does not extend beyond the cutaneous ventral expansion.
Colour uniform sooty-brown, fins clear.
262. OSTEACION CUBICUS, L.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p, 260. — 0. tetragonns, Bleek., Atl. Ichth.,
Ostrac, p. 39, tab. 1, fig. 2, and tab. 3, fig. 2.
" Worra " of the natives.
BY "VS'ILLIAir MACLEAY, F.L.S. 597
263. OsTHACiox ARcus, Bleek.
Acanthostracion arcus, Bleek., Atl. Ichth. Ostrac, p. 35, tab. 2
fig. 3, and tab. 4, fig. 4.
''Iduari " of the natives.
Pamily GYMNODOXTES.
264. Tetrodom stellatus, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 295. — Crayracion lineatus, Bleek., x\tl. Icbtli*
Gymnod., p. 70, tab. 2, fig. 1, and tab. 8, fig, 1,
'' Godu " of the natives.
265. Tetrodox reticularis, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 296. — Crayracion tesiudinea, Bleek., Atl. Ichth.
Gj-mnod., p. 71, tab. 8, fig. 3.
266. Tetrodox mapra, Less.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 293. — Crayracion inappa, Bleek., Atl. Ichth.
Gymnod., p. 72, tab. 6, fig. 3.
267. Tetrodox xigropuxctatus, B1.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 293. — Crayracion nigrojmnctatiis, Bleek., Atl.
Ichth., Gymnod., p. 75, tab. 2, fig. 4.
Family SELACHID^^E.
268. ClIILOSCYLLIUM ocellatum, L,
Gunth., Cat. 8, p, 410.— Mull. & Henle, p. 16.
269. GlXGLYMOSTOMA COXCOLOR.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 409.— Dum., Elasm., p. oZA.
270. Crossorhixus barbatus, L.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 414.— Muller & Henle, p. 21, i^l. 5.
N 1
598 GEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN COALEIELDS,
Family BATID^IE.
271. Trygox graxulata, n. sp.
Tail without any cutaneous fold, slender, nearly twice the
length of the disk and covered to the extremity with very minute
spines. Snout very obtusely angled. Disk about as broad as
long. Head and back of body covered with small granules which
extend on the ridge of the tail to the spine. Two papillcc at the
bottom of the mouth. Colour uniform dirty brown. Diameter
of disk 1 3 inches.
272. T.EXIURA LYMXA, CuV.
Gunth., Cat. 1, p. 483.— MuUer & Henle, pp. 171-197.
273. TyEXIURA ATRA, 71. Sp.
Tail nearly twice the length of the disk, with a large cutaneous
fold below the terminal half. Disk much broader than long, and
rounded at the snout. Head and body above densely covered
with small nitid granules, within the centre of the ridge of the
back three or four rounded depressed nitid tubercles ; the granules
only extend on to the root of tail. The colour is a jet glossy
black over all the upper surface, the under surface is white.
Diameter of disk 16 inches.
274. Rhixobatus graxulatus, Cuv.
Gunth., Cat. 8, p. 443.— Muller & Henle, p. 117, pi. 38.
!N'oTEs ox THE Geology or the Westerx' Coalfield,
Capertee. Part II.
By Professor Stephexs, M.A.
The Marangaroo beds show some distinct and sure tokens of
at least a partially marine oi'igin. Mr. Wilkinson has observed*
* Geological Map of Hartley, &c., note 17.
BT PROFESSOR STEPHENS, M.A. 599
tliat " about 75 feet below tbe base o£ tlie upper Coalmeasures
occurs a bed of ferruginous conglomerate of the upper marine
series, containing abundance of Spirifera vespertilio, Spirifera,
JProducta, Euomphalus't JPecteii, Coniclarta, &c. These beds
appear to have a slight dip to the north-east, and to be conform-
able to the overlying Glossopteris beds." The fossils here
mentioned were obtained from a shaft sunk in the Marangaroo
flat, about 40 chains east of the platform. Again, at the head of
Piper's flat, Avhere the railway crosses the great dividing range,
he notes "Ferruginous conglomerate containing Ooniolaria.'''
Isovi this Ferruginous Conglomerate is the very same stuff as the
dark Mulatto conglomerate of which I have previously spoken.
The chemical changes by which it has been altered have not been
of such a character as to change any of the embedded fossils, and
so we have the delicate shell of Conularia still discoverable. But,
so far as my experience goes, there is no general abundance of
these marine forms. Mr. AVilkinson did indeed obtain them in
considerable numbers, but only quite at the hase of the conglomerate.
I do not think that they are to be found higher up, except in
rare cases.
However, here is evidence enough of at least a partially marine
origin for the Marangaroo Conglomerate. Let us consider the
character of the stuff more carefully. We see in the Conglomerate
proper an extraordinary confusion of large and small pebbles
and angular blocks, varying, as Mr. Wilkinson says, from the
size of a pea to upwards of two feet in diameter, and sometimes,
as I have myself observed, to much more than double, if not
treble dimensions. These are embedded in a muddy sand, with-
out, in general, any sorting or sizing ; processes which are
inseparable from the ordinary action of tidal waters or regular
river currents. Here and there, however, we see particular beds
wdiich have undergone such a process of subsequent arrangement,
and appear as Sandstones or Shales, interbedded with the Con-
glomerates. The pebbles are sometimes derived from older
600 GEOLOGY OF THE WESTEEX COALFIELDS,
Devonian Conglomerates, in which case they are well rounded ;
sometimes from the fossiliferous heds in the neighbourhood, in
which case they are slightly rounded upon the angles, but retain
a generally prismatic form ; and it is in these that the Ehyn-
chonellas, Spirifers, and Trilobites are found.
Many of these blocks are of very large size, five or six feet
in diameter, and are nevertheless mixed up like plums in a pudding
with the finer grained matrix in which they lie. Some of these,
as notably near ' Stone House,' two miles north of Capertee, are
finely polished, (as are also fragments of hard conglomerate near
E-ound Swamp). But there is, so far as I could see, no positive
evidence of glacial striation, nor does the character of the polish
connect it with glacial action. Nevertheless I feel assured that
no other agency than that o-f great mountain glaciers, feeding
strong watercourses, which were also subject to violent but
occasional floods, as at the melting of the superficial snows in
spring, could ever have piled up, or rather spread out, the coarse
alluviums of which I write. The polish of the several blocks I
take to have been given by long continued drift of sand, impelled
either by wind or water, over them. And the fact that the larger
pieces, and therefore the most permanent in position on beach or
strath, are the better polished, seems to me to confirm my view.
But in this Conglomerate are also intercalated Shales, of
evidently freshwater origin, and full of leaves ; while even in the
rude mass itself one can recognize portions of woody tissue,
partly carbonized, and partly converted into pyrites. All these
phenomena point very clearly to such an origin as has been
indicated above. Great Stratlis, Links, and Estuary formations
occupied the lower valleys and coasts of an Archipelago or Island
Continent (like New Zealand) whose mountain summits were
snow clad, whose upper valleys were occupied by great glaciers,
and whose enormous waste and detritus was hurried do^n to
near the sea level by streams too impetuous and too irregular to
sort out their material. The glacier moraines supplied the stuff ;
BY PROFESSOR STEPHENS, M:.A. GOl
tlie glacier streams, laden from time to time ^vitli ice rafts, carried
it, and tlie sea at the margin, and the rivers themselves in their
autumn beds, separated in patches and layers, sands from pebbles j
and mud from sands, but left the larger blocks where they
happened to find them.
AYe may I think safely assert this much ; and may regard it as
beyond serious question that the Marangaroo Conglomerate was
formed, 1. near the sea level; 2. only slightly within the
influence of the sea, and that principally in its older portions ;
3. that it was formed of mountain waste accumulated in higher
valleys by the action of glaciers ; and 4. that it was ultimately
laid down, partly in broad river valleys or straths debouching on
the sea, partly in straits and firths, and partly along the sea
margins. From the nature of the deposit, it would never extend
outwards more than a few furlongs.
Similar accumulations fill the' upper valleys of the Ehone
and E-hine in Switzerland, and are familiar enough to the
geologist in Scotland, the north of England, and New Zealand.
Indeed they are common to all glacier districts. The surface of
these formations is never quite level, sloping, as a matter of course,
mth the rivers to which they owe their origin. And we shall
presently see that the N.E. dip spoken of by Mr. Wilkinson
indicates in all probability the direction in which the materials
were in this case carried. The surface moreover, is sure to be
subject to spring floods, bearing with them vast quantities of ice,
and consequently to almost annual shifting of the river currents,
which are perpetually at work, here to form mounds, there to
excavate hollows, but which nevertheless on the whole, tend to
sort out and arrange the materials through which they travel,
and reduce them by degrees to a fairly graded slope.
Above these plains, which we must imagine as consisting in
great measure, of broad tracts of gravel and moraine- stuff, too
often shifted to be clothed with vegetation, but diversified with
602 GEOLOGY OF THE WESTEEX COALFIELDS,
islands and knolls, backwaters and swamps on and in wliicli
tlie characteristic vegetation of Equiseta, Eerns, Cycads, and
Conifers formed tliick scrubs and savannahs of uniform and
perennial green — there rose tier after tier of mountains, forest
clad below, but rising behind into snowy peaks, from which
numerous glaciers descended. The landscape would probably,
to ordinary observers appear much like such a landscape at the
present day. The Botanist indeed would think very differently.
His astonishment, excitement, and intense gratification can only
be faintly imagined from the bewilderment and exultation of
Mr. Banks when he first went botanizing with Captain Cook
at Kurnel.
These Alps however, have disappeared under the slow wear of
time. The lower portions or foundations of the mass alone
remain, very little if at all higher, and often much lower than,
the terraces which were formed in ancient times upon their flanks,
and the straths which once filled their valleys. These lower
portions are highly metamorphic quartzites, slates, and lime-
stones, with granites. The upper storeys, which were doubtless
far less refractory, have been swept away, mile after mile in depth.
It is therefore impossible to determine exactly the Orography of
this ancient mountain tract. This however we dare say, that in
its greater width and height it lay to the south, west, and north-
west of AVallerawang, being continuous with the main Southern
Chain, and its two great laterals, the one west of tbe Bogan, the
other south of the Murray. Towards the north it seems to have
gradually declined to the broad de2)ression which separated it
from the corresponding mountainous island (or continent) which
commencing about Tamworth extends far northward into
Queensland. Here there ^vevc j^i'ohallj/ low tracts of land with
scattered volcanoes, broad tracts of gravels, mainly derived from
older conglomerates, and washed into the hollow from either
island; but certainly large areas of shallow seas in which the
Marine beds above mentioned were forming. This sea, or
BY PROFESSOll STEPHENS, :M.A. 603
archipelago, lapped round the northern end'of our mountain
system, at least as far as Dubbo, and extended far to the north-
ward, west of the Sister Island. It formed our eastern coastline
running nearly north and south as far as Bateman's Bay, where
its record is lost.
This sea was not generally deep, but had a very rugged bottom ;
and there were probably many small islands in it, about which no
conglomerate would form, for obvious reasons. Their shores and
the general sea floor were formed by corresponding deposits, but
composed chiefly of sand, sometimes so full of shells as to become
impure limestones. The lime however has by the present time
been almost entirely removed by acid percolation, at least in the
beds to which we have access. They are known generally as the
Upper (Uppermost) Marine Carboniferous series, and are found
as evidence of this ancient sea in many parts of our coalfields.
They can seldom be traced by their outcrop, because the super-
incumbent or fresh water beds (including the coal itself, which
is of subaerial formation) for the most part overlap them. Con-
sequently they only become visible when disclosed by dislocation
and erosion, or when penetrated by miners in sinking for the
lower seams. They have thus been proved at Anvil Creek, G-reta
and Stony Creek near Maitland, at the Australian Agricultural
Company's and the Wallsend pits, Newcastle ; at Mount Keira,
near Wollongong ; at Kangaroo Eiver, near its junction with the
Shoalhaven, where they are bedded on Grranite, and at Jarvis
Bay. They have also been proved further to the west at Xattai,
Burragorang, Lithgow, and the Wolgan.* I do not doubt that
the level country at the bottom of the Capertee Valley is of the
same formation, though I was unable to examine it except from
a distance. And there are innumerable localities in the basin of
the Hunter, and some at least in that of the Namoi, where they
are also found.
* See reports by Eev. W. B. Clarke and Mr. J. Mackenziej Mines and
Mineral Statistics, 1875.
001 GEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN COALFIELDS,
I may here repeat, perhaps ad nauseam, that this is our last
marine formation, so far as the Coalfields are concerned, and that
all our subsequent sedimentary rocks are either of fresh-water or
subaerial origin, j^ow wherever the rocky sea-bottom fell steeply
from the shore, it would be impossible for this sh'elly sand to
accumulate, except in small patches. And wherever the water
was deep enough and far enough from the shore neither sand nor
shells would be formed. It would therefore be reasonable to
expect that such a formation should have many breaks or gaps
in its extent, and that m consequence the subsequent deposits
which owe their preservation to the fair level foundation which
it provided, should have been chequered with a similar pattern of
deep spaces or lakes of fresh water, in which but little sediment
could deposit itself. Por in lakes there are no great and con-
tinuous currents, as in the Ocean, to carry river detritus hundreds
of miles away from the place where it was discharged. Sands
brought down by rivers into lakes accumulate in deltas and flat
banks with their fronts sloping sharply down into the deep water
bevond ; while even the finest particles of muddy cloud, slowly
as they sink, will very soon have fallen through the stream in
which they were supported, as it slackens, widens and thins out
in the lake, and will then find themselves in dead water through
which they can only sink vertically, whatever length of time they
may require to reach the bottom. Consequently lacustrine
deposits must always be marginal.
After a long period during which the energy of glacial and
other erosion seems to have been gradually diminishing, we turn
our eye again upon the scene. We observe that the Alps are lower,
the plains more level and broad, stretching out as an almost level
shallow bottom beneath the waters of tranquil lakes, which have
taken place of the sea. There is no sea in sight. The landscape
is one of a multitude of fresh-water lakes bordered by level plains
through which gentle rivers flow from the hills behind. Vegetation
is abundant, though apparently of a rather dwarfish or stunted
BY PROFESSOR STEPHEXS, M.A. 605
eliaracter. The climate seems to be cold and moist. Tlie
mountains are still fringed with pines, and haunted by mists
which distil perpetual through not excessive rain. There are no
violent floods or torrents. Fine sands are deposited in level
strands along the lake margins, and mud-banks further out.
Here and there beds of greyish-green Equisetums grow up
like reeds through the water. — (Vertehmria). Similar brakes
line the shore, while on the dry ground we see a variety of ferns,
springing from the earth, climbing growling trees, and clothing
drift wood. But the vegetation in general does not differ from
that of the last epoch. There must be insects present, but we
see none : and there is no sign of any land or fresh- water snail
that carries a shell. There are fish to be sure (Palceoniscus &c.)
in the waters, but no other vertebrates.
This is the period of the Lower Capertee Shales.
After this the waters gradually deepen and gain on the land.
There is no question in these fresh- water formations as to whether
this is due to sinking of land or rising of water. The latter alone
is the cause here. Just as certainly as the variations of sea level
depend on slow vertical oscillation of the land, does the encroach-
ment or retirement of a lake result from the increase or decrease
of its contents. Accordingly the smaller lakes unite with one
another and with the larger, until a large and deep sheet of water
with a heavy wash upon the shore, fliictihus etfremitu surgens
marino^ extends to the very foot of the hills. And now great
beds of white sands, varying from the finest grain to coarse gravel,
the quartz detritus of granitic and metamorphic rocks, intermixed
with small pebbles out of the old (Devonian) conglomerates,
begin to form over large areas. These are the Capertee Grits.
They contain no fossils, as is consistent with the uiodQ of their
formation.
At length the waters ceased to rise. Broad islands and banks
of the finest clays spread themseh-es out from the shore upon the
sands just described. The lake is again diversified with shoals
GOG AUSTEALIAX SPECIES OF PHOEOXIS,
and fringed with level plains, and these are again covered with
vegetation.
This though composed of the same or similar genera as that of
the preceding periods is far more luxuriant. Dark humus
accumulates during long periods of undisturbed growth, until a
river flood, or another rise of the lake covers it with mud. This
being again exposed, the process is repeated, until by slow degrees?
and after many oscillations of rise and fall, many successive Coal
seams one above the other, each wdth its foot- clay, and roof of
shale or sandstone, are buried beneath the waters, and the pro-
duction of coal in these regions is ended.
For once more, and for the last time, the lake has encroached
greatly and rapidly upon the shore, and its waves once again beat
directly upon the sloping bases of the hills.
The same vegetation still clothes the land, but there are no
levels in which its debris can accumulate, and what woody matter
is washed down into the water is soon comminuted by the con-
stant shock of the shore waves. The never ceasing erosion of the
land, continued centuries after centuries, perseveres in' lowering
the mountains into an undulating land, with its eastern and
northern slopes dipping below the sandy shores of the lakes.
For vast beds of sand formed from the waste of the continent,
swept down into the lake by rivers, and transported by the shore
wash to right and left of their mouths, have now silted up with
a final deposit, (the coping stone as it were of the whole building),
all the series of rocks w^hose formation we have been witnessing
in imagination.
This is the commencement of the Hawkesbury Period.
Peeliminaey :n'ote on ax ArsTEALiAi^' SPECIES OF Plioronis
{Ge])liyrea ^ Tuhicola.'')
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
The aberrant genus JPJioronis, whose remarkable relations to
the Gepltyrea on the one hand, and lo the Entop-oct Brijozoa on
BY WILLIAM A. UASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 607
the otlier render it one of tlie most interesting of the ' Vermes,'
hfis hitherto only been observed in European seas. The present
species, which I propose to name P. australis, was obtained on
two occasions during the dredging work carried on under the
auspices of the Trustees of the Australian Museum, at a depth
of fifteen fathoms off Ball's Head, in Port Jackson. It differs
very widely from its European congener in the nature of its
shelter. A number of individuals inhabit a large irregular
£;emi-gelatinous sac, about six inches long and three or four wide,
and open at both ends. The walls of the sac, which are about i
to ^2 an inch in thickness, and are tolerably tough, are composed
of numerous fine threads closely felted together, and in these
walls, in wideish irregular spaces among the felted threads, lie
the worms, the head projecting externally ; the inner surface of
the sac is lined by a dense glistening layer of the same material as
the rest. The whole substance of the sac is of a purple colour.
The worm presents a cylindrical body, sometimes as much as
two and a half inches in length and an eighth of an inch in
thickness, and slightly dilated at the hinder end. The head
bears a crown of slender filiform ciliated tentacles two-thirds of
an inch in length and some hundreds in number, borne on a
lophophore, which is continuous behind, but divided in fronts
the two limbs each becoming rolled on itself in a series of three
and a half spiral turns. The lophophore is vertically ribbed,
the ribs being continuous with the tentacles, into which the
lophophore is, as it were, frayed out. The front portion of the
body, together with the tentacles, is of a dark purple ; the hinder
portion is reddish, owing to the blood-vessels shining through.
JN'umerous embryos were found enclosed in the spiral of each
half of the lophophore. The stages observed do not materially
differ from those of the European species, but I have not yet
succeeded in finding fully-formed Act Inotro dice.
The movements of the animals were exceedingly sluggish, a
peculiarity wherein it differs very markedly from the European
<308 ox A CUEIOUS IXSTANCE OF SYMBIOSIS,
species, wliicli is described as retracting itself when disturbed
Avitli extreme rapidity into its tube.
Note ox a cueious instance of Symbiosis.
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
In the June before last I obtained with the dredge off Thursday-
Island, in a depth of four or five fathoms, specimens of a branching
species of Cellepora, which was dotted over with small red specks.
On examining these more minutely, I found each to consist of a
minute Acimid lodged in a cylindrical pit excavated in the
substance of the polyzoarium and projecting, when expanded,
about a quarter of an inch from the surface of the latter. Each
of the pores is about a twentieth of an inch in diameter ; they
are cylindrical and tolerably smooth, and in most cases the orifices
are furnished with a low projecting rim. When they are traced
backwards into the substance of the CJellepora two are frequently
found to unite, and very often they eventually open into the
cavity occupying the centre of the thicker branches. They very
often extend in this way through a distance many times greater
than the length of the ActuiiditseU, and, as the latter is provided
with no means by which it can retract itself into the interior,
this long canal must be the result of the simultaneous growth of
the little anemone and the Cellepora in which it is lodged.
This singular phenomenon is specially interesting on account
of the light which it throws on the structure of some very
problematical-looking species of Bryozoa, one of which I described
not long ago under the name of Sj)li(Broporafossa.^ In this species
the bryozoarium is spherical, slightly compressed, one pole being
* Mr. "Waters, whose authority on the subject of Bryozoa is probably as
f^a'eat as that of any living zoologist, regards the form of the cells as not
being sufficiently distinctive to justify the separaticn of this species from
Cellepora.
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.S.C. G09
always cliaracterisecl by the presence of a deep cylindrical pore
running in the direction of the axis, but not quite reaching to the
opposite pole. This pit is always well-defined and uniformly
cylindrical, and it is difficult to explain its nature unless we
suppose that it was occupied by a minute Actinid similar to those
already described. ]S'one of the specimens which I have seen
exceeded an eighth of an inch in diameter, and most of them,
from their worn appearance, must have been dead when dred^-ed,
so that there would seem to be a tendency in this species to airest
of growth and death at a certain definite stage of growth. This
species, it is to be remarked, differs entirely in the nature of its
zooecia from the branching species already mentioned, which is
a normal Cellepora.
A species very nearly related in the peculiar form of the cells
of C. fossa was dredged off Port Stephens, at depths of 20 to 30
fathoms. The form of the bryozoarium in this case is usually
that of an elongated cone, a third of an inch to half an inch in
length, with a pit, exactly like that occurring in C. fossa, in the
centre of the base ; but sometimes it has the form of a circular
plano-convex disk, a third of an inch in diameter, with cells on
both sides and without a pit, while in other cases the shape is
more irregular, subhemispherical or the like, but never larger
than a pea.
It seems very likely that the first-mentioned species starts from
an early stage resembling C. fossa or its ally, a group of cells sur-
rounding a single young Actinid ; as the zoarium increases and
the cells grow round the mouth of the cavity occupied by the
latter, the canal is constantly being elongated as the sea-anemone
remains at its orifice, and thus prevents it from being encroached
upon by the multiplying cells. Sometimes the sea-anemone* gives
off a lateral bud, and at this point the canal is seen to branch,
* I sent specimens of the Actinid to Prof. Mosely of Oxford, who will
describe them.
610 ox THE SEGMENTAL ORGANS OF APHEODITA,
and by degrees, by the simultaneous growth of the Bryozoon and
the Sea- Anemone, such a complex organism as I have described
is produced.
KoTE ON THE Segmental Organs of Aplirodita.
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.
Having recently, for the first time had the opportunity of
■examining specimens of Aphrodlta in the living state, I have been
able to study the structure of the segmental organs, which I find
to differ in no essential point from those of Pohjnoe as lately
described by me.* I have it on the authority of Pagenstecher,t
that the external apertures of these organs in Aplirodlta were
known to Treviranus. They have probably been noticed by
numerous observers since,! ^^^^ ^^^ tvMC arrangement of the
organs themselves seems never to have been made out,§ and
€ntirely erroneous descriptions of them have, as I have previously
had occasion to notice, been published and accepted. The external
apertures are situated, as in Polyno'e, on the ventral surface close
to the bases of the parapodia ; but there is no perforated tubercle
or cirrus as in the latter genus. The segmental organs themselves
consist of small, flattened, somewhat sigmoid, reddish-yellow sacs,
situated in contact with the ventral wall of the body a little
* Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., vol. vii., p. 262^ and ' Zoologischer Anzeiger,'
1882.
t Allgemeine Zoologie, Theil iv.
X Quatrefages among the number — He says (Hist. Nat. des Anneles, I.,
p. 109) " Chez une Aphrodite hispide male, j'ai vu le sperme sortir, sons la
forme d'un filet blanc, de la base de la rame inferieure d'un seul cote
du dix-neuvieme anneau."
§ Cosmovici in a paper on the segmental organs of Annelides publishel
jn the 'Archives de Zoologie Exfedmentale et Generale* whijh I have
not sean, has (as I learn from an abstract in the Journ. K.. Micro. Soc, vol.
iii., pp. 635 and 949.) described the segmental organs of the allied geniis'
Hermione.
BY WILLIAM A. HASWELL, M.A., B.S.c. Gil
internally to the bases of the parajDodia. They are widest in the
middle, pointed at either end, the one end opening externally in
the position described, and the inner ending blindly, the internal
aperture being situated in the middle of the wider central part
of the organ.
Postscript.
Since the above was written I have received a copy of the
Supplement to Claparedes " Annelides Chetopodes du Grolfe de
Xaples" (Geneve et Bale, 1870), and find that in his description
of Hermadion fragile he states — " A la base des pieds du cote
ventral, non loin du bord posterieur, je trouve ime preeminence
conique (fig. 2, b.) percee d'une orifice. Cette ouverture conduit
dans un canal cilie qu'on pent poursuivre jusque dans I'interieure
des pieds oii il est bientot voile par la masse des elements repro-
ducteurs. C'est la evidemment I'ouverture de I'orgaue segmen-
taire."* The true position of the external apertures of the
segmental organs in the JPolynoina was, therefore known, as
regards this species at least to the distinguished author of the
memoir above quoted, but his observations on this point have been
overlooked both by Huxley and by Pagenstecher ; and hp himself
seems not to have been aware of the universality of the arran^-e-
ment he describes, as he makes no mention of the ventral tubercle
or its central canal in his account of the other species of the family.
XOTES AlfD exhibits.
Mr. W. A. Haswell exhibited drawings of the earlier stages in
the development of Phoronis aust rails. Mr. Haswell also
exhibited a coral which he had recently found in Port Jackson.
"With reference to this exhibit the Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods
stated that it was a Flesiastnea, which he was inclined to regard
* L. c, p. 16.
612 ICOTES AKD EXHIBITS.
as a new species. It differed in some respects from P. Peroiiii
of the soutli coast, and P. UrviUel of King George's Sound.
If it were the former, it was the first record of its being discovered
living in Port Jackson. He promised carefully to examine the
specimens and communicate the results to the Society. He added
that conclusions had been drawn erroneously as to the former
existence of reef-building corals and a semi-tropical temperature
from the occurrence of a similar fossil in the Miocene beds of
Tasmania, but neither the existing nor the fossil species were
reef-builders, nor were they confined to warm seas.
Mr. T. A. Tenison-Woods exhibited an idol from Savu, taken
from a Taboo House. It was elaborately carved in wood and
was about four feet high. As such examples are very rare, the
exhibitor promised to give descriptive notes at the next meeting.
The specimen was brought from Savu by Capt. Brodie of the
'Ariel.'
-♦ ♦-■
"WEDNESDAY, 27Tn DECEMBEE, 1882.
The President J. C. Cox, M.D., E.L.S., &c., in the Chair.
do:n'atioxs.
" Tijdschrift voor Entomologie uitgegeven door de Nederlan-
dsche Entomologische Yereeniging," Yols. 22 to 25 complete,
Svo, 1878-82.
" Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom naturwissenschaftlichen
Yereine zu Bremen," YII. Bd. 2. Heft.
" Fish and Eisheries of New South Wales," by the Eev. J.
E. Tenison-AVoods, E.a.S., E.L.S., &c., from the Government
Printer.
" Nova Acta Regise Societatis Scientiarum lipsaliensis," Seriei
Terti*, Yol. XI., Ease. I., 4to, 1881.
DOXATIOXS. (J13
" Joiirual of the Linnean Society of London: "
Botany— Xos. 114 to 121, Sept. 1881 to August 1882.
Zoology— Xos. 86 to 91, Sept. 1881 to July 1882.
" Mittheilungen aus der Zoologisclien Station zu IS'eapel," III.
Band. lY. Heft. 8vo. 1883.
"Journal of the Eoyal Microscopical Society," October, 1882.
" Journal of the Microscopical Society of Victoria," Yol. I.,
Nos. 1 to -1 ; Yol. II., :N'o. 1.
" Eeport on the Little Eivcr Coalfield near Cooktown," and
" Preliminary Eeport on Stanthorpe Tin Mining District," By
E. L. Jack, L.S., G-overnment Greologist, Queensland.
"Mineral Products of IS'ew South "\Yales &c.," from the
Department of Mines, Sj'dney.
" On the female urogenital organs of the Kangaroo," by
Messrs. Lister and Fletcher, from Mr. Eletcher.
PAPEES BEAD.
OcCASIO^fAL NOTES 0:N PLANTS INDIGENOUS IN THE IMMEDIATE
NEIGHBOUEHOOD OF StDNET. — ^0. II.
By E. Hatiland.
The unusually dry weather, which obtained for two or three
months prior to the middle of October, enabled me to penetrate
some of the swamps and marshy ground in the vicinity of Sydney ;
and afforded me the opportunity of examining several plants,
which, during ordinary weather are not easily procurable.
Amongst these I found, in abundance, TJtrlciolaria dichotoma and
Z7. unijlom^ of the order LentibulariucT. I confine myself in this
paper to TJtricularia dicliotoma (Labill.) and give its generic and
specific characters. Stem cylindrical and filiform, leaves radical,
obovate, three to four lines long ; on very long thread-like petioles.
Occasionally upon the same plant, one or two of the leaves attain
a length of an inch or more. Eoot fibrous and very slender ; all
O 1
614 OCCASIONAL XOTES OX PLANTS,
the fibres proceeding from the same zone : together with
filamentary processes bearing small utricles or air vessels. Calyx
unequally two lobed. Corolla monopetalous, but deeply divided
into two very unequal lips, and ending in a spur at the base.
The lower lip bears a convex appendage or palate. Stamens two,
attached to the upper section of the tube of the corolla. Style,
one. Stigma fan-shaped. Ovary superior ; quite globular.
Ovules numerous, ovoid; attached to a free central placenta.
Flowers usually in one or two pairs at the end of the stem.
The interest attaching to this plant, arises from its singular
formation and its adaptation to certain ends. Its usual habitat
is either in shallow creeks ; where its roots are very slightly
attached to the soil, at a depth of six or eight inches below the
surface of the water ; while the flowers are generally three to six
inches above it, or in swamps, in parts where the surface is
usually cov^ered by water ; although, when the plant has once
become established, it does not seem to suffer by the partial
drying of the swamp ; provided the ground is left tolerably wet
and marshy. Prom the very slight attachment of the root to the
soil, (when growing in water) a mere touch will dislodge it. At
the time the plant is in flower, the utricles or air vessels, attached
to the root are distended, and would, in case of the plant being
so dislodged, assist it to float, and so keep its flowers above the
surface of the water. I think myself, (but I do not speak
positively on this point) that this provision is made to enable the
plant to preserve its pollen ; which is generally injured by
becoming wet. This is necessary in case of an increase in the
depth of the stream ; which, if the plant were firmly attached to
the soil would then submerge it. In case of such an increase in
the depth of the water, the plant would be lifted from its very
slight hold of the soil, and then the utricles would act as floats,
keeping the head of flowers above the surface. In all cases, when
I have tried the experiment by carefully drawing the plant out
BY E. IIAYILAXD. 615
o£ the ground and then placing it in a deeper part of the stream
it has floated erect, with its flowers above the water.
"We have an equally efficient provision made in Vallisneria
spiralis, a dioecious plant growing freely in some of our rivers.
In that plant, the pistiline flowers are borne on long spiral
peduncles, which stretch out as the water increases in depth ;
always keeping them on the surface ; while the plant bearing the
staminate flowers, becomes detached from the soil and floats
about on the water, preserving the pollen from contact with it.
The construction of the flower of TJtricularia diclwtoma is exceed-
ingly interesting. The corolla is of the richest purple, having a
brilliant gold coloured spot or eye at the base of the lower lip.
As I have already said, it is monopetalous, but divided down to
the spur at its base. The upper lip is exceeding small, perhaps
not more than two lines ; while the lower lip is broadly semi-
circular, spreading like an open fan, and half to three quarters
of an inch wide. The narrow portions or claws, of the two lips
are long and concave, and lying closely together form a tube
enclosing both stamens and pistil. The mouth of this tube is
closed by the appendage or palate attached to the lower lip ; so
that both stamens and pistil are quite imprisoned. The two
stamens are attached to the claw of the upper lip, and their
filaments are so curved that the broad anthers are brought closely
together, edge to edge ; and thus form a shield in front of the
stigma, but with their backs to it, and opening and shedding their
pollen away from it. Upon examining the spur at the base of
the corolla, it wall be found sweet to the taste, leaving little doubt
that its purpose is to secrete or contain nectar.
The rationale of this arrangement, appears to me to be this
— But I must crave pardon for a little repetition. The lower lip
standing out horizontally as a broad flat stage, offers a landing
place to an insect ; just as the labellum of an orchid does. The
small upper lip projects a very short distance over the surface of
the lower one, and is raised above it at just such an angle as to
616 OCCASIOIfAL XOTES OX PLAXTS,
form a small vestibule or antechamber to the tube formed by the
claws of the two lips. From the horizontal position of this tube
the stamens lie, as it were, on the ceiling ; the anthers presenting-
the pollen downwards and facing the interior of the tube. At
the end of the tube is the spur containing nectar. An insect
alighting on the stage, offered by the large lower lip, and going
on to the centre of the flower, would find itself just within the
vestibule or antechamber of the tube, but would also find its way
barred by the palate attached to the lower lip, which crosses the
entrance to the tube just inside the antechamber. It must be
borne in mind that the tube is not perfect, but is split down its
whole length. The insect being already in its mouth, the very
slightest attempt to go on, or to force its way in, separates the
two parts of the tube, and opens a passage to the nectary. The
palate, by being attached to the lower lip, is at the same time
carried away from the mouth of the tube by the depression of
the lip. So easily do the upper and lower parts of the tube
separate, that the mere breathing down upon the broad surface
of the lower lip accomj)lishes it. Indeed it is quite possible that
the weight of an insect on the lip would depress it, and so open
the tube. In either case the insect has a free open way to the
nectary ; but to reach it, must of necessity, past so closely under
the ojDen side of the anthers (attached as I have said to the
ceiling) that it cannot avoid brushing off the pollen. It cannot,
either in its passage in or out touch the stigma, because it is
shielded by the backs of the broad anthers. The pollen is so
adhesive that, if the anther is touched with a needle a consider-
able quantity is taken away, so that the insect can scarcely fail ta
carry off a large portion.
But independently of this provision to insure the dissemination
of the pollen by means of insects ; there seems to be a special
provision made to prevent the stigma receiving any pollen from
the anthers of its own flower. Almost immediately upon the
maturing of the pollen, the whole corolla falls off, carrying with
BY E. HAYILAXD. G17
it the stamens ; leaving tlie pistil Lehind on the plant, with the
stigma not mature, and o£ course, the ovules not impregnated.
In fact it is a very difficult thing, i£ the pollen is fully ripe, to
keep the corolla on the plant while examining it.
I had visited one of the swamps at Botany, where the flowers
of this plant were in great abundance ; but to my surprise on a
second visit a week later, I could not find a siugle specimen. As
however, there had in the meantime, been heavy rain and wind,
and knowing how^ easily the corollas w^ere detached, I assumed
that they had been beaten off by the storm ; but at a short
•distance away, at another swam]), I found a few plants in flower,
within a small space. I therefore cut a few rough pegs and
marked the ground round them, for it is very difiicult to find
this plant when it is not in flower. I returned to the spot a few
days latter and saw at once that if I had not taken the precaution
to mark the ground, I should not have found it again, for the
flowers had all disappeared, although there had been no rain or
bad weather in the interim. I succeeded, however, in finding-
several of the plants, but in each of them the peduncle merely
bore the calyx and pistil. The corolla with the stamens and
pollen had in every case disappeared. In none of them was the
stigma mature, or near maturity. I could only then come to the
conclusion that if the ovules of these plants were to be fertilized
at all it must be by the pollen of other flowers.
The fertilization of Australian plants, so far as I can learn, is
a subject that has not received much attention. At all events, it
is a subject that has not been written about, if we except what
has been said by Mr. Fitzgerald in his valuable and beautiful work
on the Australian Orchids. But it is a subject replete with
interest, requiring however, great care not to arrive at hasty
conclusions. In very many cases, where the most careful
provision appears to have been made to ensure self-fertilization,
we shall, I think, find upon more careful and searching examin-
ation, that the reverse has been intended. The mere fact that
618 OCCASIONAL NOTES OS PLANTS,
both stamens and pistils are found in the same flower, does not
prove either one theory or the other. Dr. Asa Grraj, Professor
of Botany of the Harvard University, in the last edition of his
•work on " Structural Botany," says,* " Separation of the sexes
(in plants) is a direct adaptation to intercrossing, rendering it
necessary in dioecious, and largely favouring it in most monoecious
and polygamous flowers. Strictly close, or self-fertilization can
occur in hermaphrodite flowers only ; but it is in these very plants
that the most curious adaptations for intercrossing are revealed."
Then, after referring to a particular case, he says, " cases like
this, and hundreds more, all equally remarkable, serve to show
how sedulous, sure, and economical are the adaptations and
processes of Xature for the intercrossing of hermaphrodite
flowers."
Bnt even if the stigma should be found in a moist state, and
covered with pollen from the anthers of its own flower ; that is no
proof that self-fertilization has or will take place. In some
instances the anthers closely envelope the stigma, the cells open-
ing on the inside and shedding their pollen directly upon it ; but
the stigma rises through them carrying the pollen with it, high
above the rest of the flower ; not to utilise for itself, but to
present it to the visits of insects or to the action of the wind ;
either of which, or both, soon carry it away and thus disseminate
it for the fertilization of other plants. That stigma, however, is
then free to receive in its turn, the pollen of other flowers, when
it shall have itself matured. If such a stigma, when it first rises
above the anthers, is cleared of the pollen by a camel hair pencil
it will be found (if moist at all) to be moist from dew or some
other cause ; not from the viscid secretion from its own substance-
proper to it when it is mature ; and a moderately high micro-
scopic power will exhibit its surface (when it is not clothed with
hairs as is often the case) smooth and horny ; not spongy as it
* " Structural Botany," Asa Gray, 1880, pp. 217 and 223.
Br E. HA.TILA.ND. G19
must be, to allow the pollen tubes to penetrate it. Of course, i£
bj accidental circumstances, such as the absence of wind or rain
or the visits of insects, the pollen should remain undisturbed on
the stigma, till it (the stigma) has matured ; then of a certainty,
the plant will be self-fertilised.
In the case before us, (Tltricularia diclwtoma) nothing could,
at first sight, appear more evident than that the shutting up both
stamens and pistil in a tube, with the mouth of that tube closed
by a special provision {i.e. a provision not common to plants) was
intended to prevent the ingress of any pollen bearing insect. We
find however, on closer examination (to recapitulate), that one of
the lobes of the corolla is extended as a stage, as though to invite
insects to alight — that the very act of an insect so alighting,
tends to depress the lobe ; or its least attempt to move forward
to push asunder the upper and lower sections of the tube ; carry-
ing away at the same time the bar closing its entrance. That
nectar is secreted at the bottom of the tube to lure the insect on,
but that in order to reach it, it must pass close under the low
ceiling formed bj the upper portion of the tube. That a portion
of this ceiling is lined by the anthers, full of adhesive pollen,
facing downwards, so as to touch the back of the insect in its
passage. That the stigma is shielded by the anthers from coming
into contact with its own pollen. That the corolla falls off,
carrying with it the stamens and pollen, before the stigma is
mature. I think, that although it would perhaps be unsafe to
say that the plant is never self-fertilised ; we may safely admit
little more could have been done to ensure cross fertilization.
Desceiptiox of a new Belideus feom Northern Queensland
By Charles W. De Vis, B.A.
Belidefs gracilis.
Length 10| to 11", ears i", forefoot \\'\ hind IV', tail 11".
620 DESCRIPTION OF TWO QUEENSLAND FISHES,
Upper surface grey, lighter on the head, base of tail and front
of thighs. Beneath bu%-white. Upper surface of parachute,
both edges of the arms and front edge of the thighs, a stripe
down posterior aspect of the thighs, a dorsal stripe from between
the eyes to between the tips, a narrow circle round the eye, a
broad semicircle over the ear and a patch below it brownish-black.
Under edge of parachute dusky. Hands and feet above buffy-
grey. Edge of parachute and hinder angle of ear buff. Tail
grey on its basal half passing gradually into black at the tip. The
dorsal stripe commences in a point between the eyes and dies out
opposite the tips. The black edges of the f orelimb meet obscurely
over the wrist — that of the hind limb is continuous over the
ancle with the broad dusky stripe down the ham. Loc. K'orth
of Cardwell.
In size intermediate between B. australis and B. sciiweus, the
present species differs from both the others in its markings and
in having shorter ears, and a rather more slender and less hairy
tail.
Description of two new Queensland Fishes.
Br Charles W. De Vis, B.A.
Calliontmus achates.
D. 4 0/8. A. 0/7.
Preopercular spine short bifid, one spinule being turned
inwards and forwards, the other inwards and upwards. Head
triangular, snout narrow, pointed. First dorsal elevated, second
much lower. Tail short, rounded. AVebs of first dorsal and
anal scalloped. Branchial orifice small, nearly in the same
vertical with the origin of the dorsal and the preopercular spine.
Lateral line slightly wavy. Brown with small blue-edged black
spots on the cheeks and jaws. First dorsal with numerous dark
angular parallel lines (resembling those in ' fortification agate')
BY CHARLES W. DE VIS, E.A. 621
enclosing a large dark oval spot contiguous to each of the first
three spines. Second dorsal with blotches of dark brown on each
ray and adjacent sides of webs. Anal hyaline brown at the base,
black near the periphery.
Loc. Queensland.
MUGIL NASUTUS.
D. 4 1/7. A. 2/S. Lat. 2S. Tr. 11.
Height 5f, head 4 3- in the length. Snout 1, orbit I, interorbit
^ of the head. Adipose membrane circumferential, narrow.
Mouth toothless. Upper profile horizontal on the head and nape,
slightly arched on the back ; lower strongly and regularly convex.
Head and nape broad and flat. Muzzle rounded, sharp, much
produced, the mouth being half-way betw^een its tip and the eye.
lips thin. Rami of jaws forming an obtuse angle — depth of the
cleft of the mouth f of its breadth. Pectoral as long as the
entire head, axillary scale short, lancet-shaped. Spinous dorsal
rising over the tenth scale of the lateral line and nearer to the
caudal than to the hinder edge of the orbit. Soft dorsal rising
over the twentieth scale or middle of the anal. Soft dorsal and
caudal scaly. Caudal emarginate. Long. 10".
Loc, Cardwell.
Possibly the absence of the first anal spine may be an individual
peculiarity. The physiognomy of the fish is peculiar, reminding
one strongly of Eleotris aporos while its mouth is in position like
that of a shark.
SrECIES OF EUCALTPTS EIRST KXOW^I^" IX EUROPE.
By THE Eey. Dr. Woolls, D.D., E.L.S.
When Willdenow published the second volume of his Species
JBJantarum in 1799, only twelve species of Eucalyptus were
known in Europe, and these were so inadequately described, that
622 SPECIES OE EUCALYPTS EIEST KNOWN IN EUROPE,
the names have been frequently applied to very different trees.
It was not until the publication of the third volume of the Flora
Ausfraliensis, and still more recently the Decades of the JEucali/pfO'
grapJiia, that sufficient progress was made in the study of the
genus to enable even Botanists of some standing to determine the
species to which Willdenow referred. There is yet a great
difficulty in identifying some species without reference to the
texture of the bark or the shape of the anthers, and this difficulty
was considerably greater in the last century, when the mode of
grouping the species was limited to the comparative length of
the operculum. "When therefore, European Botanists had before
them merely dried specimens (and those too in some instances
without fruit), and when, moreover, they were not aware that the
operculum sometimes differs in form and length on the same trees^
we need not wonder that the early descriptions are anything but
satisfactory, and that some of them might be applied to several
species.
The genus Eucalyptus was founded by L'Heritier on the species
E. ohliqua, and was so called in allusion to the operculum or lid
which covers the flowers before their expansion. Dr. W.
Anderson (the Surgeon of Cook's second and third voyages)
bestowed on the genus the name Aromadendrum, a name which
Baron Mueller considers by no means inappropriate, though it
must be admitted that the world-wide appellation Eucalyptus is
in many respects preferable. Of the twelve species given by
Willdenow, only one is Tasmanian (though it is now known to
occur in South Australia and Victoria), whilst the remaining
eleven represent the Eucalypts which once flourished in the
immediate vicinity of Sydney Cove, and which still may be seen
here and there within the heads of Port Jackson. One of the
earliest collectors of Australian Plants was Mr. John White,
Surgeon- Greneral to the first Fleet which arrived in 1788, and
who, during a residence of seven years in Sydney, collected a
considerable number of plants, and made drawings of others,
BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S. 623
wlilch were sent to Mr. AV^ilson, Mr. Lambert, and Sir James
Smith, and published by the latter Botanist in " J specimen of
the Botany of JVeic Holland,'' the ^^ Exotic Botany Sfc^ in White's
* Journal of a Voyage to New South "Wales.' To Mr. "White,
then, we are indebted for some of the first specimens of Eucalyptus
sent to Europe, and the descriptions of these preceded the advent
of the eminent Robert Brown, who in the years 1801, 1802, and
1803, accompanied Flinders on the Coasts of Australia, and by
his labours, inaugurated a new era in the history of Botanical
Science.
The species of Eucalypts in AYilldenow are divided into two
classes, viz., those with a conical, and those with a hemispherical
operculum.
1. E. rohusta, (Smith's Bot. Nov. Holl. 40, t. 13, and in Trans.
Linn. Soc. 3, 283) is thus briefly described " opercuJo conico medio
constricto, icmhellis lateralihus terminalihusque, pedunculis pedicel-
Usque compressis.'''' So vague a description might well be applied
to several of the Port Jackson Eucalypts, and so amongst others
it was given to the common Stringy Bark, Bloodwood &c. Indeed
as late as 1861, Baron Mueller declined to describe the species,
alleging as a reason, " Icon liujus speciei nullihi ex stat, quare donee
specimina autJientica Tierharii Smitliiani cum nostris comparanda
sint, nil certi de nomine arbor is Jtinc descriptce offeroT It was
not, therefore, until Mr. Bentham in 1866 compared the specimens
in Smith's herbarium with those collected by E. Brown and
Eraser, and more recently by the writer of this paper, that E.
rohusta was found to be the tree known to workmen as " Swamp
Mahogany," the original specimens of which were probably col-
lected in low and swampy ground near Sydney. Baron Mueller
has figured and described this species in the seventh Decade of
his Eucalyptograpliia, in which he states that it has been ascer-
tained to occur here and there from Twofold Bay to the Eichmond
Eiver, " in low, sour, swampy ground near the sea-coast, where-
KiJ:
G24 SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS FIRST KNOWN IN EUROPE,
other Eucalypts look sickly." 0£ the identity of this species
with that described by Smith there can be no doubt whatever.
2. IJ. pihclaris, (Sm. Act. Soc. Linn., Lond., 3, p. 38i). 0£
this species, the following was the original description : " Ji!.
ojjerciiJo conico medio constricto Jonrjitudine calycis umhellis later-
alihus, fritctu f/lohoso, folils lineari-lanceolatis.'^ This tree is now
ascertained to be that commonly called " Black-butt," but as the
description is applicable to other species, differing altogether in
the texture of the bark and the shape of the anther, we need not
be surprised that until very lately the specific name has been
applied to Stringy Bark and Grrey Grum, or that the White
Mahogany {E. acmenoides, Schau.) has been amalgamated with
it. In the writings of Baron Mueller (Fragmenta, Vol. 2, p. Gl.)
the Black-butt is described under the names of JE. semicorticata
and E. persicifolia, whilst, according to Mr. Bentham, De
Oandolle confounded it with E. siderojyldoia, or the Broad-leaved
Ironbark. Since the publication of the third volume of our
Plora, E. ijilularis has been identified as the Black-butt, but as
Baron Mueller observes in the third Decade of the Eucahjpto-
fjra/pliia, the name is not happily chosen. There appears to have
been some confusion about the specific name, for White's figure
a^nd Smith's description apply in some respects to the Pepper-
mint {E. pijyerita), the fruit of the latter being more pilular than
that of the Black-butt ; but there can be no doubt that the scent
of the leaves and the volatile oil made from them by the earliest
Colonists induced Dr. AVhite and others to call _27. ^ji/jenY^ the
^' Peppermint-tree." though, as Baron Mueller observes the
popular name is now given to other species especially E.
amygdalina, a tree unknown in the days of White, and not
occurring near Sydney.
3. E. tereticornis, (Sm. Act. Soc. Linn., Lond., 3, p. 281). The
typical form of this species which has obtained in different
districts the names of Grrey Grum, Bed Grum, Blue Gum, and
BY TKE TIEY. DE. WOOLLS, D.B., F.L.S. 625
Bastard Box, is not inaptly described by Smith : " JE. ojwrculo
conico tereti Icevissimo memhranaceo caJi/ce lafiore triploq^ii^e longiore,
umheJUs lateral ihus soJitariis, foliis lanceolatis obliquis.'" The
fruit, which is well marked in all the varieties of the species bv
the valves protruding far beyond the rim, appears to have been
unknown. This species, the commonest of the trees in the
County of Cumberland, is the ordinary Grum of the bush, but
perhaps it varies more in the shape of the leaves, the length of
the oj^erculum, and the size of the fruit than any other Eucalypt,
and that too in individual trees occurring between Sydney and
Parramatta. Mr. Bentham reckons three marked varieties of
this species latifolia, hracliijcoDjs^ and hrevifolia, and he remarks
what is strictly true, that the common form with the long oper-
culum resembles the rostrate varieties of E. sideropliloia and H.
resinifera. With the same also he unites E. punctata (J} C.) -^
but Baron Mueller, in the sixth Decade of his EucaJyptographia,
has restored this tree (popularly known as Leather Jacket or
Hickory) to the dignity of a species, differing as it does in the
valves of the capsule, the length of the operculum, and the
venation of the leaves. Though allied to the Elooded Grum of
the interior (^E. rostrata), the species are perfectly distinct.
4. E. resinifera, (Sm. Act. Soe. Linn., Lond., 3, p. 284, and
White, itin. 231 cum icon.) is thus described: ''^ E. operculo
conico tereti coriaceo caJijce duplo lonrjiore, umbellis lateraJihus
solitariis.'^ The specific name was originally intended to apply
to the form of Ironbark which produces the Gum Kino of com-
merce, but as the original specimens were transmitted to Europe
without fruit, some confusion has arisen as to the identification
of the species. Before the publication of our Plora, it was usual
to apply the term resinifera to the Ironbark called E. sideropliloia;
but now that Mr. Bentham in the third volume of the JFlora, and
subsequently Baron Mueller, in first Decade of his Eucalypto-
grapliia, have appropriated the specific name to the Eed or Forest
Mahogany, it map be more convenient to speak of that as E.
626 SPECIES OF ErCALTPTS FIRST KNOWN IN EUROPE,
resinifera. Mr. Bentliam, with his usual sagacity, noticed the
resemblance which dried specimens o£ E. sideropJiloia and E.
resinifera bear to each other, and had he been aware of the fact
which I have mentioned, it is probable that the change of names
might have been obviated. Near the coast, there is a variety of
the Eed Mahogany with much larger flowers and fruit than those
of the ordinary type, but as these trees agree in the cortical and
artificial systems of grouping, as well as in the texture of the
wood, it is scarcely necessary to treat of them as distinct species,
although when viewed simply from dried specimens, one might
be disposed to do so.
5. E. capitella, (Sm. &c., and White, itin. 226 c. icone, fig. a.)
is doubtless the somewhat stunted form of Stringy Bark which is
found about the harbour of Port Jackson, though the same tree
occurs in a larger form " in the shore regions or in mountain
elevations " from the southern part of New South Whales to
Grippsland. AVhether this tree is really distinct from E. eur/enioides
or whether they may not be varieties of one species, differing in
proportion to their proximity to the coast, seems tc be scarcely
determined. Smith's description answers very well to the tree
found even now about the North Shore and Manly : " E. operculo
conico ohtusiusculo calycegue anc/uJoso suhancipiti, capitulisJateral-
ihmsoJitariis,fructu(/1ohoso,foUisovato-lcniceolatisri^idisobIiqius.'^
This form of Stringy Bark, as found near Sydney, has capitate
flowers and hence the name capitella ; but there are, further
inland, intermediate forms which seem to connect it with E.
eugenioides, whilst, as Baron Mueller shows, there is a marked
resemblance in the seedlings, both of them being somewhat
scabrous from crowded fascicles of short hairs. This sj^ecies
appears in the older works under the names of E. scahra, (Dum.
Cours.), E, eugeiiioides, (Sieb.) a,nd E. penicellata, (Ilort.) ; and,
in the second volume of Baron Mueller's Frac/menta (Vol. 2, p.
64?), it is described as E. acervida, (DC), though Don describes
BY THE KEY. DE. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S. 627
the flowers as capitate, whilst the Barou regards them as shortly
pedicillate.
6. E. saligna (Linnaei Spec. Plant, p. 2, and Sm. Act. Soc. Linn.
Lond. 3, p. 285). As the specific name is anything but appro-
priate, this tree was supposed to be one of the White or Grrey
Grums, and it was not until very recently that Baron Mueller
proved that it is really the Blue or Flooded Gum found on the
banks of creeks and rivers and occasionally on good soil on the
outskirts of forests. White collected specimens of JE. saligna
(probably on the creeks between Sydney and Parramatta) as
early as VJd^ ; but from the short description in Willdenow, it
would be difficult to make out the species : ^^ JE. operciilo conico
acuto calyceqiie anguloso suhancipiti, capituUs lateralihus solitariis
fructu turhinato, foliis linear i-lanceolat is. ^^ As the shape of the
operculum and fruit varies considerably in different localities,
and as the leaves vary from ovate-lanceolate to narrow lanceolate,
Smith's description is rather calculated to mislead, whilst the
term saligna is not by any means suggestive of the ordinary
foliage. In the inland forms, the flowers and capsules sometimes
bear a resemblance to those of the Bastard Mahogany, and hence
Mr. Bentham, who had no opportunity of comparing the trees
in their living state, has given the name of Blue Grum to E.
hotryoicles, the anthers of which are not unlike those of E. saligna.
Though there is some difficulty in arranging all species according
to their bark, the smooth bark of the one and the rough bark of
the other are in this case a good mark of distinction.
7. E. hotryoides, (Sm., Act. Soc. Linn., Lond., 3, p. 286), or
the Bastard Mahogany of the workmen must have been one of
those trees, which, at a very early period, attracted the notice of
collectors, as it occurs in sandy places adjacent to the sea near
Sydney. It comes under the second division of the older
Botanists. As far as the description goes, it is pretty accurate :
" E. operculo hemisplicerico suhtnutico, capitulis lateralihus solitariis
pedunculis cuneatis compressis, fructu turhinato " ; and also, in
628 SPECIES OP EUCALTPTS FIEST KXOWX IX EUEOPE,
illustration of tlie name hotryoiiles, ^''flores coarctl et fasciculo
taccarum liaud absimilesy In the Fragmenta Yol, p. 49, Baron
Mueller recognised this tree as the Bastard Mahogany, and m
fourth Decade of his EucaJyptograpJiia, it is correctly figured and
described. It appears that, whilst Sir J. Smith gave this tree
the specific name hotryoicleSj Abbe Cavanilles suggested that of
pJatypodos in allusion to the flatness of the flower-stalks. In the
original figure, the leaves are represented much narrower than
they appear in the Baron's figure, but there can be no doubt but
that Smith's E. hot rgo ides is one of the Mahoganies of the early
settlers, and that it is perfectly distinct from the Blue Grum.
According to the Baron, the species ranges from Lake Fyers and
the lower Snowy Kiver through Gripps Land to the Southern
portion of New South Wales ; preserving everywhere its
character as a tree found not far from the coast and occurring
in moist sandy places.
8. E. licemastoma (Sm. Oct. Soc, Linn., Lond., 3, p. 2 86). This
tree, which in consequence of similar flowers and fruit, has been
associated with E. Sieheriana or the Mountain Ash of the interior
is properly the "White Grum " growing near Sydney and its
variety micrantlia occurring from Port Jackson to the Blue
Mountains, The description, taken in consideration with tlie
smooth harh, cannot well be mistaken : " E. operculo hcsmispherico
depresso mucronulato, umiellis lateralihus terminatihusque, pedun-
culis compressis, ramidis angulatis, fructu suhglohosoy And then
is added the observation, " Folia coriacea lanceolata in acumen
lineare lonrjum producta. Flores umhellati non capitati, operculum
depressum mucronatum. Fructus glohosus apice dehiscens, orificio
margine lato rubra cincto.''^ The specific name taken from the
broad red rim of the fruit, is certainly a guide to the determin-
ation of the species so far as the neighbourhood of Sydney is
concerned, but since it has been found that a similar peculiarity
attaches itself to the fruit of other species, this designation is
not so appropriate as it was in the early days of the Colony. It
EY THE REY. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., F.L.S. 629'
is difficult to say whether Smith's description applies to the true
White Grum or the half-barked tree with similar flowers and fruit
which is frequentlj^ associated with it, but, following the description
and figures of the Hiicahjptograpliia^ we cannot err in restricting
the term licemastoma to the smooth tree, and Sieheriana to the
half-barked one. They are, according to the artificial system,
closely allied, though the texture of the bark places them in
different sections.
9. E. piperita (Sm , Act. Soc. Linn., London., 3, p. 2S6; Smith's
Xov. Holl., J2 ; AV^hite's itin., 226, c. icone.) The description of
this species, though common in the neighbourhood of Sydney
and Parraniatta, is so vague and imperfect that it has been applied
to " Blue Gum," and " Stringy Bark," as well as to the " Pepper-
mint" which ir was originally intended to designate : " H. opercuJo
hcsmispli(srico mucronuJcdo, umheUis JatcraUbus suhpaniculatis
solifariisve, peduncuUs compressis, ramidis anrjulatk foliis ovatis
licet ohJiqua sint.^' AVithout reference to the original specimens
or the figure given by Baron Mueller, it would be impossible to
determine the species indicated by Smith, and, even in the latter,
the scabrous seedling of a Stringy Bark is incorrectly associated
w^ith it. Mr. Bentham, judging from the dry material before
him, supposed that the Peppermint was a variety of Stringy
Bark, but independently of the fact that the respective nature of
their bark places them in separate sections, there is a marked
difference in the shape of the leaves and fruit. It may now be
considered as certain that Smith's E. piperita is the Peppermint
growing near Sydney, the leaves of which yield an oil resembling
Peppermint in scent. There are now other trees called by the
same name {E. JongifoJia or the "Woolly Butt, and E. dealhata on
the other side of the Dividing Eange), but at the period when.
White forwarded his specimens to Europe these species w^ere-
unknown, and the only tree from which the colonist extracted.
the so-called Peppermint oil was E. piperita.
PI
(330 SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS FTRST KXOWX IX EUROPE,
10. E, ohJlqua (Sm., Act. Soc. Linn., Loncl., 3, p. 2S7 ; Xov.
HolL, 4:J; Ait. Kew. 2, p. 157; L'Herit. Sert. angl. IS.) jS^o
species o£ the first Eiicptlypts known in Europe lias given Botanists
more trouble than this, which is thus briefly described : '' E.
operculo li em i splicer Ico mucronulafo, umhelUs laterallhus soUtnriis,
pedun:idis ramulis(iiie tcretihus.^'' Since the publication c£ the
third volume of our Flora, in v.hich Ii. ohliqua is supposed to
represent Stringy Bark or the Messmate, Baron Mueller has
proved from the original specimen still in the Banksian Collection
that this was the first species of Eucalypt known in Europe, and
that the specimen of it Vvas procured in Tasmania during
Eurneaux's voyage. On this species L'Heritier founded the
genus in 1788. Baron Mueller regards E. ohliq^iM as the Stringy
Bark of Tasmania and South Australia., and the Messmate of
Victoria. There is, as Mr. Bentham perceived even from dried
specimens, a close alliance between this tree and the commoii
forms of Stringy Bark in this Colony (£*. capitella, E. eu^fuioides
and E. macrorliynclia) , and it is probable tha.t the time may come
v^hen all these will be regarded as varieties of one common species,
differing from" each other in proportion to their distance from the
sea-coast, the geological formation of the soil, the elevation above
the sea-level, a,nd the comparative temperature of climate. E'ntil
however, further investigation has shown the probability of this
amalgamation, it may be vrcll to consider E. obJuiua (or E.
gigantea, Hook.) as the Tannanian Stringy Bark.
11. E. cori/mhosa, C"' E. opcrcido li cc mi splicer I co mucronulato,
calgce tereii, umTjeJUs corijmljosG-panlcuIatls termiiialihiis.'" Sm.,
Act. Soc. Linn., Lend., o, p. 287, Xov. IIoll., 43.) To this Is
appended, " Elores magnl speciosi formant paniculam magnam
iermlnalem ex iimheJlls compositam, qua notci a rcAlquis distincta.
Folia lunccolata coriacea. Eruciiis turJjiiiatus calgce urceolafo
pcrsisfenti, et stglo in liae cavitate persidenti coronatus.^'' As this
description is inappropriate for any other tree at Port Jackson
besides that commonly called " Bloodwood," there has not been
BY THE REV. DR. WOOLLS, D.D., T.L.S. 631
mueli clifFieulty in tlie application o£ it. The corymbose arrange-
ment of the flowers, the urccoh^te form of tiie frnit, and the
numerous transverse parallel veins of the leaves, distinguish this
tree from any of the preceding, whilst the kino-secretions of a
blood-like colour, which fill the concentric fissures of the wood
render the popular name of the tree appropriate. Though only
knovrn from Port Jackson in the early days of the Colony, E.
corymhosa is novr known to occur from Victoria to Hockingham
Bay. In tlie last mentioned place, the species seems to merge
into a closely allied form which Baron Mueller calls E. Aherrjlaim.
Beyond the Darling also and in Queensland, there is another
form {E. terminalls), which approaches E. corijmbosa so closely
that they can scarcely be distinguished in dried specimens. The
Baron, however, regards the three as distinct.
12. The last of AVilldenow's Eiicalypts is E. pccnl(^ulatc(, thus
described : " E. opcrculo Jidenilspluerlco suhmutico, calyce cuujuloso
iimhelUs subpaiiicidatis icrmliiriUhus (Sm., Act. Soc. Linn., Loud.,
3, p. 2S7). He adds, ^'' J/r[fert a prceccdente: calijce aiigulaio
opercitlo s lib macro unto, ct quod omnihits partihus minor sit.
JJ ml) ell (c for mint niLiuqitim panicidam amplam sed parvani ; rami
inftriorcs paniculcs sunt axillares.'''' In the Erarjmenta (Vol. 2, p.
174) the Baron has given a description of this species, taken
principally from Smith, and he further states that specimens of
it were originally collected by David Burton ; whilst, in his
Eiocalijptofjrapliia, he connects it with one of the forms of Iron.
Bark which used to be common near Sydney. Though the wood
varies in colour, it is generally paler than that of E. sideropliloia
and has obtained the name of AVhite Iron Bark. This species is
now known to have a wide range, but strange to say, in South
Australia, where it seldom exceeds 30 feet, it goes by the name
of AVhite Gum Tree, the outer layers of the bark being deciduous.
E. panicidata produces kino, as well as its congeners. According
to the artificial arrangement, it stands near E. largijlorens, but
no one, who has had an opportunity of seeiiig the two trees in a
632 SPECIES OF EUCALTPTS EIEST KNOWN IN EUROPE,
living state, Tvoiild sujDpose that they were allied, the hark and
wood heing so very different. Though bearing a great resemblance
to E. siderojyJiJoia, it differs from that species in the shape and
length of the operculum, as well as in the smaller size of the
leaves.
In concluding this paj)er, it may be remarked that a review of
the species first known in Europe is interesting, not only in an
archaeological point of view, but as affording an illustration of
the progress which has been made in descriptive Botany within
the last centur}^ When the short and unsatisfactory descriptions
of Smith's are compared with tliose of Mr. Bentham and Baron
Mueller, one cannot help seeing the advance which has been
made in the delineation of species, and the satisfactory steps
which have been taken in seizing upon those features which
connect them together. Botanists have always felt a difficulty
in dealing with the genus Eucalyptus, because, whilst many of the
species have flowers and fruits very similar, they are nevertheless
perfectly distinct in wood, bark, and habit. It was not until
Baron Mueller described many of them in the second volume of
the Fracjmenta, and subsequently in connection with Mr. Bentham
in the third volume of the Flora Austral iensis, that a subject
which had remained dormant for nearly half a century was again
forced upon the scientific world. "Whilst, however, much was
done by these works in the determination of species, it remained
for Baron Mueller to follow up the subject in \i\^Eucahj'ptogra'pliia.
He has already described and figured SO sj^ecies of the genus^
and these are so well defined, that in studying the descriptions,
it is impossible to apply them to any other trees than those
ntended bv the author.
633
Ox SOME NEW AuSTRi.LUX TUBICOLOUS AxNELIDS.
By William A. ITaswell, M.A., B.Sc.
[Plate XII.]
Eupomatus elcgans, sj). n. (Plate XII., fig. 1.)
The operculum presents distally a circlet o£ tweuty taperin^
processes, Avhicli fit close together below, but diverge towards
their apices ; each of these is ornamented with several pairs of
short acute side branches ; below their distal circlet is a collar o£
about forty palisade-like processes placed in close apposition,
the rounded ends of which give the collar a crenated border.
Branchiae pinnate. Setse simple. The branchia? are of a brilliant
scarlet, their stems white at the base and rich brown more distally.
The ojDerculum is yellow with a transverse brown band. The
tube is smooth and of a cylindrical, somewhat sigmoid form.
Hah. Port Jackson.
This species differs from the European U. trypanon in the
greater number of the processes in the distal circlet on the
operculum.
Ammochares tenuis, sp. n. (Plate XII., fig. 2.)
The segments vary in number between nineteen and twenty-
five ; the middle ones are the longest, being several times as long
as broad ; the first three and last three or four are much shorter.
The dorsal seta? are simple needles ; si neuropodial transverse
ridge with minute uncini occurs in all the segments except the
first two and two or three at the posterior extremity of the body.
There are about fifteen branchiae, presenting short branches,
which may in turn be subdivided. In each of the first seven
segments is a pair of vermiform glands,* each of which opens
near the parapodium, its inner extremity being suspended freely
within the perivisceral cavity. The alimentary canal is surrounded
* It is conjectured that these serve to secrete the tube. There appears
to be a lumen lined with cubical, non-ciliated cells.
631 ox SOME XEW AUSTEALTAN TUBICOLOUS AXXELIDS,
from the third segment bac]£\^ards hj a close plexus of p?eudo-
hfemalvesselsf which undergo synchronous peristaltic contractions
passing from before backwards.
This species is exceedingly common in Port Jackson under
stones near the upper tide limits. One specimen was observed
in the act of swallowing a small Isopod.
Clymene integrinatis, sj). n. (Plate XII., figs. 3 — G.)
The head is amalgamated with the buccal segment. The mouth
is surrounded by a thickened lip. The upper surface of the head
presents a low longitudinal ridge, The first three segments are
devoid of hooklets, but possess simple set8B placed on slight lateral
projections. The last three segments are without either hooked
or simple seise ; the last has an oval concave terminal disk i of an
inch in long {i.e. dorso- ventral) diameter, and a little less in the
transverse direction, wdth an entire margin except for a slight
notch in the middle of the ventral border. The anus is situated
near the middle of the terminal disk, but rather nearer the ventral
than the dorsal aspect; it is key-hole-shaped and is surrounded
by a number of minute, short, radiating ridges. The simple seta?
are free from serrations or teeth ; the uncini have usually five
accessory teeth.
This species is not rare among sand and shingle in some parts
of the shores of Port Jackson. The absence of crenulations
on the borders of the terminal disk separates it from most species
of the genus with the exception of 0. urceolafa, Leidy, from the
Atlantic coast of the United States.
Sabellaria (Hermellaaustraliensis), s/?. n. (Plate XII., f. 7 — 11.)
The total length of the animal is about an inch and a half ;
that of the head -L^ths of an inch, and that of the "tail " about
t In the European si^ecies this has been described as a peri-intestinal
Binns.
Br WfLLTAJI A. IIASWELL, M.A., 33. Sc. 635
iVtlis. The thorax is composed of five segments ; the abdomen
of about forty. The body is stout, thickest in front, narrowing
somewhat behind. The head, including the lamina coronaria
(operculum^ Quatrefages), is rather longer than broad. The
opercular set^e are arranged in two long ovals ; the setae of the
outer limbs of the ovals are fifteen or sixteen in number on each
side, slightly curved, acute, bordered with two rows of prominent
spinules ; the seta? of the inner limbs are twelve or thirteen,
simple ; on each side, at the dorsal extremity of the rows are
either two or three stout brown setae, which are strongly hooked.
The prehensile cirri are extremely numerous and delicate, arising
from sixteen compressed lubes ; along the bases of the outer rows
of seta? is a series of eleven to thirteen lihort cirriform processes,
the two or three most dorsal of which are larger than the rest.
The mouth is surrounded by a raised rim. The first segment of
the thorax present« on either side of the mouth a triangular lobe,
and externally a short subconical cirrus, at the base of which is
a small bundle of setce. The second segment has a bundle of
neuropodial setic, similar to those of the first, but has no notc-
podium ; it presents a series of three cirriform processes on either
side. In the following three segments the notopodium is a broad
lamina armed with a row of seven or eii>-ht compressed, straij^rht,
blade-like setae and some minute setules. The abdominal para-
podia are likewise birainous, the neuropodia being minute
mammillae with about half a dozen setae, the notopodia transverse
ridges.
A common species on Thursday Island, Torres Straits.
As in Grube's ^ sexliamafa the hooks of the lamina coronaria
are sometimes two, sometimes three, often two on one side and
three on the other.
Amphicteis foliata, sjh n. (Plate XII., figs. 12 — 14.
The body is subcylindrical, but to some extent dorso-ventrally
compressed, broadest in front, tapering gradually behind, the
'G36 ox SOME SEW AUSTRALTAX TUBICOLOUS AXXELIDS,
greatest breadth being about a twelfth o£ the length, composed
of thirty segments, the length of vrhich in the anterior region of
the body is about a third of the breadth.* The prsestomium is
small and not separate from the buccal segment. The whole
head presents the form of a subconical lobe, about one-tenth to
one-twelfth of the total length of the animal, with the mouth at
the truncated apex ; on the middle of the dorsal surface of this
lobe are two longitudinal ribs, the anterior ends of which project
a little above the mouth ; at the hinder end of these is a shorter
anteriorly divergent pair of ridges, and on either side of them
bounding the dorsal surface of the head, a third pair of broad
ribs which converge from before backwards. Protruding front
the mouth are a number of feathered, ringed, oral tentacles. On
the three first pairs of somatic segments, which are not very
distinct, there are three pairs of cylindrical cirri which are some-
what longer than the breadth of the body, aird a pair of foliace-
ous branchise of about the same length, but wide, thin and leaf-
like ; these appendages are very readily detached ; behind the
root of each branchia are a number of short cylindrical processes.
On the same segment there is on each side a bundle of ten long
smooth tapering setie, arranged in the form of a fan and directed
forwards and outwards. The parapodia are biramous, the
notopodia with slender, tapering, perfectly smooth setse ; at the
extremity of each notopodium on its dorsal aspect is a rounded
knob-like projection, and nearer the base is a short cirrus, on the
ventral aspect is another short tubercle ; the neuropodium is a
small elevation with numerous short pectinated setae presenting
a curry-comb-like appearance.
The length is about an inch. The tube is formed of cemented
sand-grains.
Two specimens of this species were obtained with the dredge
at a deptli of 15 fathoms in Port Molle, during the cruise of H.
M.S. "Alert" on the Queensland Coast.
* A portion of the hinder extremity of the body is lost.
Bt WILLIAM A. IIASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. G37
In one of tlie specimens, which I dissected, the anterior portion
of the alimentary canal was found to be invaginated for a con-
siderable distance within the posterior portion, shewing a corres-
ponding power of eversion which, however, was not observed in
the living specimens. Following the thin-walled oesophagus is a
very short gizzard-like portion with thick walls. To this succeeds
the wide intestine which presents a thick epithelial lining made
up of closely-packed elongated, cylindrical cells with large and
distinct nuclei ; in the hinder region of the body the intestine
becomes extremely narrow and the epithelial lining very thin.
Throughout its length the alimentary canal seems to be surrounded
by a vascular plexus. The nerve cord is remarkable on account
of the trigonal form of its lateral halves.
There are two points in which this species differs from the
genus AiiqjJiictels us defined by Grube, viz. — in the oral tentacula
being pinnate, and in one pair of branchiae being foliaceous ; but
it is certainly in most other points a very near ally of Amphicteis
JPliilippiiiarum, of Grrube.
EXPLAIVATIO:!^ OF PlaTE.
Pig. 1. — Operculum of Eupomatus elegaiis x 15.
„ 2. — Anterior region of the body of Ammochares tenuisy
magnified.
„ 3. — Posterior region of the body of Clymene integrinatis X 4.
,, 4. — Anterior region of the same.
,, 5. — Anal disc of the same.
,, G. — Ventral uncinus of the same.
,, 7. — Head and anterior region of Sermella aitstraliensis ironi
the ventral aspect, magnified.
„ 8. — The same, lateral view.
5, 9. — Operculir setae of the same, highly magnified.
„ 10. and 11. — Opercular uncini of the same.
„ 12. — Amp)liicteis foliata, dorsal view, magnified.
„ 13. — Head of the same from the ventral side, more highly
magnified.
63S 2s'EW SPF.CIES OF AGARICUS FHOM ^YEST AUSTEALTA,
Fig. 11. — Section throiigli the body of the same in the region of
the gizzard X 22. a. nerve-cord ; h. ventral vessel ; c.
intestine ; d. gizzard ; e. ventral longitudinal muscle ;
Z», oblic[ue muscle ; g. dorsal longitudinal muscle.
Kew species of Agaeicus discoteeed tx West Al'stealia.
Br THE Eey. C. Kalchbekxxeb.
[Though now at a far advanced evening of life and no longer
enjoying unimpaired eyesight, the Hungarian Divine has
elaborated some more Australian fungaceous plants in addition
to those formerly recorded in the Transactions of the Linnean
Society of ^e\v South Wales. The accomplished lady, who at
my reriucst has commenced to collect fungi about the neighbour-
hood of Swan Eiver, rendered her collections all the more valuable
through accompanying them by splendid coloured drawings of
each species, prepared by her own hands. The importance of
this for the examination of succulent fungi from dried specimens
I had pointed out to Mrs. Forrest ; and I wish that ladies in
other parts of Australia would devote their artistic talent likewise
to such original and really useful purposes. — F. y. Muellee.]
Agaricus Forrest ice, (Sect. Amanita).
A. pileo carnoso convexo piano subdepresso laevi glabro nudo
albo-cinerascente vel fuscescente margine hand striato, stipite
valido faroto aec^uali albo fibroso glabrescente non bulboso,
lamellis liberis ventricosis albis postice rotundatis, annulo amplo
dependente, volva obsoleta. Pileus 4" latus ; stipes pro ratione
curtus, 3" longus, fere 1" crassus. A proximo Ag. Persoonii differt
ob stipitem hand clongatum et radicatum et pilcum tenuem.
Ei' THE KEY. C. KALCKBEENXEK, 639
Arjaricus cctrnco-Jlavidas, (Sect. Trlcliolomn).
Ag. pileo carnoso liemispherice expauso leniter floccoso
squamuloso carneo-flavido quasi per^sicino, stipite solido crasso
subvcntricoso fibroso concolore, carne pallido-flavescenle, lamellis
emarginato-adnatis subdistaiitibus rigidis albo lutcscentibus.
Pileus admoduin compactus, 8" latiis ; stipes fere 2|" loiigus,
circiter 1" crassus.
Agarlcus fiirhinipes, (Sect. Trlcliolomci).
Ag. ampins, ominno dilute ruf us, pileo carnoso eonvexo irregular!
stipite tnrbinato crasso lamellis lat;is subconfertis.
Agaricus ji?Iarjiotii3, (Sec. TricJioIoma).
Ag. pileo carnosulo piano depresso eximie nmbonato oblique
laevi glabro pallido-rufescente, stipite excentrico faroto cylindrico
basiparum incrassato concolore, lamellis sinuato-adnatis confertis
albis. In Ticiniam A<j. liumilis locaiKlus, pileo autem obliquo
ad stipitem verticali nee non umbone eximie prominente liemis-
phfierico distinct us.
Af/nrlcu-3 hicincfus.
Ag. pileo eonvexo obtuso dilute umbrino squamulis obscuri-
oribus ornato, stipite solido bulboso fibrilloso pallido basi beviter
radicato ob velum collapsum circa medium et supra basim
dupliciter cingulato, lamellis adnatis confertis pallidis. Pileus
circiter 3" latus ; stipes supra basim l.V" crassus. Aj. hetcrodito
proximus.
Mrs. Forrest's collections sliow tlie following Agarics also to
occur at Swan Eiver: —
Agaricus f Triclioloma) rut'dans^ Scba?ffer.
„ {Tricholoma) p tRaeoius, Fries,
„ (JSfaucoria) melinoides, Fries.
„ {NaucoriaJ ahstnisus, Fries.
„ (Pscdliota) arvensis, Sclia?ifer. *
010 ox THE UROGEXITAL ORGANS OF THE KAXGAROO.
Acjaricm fFsatyra) ohtusus, l^nes.
J, (PonaeolmJ campanuJatus, L
Ox SOilE POINTS IX THE AXATOilY OF THE UROGEXITAL ORGAXS
IX FEMALES OF CERTAIX SPECIES OF KaXGAROOS. — Part I.
Br J. J. Tletciier, B.A., B.Sc.
Introductory.
This paper continues the subject treated of in a previous
communication, (Linn. Soc, N.S.W., YoL vi., p. 796) and gives
some account of the organs of sixty kangaroos obtained during this
year. My attention has been directed chiefly to the question of
the presence or absence of a direct communication between the
median portion of the vagina and the urogenital canal, but some
of the more salient characters of these two chambers have been
noted, especially of such as previous accounts have made but
slight mention, or as in the case of species in which the urogenital
organs have been hitherto undescribed.
The results arrived at are : —
(1.) Corroborative of the post part urn existence of the direct
communication in some species, in which this condition
has already been met -with.
(2.) Descriptive of the post partiim existence of the direct
communication in ten females belonging to two species
{TIahiiaturiis dorsalls and Onijclwgalea frcdiiata) of which
the urogenital organs have hitherto been undescribed.
(3.) Corroborative of the anomalous condition prevalent in
Macwpus major,
(4.) Descriptive of the conditions presented by a series of
unimpregnated specimens.
Of my sixty specimens, forty-four were from animals which
had certamly produced young, while the remaining sixteen form
BY J. J. TLETCUEK, IJ.A., B.Sc. 641
an interesting series of virgin specimens, of which with the
exception of two, I have cut sections. These two groups will be
considered separately, the consideration of the first forming Part
I. of this paper. Having been unable to complete my account of
the second group in time though all the specimens have been
examined, Part II. with summary and conclusion is held over
until the next meeting.
Part I. — On the organs of females which have certainly produced
young.
The animals from which these organs were taken, had, as in
the majority of cases, young ones in the pouches^ or they had
large but empty pouches and frequently young ones running
with them. The specimens are referable to the following genera
and species :
Brush "Wallaby {Ilalmaturus ruficolli-s)
Wallaroo (^Ospli ranter rohmtus)
Eed Kangaroo (^Ospliranter rufas)
Dorsal-striped AVallaby {Ilahnatiirus dorsalu
Bridled Kangaroo {Onycliocjalea frcenata )
Grey Kangaroo (Macropus major')
Hahnaturus riificollis. — In my previous account of the organs
of this species I unintentionally overlooked Pagenstecher's
reference to them, though an extract which I myself made from
his memoir is given in the paper by Mr. Lister and myself (P.
Z. S., ISSl, p. 981). The omission is due to my having had no
copy of the passage with me, and to the want of opportunity for
again consulting the original paper out here. The passage is as
follows : " In the first place it may be stated with regard to the
generative organs, that Owen is perfectly right in saying that in
M. major no communication at all exists between the median
vaginal csecum and the portion designated by him as the vestibule,
whilst on the contrary H. rujicollis (Bennettii) in our collection
shews a complete open communication," JS^o further description
... 4
specimens
... 1
... 3
is) 6
... 4
... 2G
612 ox TUE UROGEXITAL ORGANS OF THE KAXGAEOO,
is given and it is possible that the specimen in question \\-as JI.
Bennettii, but tliat Pagensteclier used the term II. ruftcoUls
merely as a synonym.
Of ni}' four specimens two v/ere from animals measuring 25-^-
and 29 in. respectively, this measurement, here as throughout
this paper, being from the tip of the nose to the root of the tail.
Each of them had a mammary foetus in the pouch, the young
ones measuring 7^ in., 13 in., 10 in., and 7 in. respectively. All
the specimens shew a direct communication, as in previously
described examples. The ridges in the urogenital canal are as
•well marked as before, but as in other species, when any number
of specimens is examined, many differences in detail are met with,
both here and in the median vagina. For instance the median
ridge may measure as much as f in. in length, or it may become
imperceptible at t} in. from its anterior extremity. In one case
from the posterior extremity of it a secondary ridge curves out-
wards and forwards to the longitudinal ridge on one side of it.
There are also some secondary longitudinal ridges without any
definite arrangement, and even relatively less conspicuous than
is the case in the two species next to be considered.
In the median vagina no well-marked longitudinal septum was
met with, but this may have been due to the v/ay in which the
chamber was cut open as is explained later on'. On laying aside
the cut edges of the dorsal wall, the ventral surface is slightly
convex from side to side, and has a dcnrcssion running;- alonj2r
each margin. It presents slight longitudinal furrows and ridges
usually more numerous anteriorly. Sometimes hovrever there
are transverse puckerings, especially in the anterior portion.
Erom the margins slight imperfect septa or trabecuhe sometimes
reticulating, radiate obliquely to the side walls. In one specimen
the dorsal wall was very thin, while in another it was more than
double the thickness. Once a well-marked projection intervening
between the tw^o papillje carrying the ostia uterorum was noticed.
This perhaps was the remnant of a longitudinal septum.
EY J. J. FLETCIIEI?, B.A., B.Sc. Gio
Osplircuiter rohuslits. — The animal from which my specime]i
came was a line adult female, measuring 33 in. The pouch was
empty and very large, and its v/alls were covered with much of
the brown secretion, such as Morgan,* more than half a century
ago had observed " alu^-ays to exist in these animals during the
periods at which tlie pouch remains unoccupied by the young."
One of the functional teats was slightly longer than the other,
otherwise each of them as well as each of the two supplemental
teats measured nearly \ in. The left uterus contained a blasto-
dermic vesicle about the size of a pea.
This is the finest specimen of the urogenital organs I have
seen, and shews the direct communicatiou excellently, its orifice
being veiy large, and having the usupJ situation on the median
ridge just in advance of the meatus urinarius, which is only half
the size.
The urogenital canal, measured from the anterior end of i\\Q
median ridge to its distal margin is 2i in. long as compared with 2
in. in each of specimens («) and (b.) of the same species of my
former paper. This is slightly longer than I have found it in
four specimens of O. riifus, and very much longer than I have
ever seen it in 21. major. A further comparison of the organs in
these three species, the animals of which attain much Vne same
size, will be given later on. The urogenital canal shews the two
principal longitudinal ridges and also the median one very well
indeed. In addition there is a well-marked though not so
prominent secondary longitudinal ridge on the outer side of each
of the main ridges and running parallel with it at a distance equal
to that vrhieh intervenes between each of these and the median
one. One of these secondary ridges runs to the inner side, llie
other to the outer side, of the entrance to the lateral canal on the
respective sides. There is also another ridge on the dorsal wall.
Each of the main ridges is IH- in. long, iVin. high, and i% broad,
* Morgan, Li:iiiean hjoo. Trans., xvi.^ 1831.
644 ON THE UBOGEXITAL ORGANS OF THE KAXGAEOO,
but the height and breadth gradually diminish as the ridge is
traced backwards, The median ridge extends backwards for an
inch, rapidly decreasing in height posterior to the ostium urethrse.
The secondar}' ridges are as long, but at the same time lower and
narrower than the main ones.
These ridges are permanent structures and are not due merely
to the contraction of the walls of the canal. Whether they have
any functional importance beyond increasing the surface of the
mucous membrane lining the urogenital passage, or whether they
are in some way connected with the mode of development of this
portion of the urogenital organs, is not at all clear at present ;
but they form too conspicuous a feature to be passed over in
silence. They seem to be absent sometimes in specimens of M.
major, though twentj^-five of mine shew them very well. ^STeither
Home nor Owen seems to refer to them, though Home's]figures,
which however are very poor, give one the idea that there were
ridges present, and Prof. Owen speaking of the Wombat says
" the urogenital canal is lined by a thick epithelium, and its
surface is broken up into countless oblii^ue rug[e and coarse
papillse betraying a certain regularity in their arrangement."
In the median vagina no longitudinal septum was seen, but its
ventral surface presents two ridges with a well marked groove
between them. They start from the anterior end of the chamber
and at f in. from the ostium of the direct communication thev
curve outwards and fuse with the side walls. They increase
gradually in height from before backwards and the groove
separating them averages iV in. in width. When the ridges join
the sides the groove opens out into a chamber wh""h opens into
the urogenital canal by the direct communication. The ventral
wall of this chamber is marked by a slight median elevation.
Specimens («) and (h) of my former paper have been referred to
for comj^arison, but neither of them presents a similar arrange-
ment of ridges and groove. Beyond some slight longitudinal
131' J. J. FLETCHER, B.A., B.Sc. 645
folds, and some transverse puckerings tlicY present no features
wortliy of remark.
Ospliranter rufus. — This species is usually spoken of as Maerojyus
rufus. By Mr. Gould however it was referred to liis genus
Osi^liranter. The characters presented by the urogenital organs,
are so similar to those of 0. rohusfus and so different from those
of M. major, that they seem to me to offer evidence of [some
taxonomic value, in favour of Mr. Gould's view. Moreover on
p. oJi of his valuable Manual Mr. AYaterhouse says, "As regards
the section Mdcropv.s proper (as now restricted), characterised
as having the mufHe hairy, it is necessary to state that the species
which are arranged in that section differ as to the extent of the
part of the muffle which is clothed with hairs ; and in some
cases, as in M. rufa^, the muffle is quite as imperfectly clothed as
in certain Halmafurim which the muffle is said to be nalied."
The three specimens now to be described are the first of this
species which I have obtained. Por two of them I am again
indebted to Mr. F. Morley who has taken much trouble to increase
my stock of material and to whom my best thanks are due. One
of the two females had a young one in the pouch, the other had an
empty pouch, but was suckling a haired young one running with
her. Or the third I have no particulars except that my collector
was satisfied that she had had young. This specimen was in an
early stage of pregnancy.
All three specimens shew the direct communication, and are
essentially like the specimen! figured in the paper by Mr. Lister
and myself (P.Z.S., 1881, p. 985).
The urogenital canal is about as long as in 0. rolibdm. It
varies from If in., in one specimen Avhich hoAvever is much smaller
in every way than the others, to 2^ in. They all present con-
spicuous ridges much as in the other species. The two apertures
are situated on the median ridge, but the latter, immediately
posterior to the orifice of the direct communication, first suddenly
Qi
C46 ox THE UROGENITAL OEGAXS OF TKE KANGAROO.
and tlieu more gradually, diminishes in height, so that that orifice
appears to be situated on a promontory having the ostium urethra?
at the base of its tip. Both apertures are however really situated
on the same ridge but at different levels. The secondary ridges
instead o£ being parallel to the main ridges, mostly fuse with
them posteriorly and then run diagonally outwards and forwards
so as to present the appearance of bifurcations. The latter may
start from very near the posterior extremity of the main ridges
or even in advance of this, and their origins may be on the same
level, or one may start as much as i in. in advance of the other,
or as in one specimen one secondary ridge may be parallel to,
and the other a bifurcation of, their respective main ridges. A
large virgin specimen is in no wise different as far as the ridges
are concerned. The arrangement of the secondary ridges does
not however appear to be a characteristic one, for the two
"Wallaroo specimens (a) and (h) of my previous paper present
similar variations from the arrangement in the specimen of the
game species already described above. Still, as mentioned before,
they form too marked a character to be entirely passed over.
Besides the secondary ridges there are other minor and less well-
marked asymmetrical ridges varying in their arrangement in
different specimens.
In the median vagina all the specimens present a very similar
condition to what has been described above in O. rohustus, that is
to say, the ventral surface is marked by a median longitudinal
groove less conspicuous however than in that specimen, and there-
fore it does not so conspicuously give rise to the a2)pcarance of
ridges. In the virgin specimen the groove is present only
anteriorly for one inch when it disappears, and the whole ventral
surface itself narrows and assumes the appearance of a ridge
bordered on either side by a depression. Septa often reticulating
pass in all the specimens from the ventral surface to the side
walls and in one specimen there are many transverse puckeriilgs.
BY J. J. FLETCHEH, B.A., B.Sc. C47
There are also many iiisiguificaut longitudinal folds, but without
any very definite arrangement.
On comparing the urogenital organs of this species with those
of O. rohushis they agree in the following particulars: (1) in
having a post partum direct communication between the median
vaginal and the urogenital chambers, and in not having it before
parturition so far as we know at present ; (2) in having the lateral
canals developed to about the same extent ; (3) in having the
urogenital canal, fully 2 in. or more long in average specimens ;
(4) and in having correspondingly long and conspicuous ridges
on the veutral surface of that canal. In addition they agree
essentially in other particulars not now under consideration, and
as far as I can see they do not differ materially from one another
in any single important particular.
On p. 02 of the article Marsupialia, Professor Owen says " It
is not unusual to find the vaginsB of the Kangaroo distended with
a gelatino-mucous adhesive secretion containing hard irregularly
shaped fibrous masses. One of these bodies which was found in
the mesial cul-de-sac of a Kangaroo was described and figured
by Home as the vertebral column and occipital bone of a foetus
* # * # Professor Leuckhart who found similar bodies in
the vaginal tube of a Kangaroo, compares them to a mola or false
conception, but observes that there was nothing in their structure
that would permit him to form a conclusion that they were parts
of a foetus." Again on p. 63, the same distinguished author
speaks of the " inspissated secretion commonly present both in
the cul-de-sac and the lateral canals." Other observers have
described similar finds. In one of my specimens of O. rufus the
anterior portion of the median vagina was much distended, and
this was found to be due to the presence of two yellowish resinous-
looking masses of irregular shape, which extended someway into,
and completely blocked the lateral canals. There was a third
similar but smaller fragment between the other two. In a
648 ox THE L'ROGEXITAL ORaANS OF THE KAXGAEOO,
specimen of H. ruJicolUs and in about the same region a similar
mass was found. All these are doubtless of like origin to the
bodies described by Prof. Owen. So far these are the only
examples met with by myself.
Halmaturus dorsalis. — I have never met with any description
of, or allusion to, the urogenital organs, either of this species or
of the one next to be considered. Six specimens, of which one
was pregnant, were sent me, along with their skins by my
collector. In their general characters they are very much like
the organs of H. riiJicolUs, except that the lateral canals are
longer and make a wider arch than in the latter species. The
lateral canals are relatively as loug as in M. major and surpass
a. ruficoUis in this respect just as ISL. major does the Hed and
the Wallaroo.
All these specimens shew the direct communication, its aperture
which has the usual situation, in every case being seen at once
on laying back the cut edges of the dorsal wall of the urogenital
canal.
The urogenital passage in three specimens was damaged just
at the extreme end, but in three others it averages \^ in., and in
this respect agrees with S. ruficoUis. In all there is an arrange-
ment of ridges very similar to what has been described in the
last mentioned species. Sometimes however the median ridge
suddenly drops for iV in. between the orifices of the direct com-
munication and of the urethra, and the former may then appear
to be situated on a promontory with a free tip just as has been
described above in 0. rufus, and for the same reason. Occasionally
the median ridge disappears altogether immediately posterior to
the ostium urethr.T, or it may extend backwards for \ to \ in.,
much as in II. rvjlcollh. In the latter species the marked
difference in level between the two orifices, and the extreme
shortness and sudden disappearance of the median ridge have
been met with less frequently than in II. dorsalis., though I do
not know tliat this is a point of any importance.
BT J. J. FLETCHER, B.A,, B.Sc. 649
Secondary ridges are also to be met with but tliey are not so
conspicuous even relatively as in the lied and the Wallaroo. They
may be parallel to the main ridges, or may appear as bifurcations
of them and they may or may not extend as far forwards as
the distal openings of the lateral canals. In one case the whole
interior of the urogenital canal was much more irregularly
rugose than usual.
In regard of the median vagina no two of them are quite alike,
either in the arrangement of the folds and puckerings, or in the
appearance presented by the ventral wall. The latter in one case
appears as a narrow ridge with a slight median groove. In others
there is a more or less well-marked ridge, or the ventral surface
may be flat. In all cases there are longitudinal folds and obliquely
radiating trabeculae and transverse puckerings, but all without
definite arrangement. An interesting feature about these
specimens is the extent to which the j^apillaB on which the ostia
nterorum are situated, project into the cavity of the median
vagina which they block to such an extent as to render it diflScult,
if not impossible for an embryo to pass into the lateral canal, and
correspondingly easy for it to pass into the urogenital passage
through the direct communication. The papillie were laterally
in more or less close contact, and their tips may be as as much
as -iV in. below the lower margin of the entrance to the lateral
canals. Externally their large size causes a distention, in some
cases as marked as that in the specimen of 0. rufiis, in which it
was due to the presence of the waxy looking masses described
above. Except in two specimens Onijchogaleafrcsnata I have not
noticed this character in such a marked degree in other kangaroos.
OnycliO(]alea frcdnata. — The organs of four of these pretty little
scrub kangaroos have been examined. As in the preceding case
I know of no reference whatever to the anatomy of this species.
One animal shot by myself had a young one 6 in. long on the teat.
Of the other three which were got by my collector, two had young
660 OS THE rEOGEIJlrAL OECIANS OF THE KAyOAEOO,
ones 3 in. and 5 in. respectively, wliile of tlie third I know only
that she was not a virgin. The organs, from the distal portion
of the Fallopian tubes to the vulva measure 2| in. in a straight
line. The most striking feature about them is the shortness and
consequently ver}^ slight arching of the lateral canals. When
these are dissected away from the sides of the median vagina, to
which they are closely bound by connective tissue, their length
does not exceed that of the straight piece of median vagina inter-
vening between their anterior and posterior extremities, by more
than ij in. They are very much shorter even relatively than is
the case in any other species described in this paper, and more
like the specimen of DenJrolafjiis imisfus, figured on p. 980 of the
P.Z.S. for 1881. Their diameter is very uniform and does not
exceed iV in.
In each of the four specimens there is a direct communication
Ijetween the median vaginal and the urogenital canals. Its orifice
is well marked and has the usual situation. The urogenital canal
measures Is in. in length, that is not much shorter than is the
case in an average specimen of M. major, even considering the
disparity in size of the animals. It shows substantially the same
arrangement of conspicuous ridges as in the previously described
species, though in one specimen they are very broad and more
massive altogether than usual, and in two specimens they do not
very sensibly diminish in size throughout and become fused in
the last i in. of their course, though a slight superficial depress-
ion still shews their originally double character. In one case
the median ridge at a \ in. from its anterior end fuses posteriorly
with one of the main ridges. There are traces of secondary
ridges but these are irregular and not very conspicuous.
There ia no doubt about the continuity of the tissues of the
median vagina and the urogenital canal, and externally one looks
like a continuation of the other. The walls of the former are
thick and firm and give it a circular outline. It is broadest
anteriorly just in the region of the origin of the lateral canals
BY J. .7. FLETCHER, B.A., B.Sc. 051
and tapers gradually and slightly towards its end. Internally it
is much folded both longitudinally and transrersely, but there
are no marked features to be described. The papillae on which
the ostia uterorum are situated, are in close contact laterally,
and in tw^o cases are very large, and being similar to what has
been described above in H. dorsalis, are mainly responsible for
the increase in breadth in this region. In the other two specimens
the papillie are much smaller.
Jfacropus major. — Of this species twenty-six specimens have
been examined. Three of them obtained by myself were from
animals each of which had a young one in the pouch. Two of
the young ones measured 2 in., the third 9^ in. Of five others,
kindly given me by Mr. Morley, four Avere from females with
young in the pouches, and the fifth was from a female suckling a
haired young one. The remaining eighteen were obtained by my
collector, who at my request carefully distinguished the organs
from animals which had had young from those of virgin animals.
In not one single instance was there any direct communication
between the median portion of the vagina and the urogenital
canal, and in all cases I have been able most satisfactorily to
make out the csecal condition of the cul-de-sac.
From four specimens taken at random, sections were cut, while
each of the others was carefully dissected and subsequently re-
examined. The former may be considered first.
In each case the organs were cut across well above the bottom
of the cul-de-sac, and then from the distal portion sections were
cut, beginning at the proximal end. On account of the larger
size of the sections and because the material was not specially
hardened, the sections are not so thin as in the case of the virgin
specimens described later on. Supposing the sections to be
placed with their ventral surface away from, and the dorsal surface
towards, the observer, then what one sees is this : Xear the top
of the section is the aperture of the urethra ; below this is that
G52 ox THE UEOGENITAL ORGANS OF THE KANGAEOO,
of the cul-de-sac much wider from side to side than the former,
and about the same height from above downwards ; and lastly
below and on either side of the middle aperture, come the open-
ings of the lateral canals w^hich at first are quite separate from
one another and merely connected loosely by connective tissue,
but in the very last part of their course their inner walls fuse
and so in sections they are separated by a narrow septum. The
outline of the openings is more or less convoluted. The follow-
ing changes then take place in successive sections of three of the
specimens. The urethral aperture gradually becomes smaller
and finally opens into the urogenital passage, its ostium being
situated on the median ridge. The aperture of the cul-de-sac
after having gradually diminished in size until it is no bigger
than a pinhole, disappears altogether. This happened in the
23rd, 17th, and IGth sections respectively, before the septum
between the apertures of the lateral canals thins away, until they
are no longer separated, and now give rise to the anterior portion
of the urogenital canal. The sections intervening between the
last shewing the aperture of the cul-de-sac and the first shewing
the meatus urinarius were carefully counted, and were found to
be 45, 50, and 11 respectively, (equal to about i in.).
The fourth specimen presented some interesting differences.
In the earlier sections which were ~i\ in. from side to side, the
aperture of the cul-de-sac measured f in. in the same direction,
and averaged -} in. from above downwards, but was slightly wider
than this just at one end. Then, instead of diminishing to a pin-
hole as before, it became blocked for l- in. in the middle only.
The blocking increases in width from side to side in succeeding
sections, until in the course of half a dozen of them, there is
nothing left of the original aperture but a small hole at either
extremity, the intervening space having been completely filled up.
Next in the course of a few sections, one of these holes
disappears entirely, while the other continues much as before.
Between fifty and sixty consecutive sections had been mounted
BY J. J. 1 LETCHEE, B.A., 13. Sc. 653
after the obliteration of the rest of the original aperture, when,
evidently within a few, probably not more than ten, sections of
reaching the meatus urinarius, a piece of tissue broke off and put
a stop to further operations. In all these sections the remnant
of the above mentioned hole is distinctly traceable though it has
gradually become smaller and is situated in the middle of a small
area different in appearance from the surrounding tissue. Now
whether this is merely a pocket of the median vagina, or whether,
if it had been situated in the middle line it might not have become
a direct communication to the urogenital canal, is not easy to
decide. At any rate it is of interest as shewing that there
was a much closer connection between the tissue of the cul-de-sac
and that of the urogenital canal, than was the case in the specimens
figured and described by Professor Owen and by Brass, a point
to which further reference will be made.
The remaining twenty-two specimens were carefully dissected,
but there was no direct communication in any single example. I
was able in every case to make out the caecal condition of the
cul-de-sac, as well as the absence of any aperture but that of the
meatus urinarius, on the wall of the urogenital canal. The
distance from the end of the cul-de-sac to the ostium urethras
averages iV in., but I have met with it as low as -A- in., and as
high as tV, but it is quite possible that the exact position of the
urethral orifice may not be quite invariable.
At present, leaving out of consideration the Rat Kangaroos,
which so far, are in the same category, Macropus major is the
only species of kangaroo in which this post imrtum absence of a
direct communication between the median vagina and the uro-
genital canal, is certainly known to exist. True it is that its
presence has not yet been met with in M. Parryi, Dendrolagus
iiiustus, or Dorcopsis lucfuosa, but of the first and last only one
isolated specimen in each case, and of the second only three
specimens have been examined, and in no single instance is there
any evidence forthcoming that parturition had taken place.
664> ON THE VEOGE>'TTAL OEGAXS OF THE KANGAEOO,
What evidence there is, is strongly in favour of their being virgins,
and has already been discussed in the paper in the P.Z.S., 1881.
It must be remembered however that in the same paper a single
instance is given of the occurrence of the direct communication
in 31. major, and allusion is made to specimen No. 3160 D. in the
Museum of the College of Surgeons in which infei^eiitially there
is a like condition, but this state of things is very exceptional.
On the other hand, the at any rate j90sf partum existence of a
direct communication has now been described in ten species in
addition to two in which it is described for the first time in this
paper. Clearly then in M. major there is, as a rule, a persistence
of what was probably a more primitive condition of the vagina
in kangaroos, while in other species as far as we know at present,
the addition of a direct communication has been found to be
advantageous. Why there should be this important and interest-
ing difference, it is not easy even to offer a suggestion. It will
be of interest to know the condition in the species whose uro-
genital organs are yet undescribed, and I hope shortly to be able
to continue the investigation of this point.
On the very reasonable supposition that Home's specimens did
not belong to M.. major, for he simply speaks of them as kangaroos,
and his figures do not give much help on this point, it is not
difficult to explain the controversy which has arisen as to the
presence of the direct communication in question, since its origin
is clearly traceable to the fact that different observers have drawn
their conclusions from the consideration of specimens which
present different conditions under similar circumstances.
Taking this view of the matter, the following passage from
a review of Poelman's paper written some thirty years ago by
Yan Beneden,* is interesting : " Deux museaux de tanche,
s'ouvrant dans une cavito formant un cul-de-sac ; deux vagins
en forme d'anse ; une cavite unique on les vagins aboutissent
* Bull, de r Acad. Koy. de Belgique, xviii., pp. 579-80.
BY J. J. FLETCnEB, B.A., B.Sc. 655
avec les canaux excreteurs des reins, voila ce que Ton observe
en general dans I'appareil sexuel femelle des Marsupiaux.
Deux aDatomistes de premier ordre disent que la cavite dans
laquelle s'ouvre le museau detanclie ne communique jamais avee
la cavite uretro-sexuel. Deux autres savants, non moins illustres
admettent au contraire, I'existence de cette communication ; mais
presque tous les anatomistes se rangent de I'avis des premiers,
parce que les derniers ont se souvent laisse induire en erreur par
des vues theoriques. M. Poelman a eu Toccasion de dissequer une
femelle de Macropus, qu 'il dit appartenir M. hennettii et il a
porte son attention sur ce point. Pen d'anatomistes s'attendront
au resultat annoncee par M. P., et ils apprendront, je crois, avec
etonnement, que la communication directe ente le canal uretro-
sexuel, et la cavite daus la quelle s'abouclient les museaux de
tanclie existe reellement daus ce didelphe. En resulte-t-il que
Cuvier et Owen ont mal vu ? JSTous ne le pensons pas, et nous
croyons plutot que la disposition signalee par Carus & Gr. St.
Hillaire, et que M. Poelman vient de reconnaitre daus le M.
hennettii est sinon individuelle, du moins propre a une ou a
quelques especes."
The urogenital canal in this species is comparatively short,
its length in average specimens being 1^ in. One of mv
specimens which came from a female measuring 35 in. has the
canal remarkably short, its length barely exceeding 1| in. Twice
I have met with it If in., but in the majority of my specimens
the above average obtains. The presence of ridges on the ventral
wall of the canal has not, as far as my knowledge goes, been
previously described in this species and does not seem constant.
Professor Owen does not allude to them and no information can
be gathered from his figure since the ventral wall of the urogenital
canal has been dissected away. In Brass's figure there is no
sign of ridges and the ostium urethrse is situated on a small
papilla, nor does he allude to them in the text.
656 o:s THE urogexital organs of the kaxgaroo,
Of one of the specimens described in tlie paper (P.Z.S., ISSl)
it is said that " there are no distinct longitudinal folds in the
urogenital chamber," while the condition of the other is not given.
In one only of all my specimens is there any difficulty in recog-
nising ridges similar and similarly situated to what have been
described in other species ; the chief difference being that they
are shorter and as a rule not so conspicuous as in the Red and
the Wallaroo. In average specimens the ridges are about f in.
long, ^ in. high, iV in. broad. In the specimen already mentioned
as having a remarkably short canal, the three ridges are ^ in.
long, -A- in. high, and » broad, and terminate abruptly. In the
exceptional specimen referred to above the separate ridges are
certainly not as well marked as usual, but careful examination
shews that this is due to the ridges which are short, having fused
anteriorly and posteriorly, leaving a hollow betw^een them. The
remnant of a median ridge projects slightly into this anteriorly
and rather below its tip is the meatus urinarius.
In some specimens the length of the median ridge is often
insignificant and it may gradually diminish in height, or it may
make a sudden drop and then continue at a lower level. On the
whole then the ridges in this species may be said to be on the
same type as, but shorter, lower, and narrower than is the case
in the Red and AVallaroo, and to be more like what has been
described in the Halmaturi.
The vaginal cul-de-sac presents variety in details, so that it is
impossible to give a good description which will apply to any
number of specimens. In several instances the arrangement is
very similar ts what has been described above in the AVallaroo.
In one case two ridges start from the level of the lateral canals
und proceeding backwards along the ventral surface curve out-
wards and join the sides near the end of the cul-de-sac, while in
the median line between them there is a slight elevation which
extends to within i in. of the bottom of the chamber. Between
the median and lateral ridges on either side there are numerous
BY J. J. rLETClIEE, B.A., E.Sc. GoT
reticulations, especially towards the posterior portion of the cul-
de-sac. Sometin-:es the ventral surface presents only obscure
longitudinal folds and radiating trabecular without any other
marked feature. I hare several times met with the reticulate
structure described by Professor Owen in his specimen.
In two specimens the remains of a well-marked longitudinal
septum such as the same distinguished anatomist has described
in the cul-de-sac were met with. This septum which runs along
the dorsal wall, extended in one specimen completely across tiie
cavity for a distance of i in., near the bottom of the cul-de-sac^
while for the rest of its course, as throughout in the other case,
it was only partial. To see this septum the cul-de-sac should be
laid open laterally or from the ventral surface but as it was more
suitable for my purpose, the dissections in all my other specimens
were made intentionally from the dorsal aspect, and accordingly
the septum was injured or overlooked, both in this and the other
species mentioned in this paper.
On comparing the urogenital organs of J/, mcfjor with those of
the Eed Kangaroo and the Wallaroo, which two agree pretty
well as has been already pointed out, the following points of
difference are noteworthy. Macrojms major has (1) as a rule no
direct communication between the cul-de-sac and the uro2:enital
passage ; (2) the lateral canals considerably longer ; (3) the
urogenital canal shorter by about one-third of its length ; and
(4) ridges, in the urogenital canal as a rule on the same tvpe^
but of smaller dimensions than is the case in the other two species,
and exceptionally the ridges may be absent altogether, whereas
in the Wallaroo and Eed they are always present as far as we
Ivuow at present, I sus])ect too that the median vagina is
probably relatively longest in M. major, and on this point as on
that of the relative lengths of the lateral canals, a series of
measurements would be interesting, but up to the present, want
of leisure and of additional specimens of 0. roJjustus and 0. rufus
has prevented the investigation of these details.
G58 0:S THE UEOGEXITAL ORGAXS OF THE KANGAEOO,
While then so far as the post partum absence of a direct com-
munication in M. major is concerned, mj observations agree with
what Professor Owen, has described, yet in regard of the extent
to which the cul-de-sac is continued backwards, and of its relation
to the urogenital passage, my specimens, w^ithout exception,
differ from the specimen described and figured by the same great
anatomist as well as from the very similar one examined by Brass.
Professor Owen's account is this: *" In the specimen examined
by me, this part of the vagina (cul-de-sac) was not continuous
by means of its proper tissue with the urogenital canal, but was
connected thereto by areolar tissue." In Brass's figure the break
is even more marked. All my specimens differ from both these,
not only in respect of the increased backward extension of the
cul-de-sac, but also in its acquiring a much more intimate relation,
both with the tissue of the urogenital canal as well as with that
of the bladder and urethra. In Professor Owen's figure the
ventral wall of the cul-de-sac and of the urogenital canal along
with the bladder and its attachment have been dissected away,
while in that of Brass the specimen is seen intact from the dorsal
aspect and shews no connection between the tissue of the bladder
and urethra and that of the cul-de-sac, quite different from any
thing that has come under my observation.
Clearly in those species in which a direct communication
prevails, the tissue of the median 2:)ortion of the vagina must be
continuous with that of the urogenital passage. A similar con-
dition was described in the second specimen of M. major
mentioned in the paperf already quoted. Prom the examination
of a large number of sections from this region of the urogenital
organs as well as from the careful examination of over twenty
specimens, there would seem to be very intimate relation between
the tissues of the two chambers in all my specimens. Morc-
* Comp. Anat., vol. iii., p. 083.
t P.Z.S., 1881, p. 387.
BT J. J. FLETCHEP, 13. A., B.Sc. 659
over the important part which the bladder and the urethra play in
bringing about this relation, must not be left out of consideration.
The meatus urinarius is situated on the ventral wall of the uro-
genital chamber at about i in. from the anterior end of the
latter, consequently the tissue of the urethral wall must be con-
tinuous with that of the urogenital canal. Similarly the tissue
of the cervix of the bladder fuses w ith that of the wall of the cul-
de-sac at about l in. from its end, and the urethra has the
appearance of being buried in the wall of the cul-de-sac. Hence
throughout its course, the urethra is fused with the wall of the
cul-de-sac on the one hand, and with the wall of the urogenital
passage on the other, and so helps to bring these parts into very
close relation. This is the arrangement which Brass figures in
Hypsiprymnus, and JEL. hennetti, while in his figure of M. major the
arrangement is quite different. Possibly Prof. Owen's specimen
was like this too : in which case these two specimens, as it seems
to me, can be regarded only as interesting and remarkable varia-
tions from the more typical arrangement which I have met wdth
in a larger number of examples, and w^hich obtains in other
species.
Ojs- a species of Beachtphtllum: feom Mesozoic Coal
Beds, Ipswich, Queexsla^-d.
By the Eey. J. E. Tenisox-Woods, F.L.S., &c.
A very interesting discovery has been lately made at the
Tivoli Mine, Ipswich, Queensland. The coal beds there have
yielded a specimen of BracliypliyUim, closely allied to the well-
known and common Oolitic B. mammillare, Brongt. It is associated
with Tceniopteris, Alethopteris australis, Equisetum rotiferum
(nobis), Tliinnfeldia adonfopteroides Splienopteris eJongata, etc.
It was brought to me by Mr. Meston, who was then the proprietor
of the mines, and was found amongst the shale in the workings
immediately above the coal seam in somewhat impure coal.
GGO ox A SPECIES OF BUACIIYPHTLLrir,
Beaciitphyllum CRASSUir, /'an var B. mammilare ?)
Plant robust, thick, stem and branches repeatedly dicliotomous.
Leaves tliick and fleshy, densely crowded, homodromoiis, short,
broad, obtuse, conspicuously keeled, erect, and closely imbricate,
slightly spreading. Branches and branchlets very little narrower
than the parent stem and o£ equal width to the summit. All
portions of the plant conspicuously curved. Three leaves visible
in each spiral : about three rows in a centimetre. Length o£
leaves from 2 to 3 mill, breadth from 5 to G mill. Diam. of
cauline stem at widest part 10 mill., of branchlets 8 mill. Length
oE shortest 18 mill. Longest diameter of plant 150 mill. : gi'eatest
width 105 mill., in which there are 13 bifurcations.
Amongst the fragments imbedded around the plant there are
many portions of much narrower dimensions covered with rliom-
boidal depressions like a Leindodendron. These are branclies
from whicli the leaves have been shed. They are about 30 mill,
long, and 2 mill, wide, covered with lozenge-shaped depressions
with a raised margin, of which two are exposed in each internode
or spiral. They are also dichotomous and seem to proceed from
the ends of the branches ; some of them are straight and some
curved, and they abound round the stems.
This very beautiful fossil which, is so excellently preserved and
so complete in its details resembles very closely in general habit
the well-known B. mammillare, Brong., which is widely spread
in Oolitic deposits of France, and Wiltshire, Oxford, and Yorkshire
in England. But this fossil differs from every other known form
in the thickness and shape of the leaves, and the continuous
branching without much, diminution of the diameter. In some
cases the result of the branching is to give rise to a slightly thicker
stem than the parent branch. Under the microscope also I find
that the leaves are covered with a very fine granulation and the
margins are slightly raised. The keel is sharp and raised, but
not visible on all the leaves, which easily separate from the stem
in the fossil, leaving a shapeless scar of brittle, shining coal.
BY THE llEV. J. E. TEXISOX-^VOODS, F.L.S., T.G.S. GGI
There are no other plant remains in the slate except woody
fragments, and the whole is covered with fine scales of silvery
mica. I am inclined to the opinion that this is no more than a
variety of the European fossil, but lest I should be causing con-
fusion by a wrong identification, I give it another name. If.
however, we had no other distinction between two species of trees
than those which exist between these fossils, we should not be
justified in separating them. There may, however, be distinctions
in the inflorescence, which have not yet been discovered.
B. mamilare has been separated by Schimper from the plant
wrongly so named by Lindley and Hutton, (See Foss. Flora, pi.
188 and 219, vol. o. See also, Schimper, vol. 2, p. 336, B.
2)hillipsii.)
In the Geological Magazine for Jany., 1869 (vol. 6, p. 5, pi. 2,
figs. 12, 13) there are figures of rough branches of i?. mamiUare.
Also Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1 ser., vol. iv., plate 19,
fig. 9, under the name of Mamillaria desnoyersii, Brong.
Yinger in his Grenera et Species Plant Foss.. p. 308, regards
Brachyphyllum as a Cycad.
Note on the Cocoaxitt-eatixg Habit of the Birgtjs ix the
SoLOMox Giiour.
By H. B. GurPY, M.B., H.M.S. '' Lark."
Whilst traversing, last September, the belt of screw-pines
which borders the beach on the east coast of Malanpaina, the
southern island of the Three Sisters, I came upon one of the
large cocoanut crabs— a Birgus — closely allied (if not identical)
with the well-known Birgus latro of the Philippines. Its length
of body, when extended, was about 15 inches, being about
3 inches shorter than that of another individual of the same
species which I had met with in the previous June in the vicinity
of Star Harbour, St. Christoval, at a height of about 300 feet
El
662 COCOA;!fUT-EATIXG HABIT OF THE BIEGUS,
above the sea. Both these crabs were considerably stouter than
the species which I observed a few days since in the A.ustralian
Museum.
The Blrgus, which I observed at the Three Sisters, I found
esconced in the angle between the buttressed roots of a tree,
with a full- sized cocoanut within reach of its big claws. From
the fresh-looking external appearance of the shell, it had been
evidently but recently hushed, which operation had been per-
formed more cleanly than if a native had done it. There was an
opening at the eye-hole end of the shell of a somewhat regular
oblong form, measuring 2 by H- inches, and large enough to
admit the powerful claws of the crab. The white kernel, which
was quite firm as in the mature nut, had been scooped out for
from 1 to IJ inch around the opening; small pieces of the
kernel lay on the ground outside the nut, and others were
floating about in the milk inside, of which the shell was about a
fourth-part full. I had without doubt disturbed the Birgus in
the middle of its meal. Curiously enough, there were no cocoa-
nut palms to be seen within fifty paces of the spot where the
crab was found, nor were portions of the husk to be found in its
retreat. The Birgus which I found on the St. Christoval coast
was captured quite away from any cocoanut palms, on the top of
a ridge about 300 feet above the sea.
In my own mind I have no doubt that the crab not only husked
the shell, but also broke the hole at the eye-hole end of the nut.
The island is uninhabited, and only occasionally visited by parties
of natives from the adjoining coast of St. Christoval, who resort
to the lee side of the island for the purpose of fishing, but never
on the weather side, where the Birgus was found. Having ex-
plored the island I can affirm that there were no natives on the
island during the ship's stay. Not only had the shell been very
recently husked, but it was evident from the fresh condition of
the milk and kernel of the nut that an interval probably of only
a few hours had elapsed since the opening had been made. The
BY ir. B. GUPPY, M.B. G63
late Mr. Darwin, in his Journal of the Beagle (p. 468, edit 1860),
thus describes the manner in which these crabs remove the husk
and perforate the hard shell, on Keeling Island, as observed by-
Mr. Liesk, an English resident. '' After the husk has been
removed fibre by fibre, the crab commences to hammer an opening
in one of the eye-holes until an opening is made. It then turns
round its body and extracts the white meat inside." From this
description it would seem that a circular opening would be formed,
•whilst in the particular instance of this cocoanut the angular
form of the opening, together with the appearance of the edge?,
■would incline me to the opinion that the hole had been formed
partly by biting and partly by the rasp-like surface of the big
pair of claws. It is worthy of note that I observed no fragment
of the shell in the milk within the nut.
I kept the JBirgus alive on board on a diet of coconuts for three
weeks, when one morning, to my great disappointment, I found
it dead. Other foods, such as bananas, were offered to it, but
were left untouched. Its appetite for cocoa nuts continued un-
impaired to the last day of its life. Mr. Isabel, • leading stoker
of this ship, who looked after it very attentively, tells me that
its average rate of consumption was about two cocoanuts in three
days. A number of these crabs in a cocoanut plantation might
therefore prove a considerable pest ; and if this represents the
quantity of food which the Birgus consumes in a state of nature,
a single crab in the course of twelve months would dispose of
about 250 cocoanuts, which represents the annual production of
two to three palms, and between twenty and thirty quarts of
cocoanut oil. Being desirous of observing the manner in which
the husk was removed, I had a cocoanut with its husk on placed
in the coop in which the crab was kept. On one occasion the
Birgus was surprised with the nut between its large claws ; but
notwithstanding that no other food was offered to it for a day
and a half it did not attempt to strip oft' the husk. So the opera-
tion was done for it, and a small hole was knocked in the top of
664< COCOANUT-EATTXG IIAEIT OP THE BIRGUS,
tlie shell. On the following day I found the shell — a j'oung and
somewhat thin one — broken irregularl}^ across the middle, with
the soft white kernel cleanly scooped out and eaten. It was
afterwards found necessary to break the nuts for its daily food,
as I was anxious to keep it alive until our arrival at Sj^dney.
As the crab disliked observation I was unable to gain much
knowledge of its habits by watching. During the day time it
was sluggish, did not eat, and kept in one Cjuarter as far from
the light as it could get ; at night it moved about very actively,
and fed vigorously on the cocoanuts. Some salt-water was kept
in the coop, as the Birgus is said to descend to the sea-coast at
night to moisten its gills.
The powers of smell (?) of this crab did not appear to be very
keen. Strong liquor ammoniac of the British Pharmacopeia,
when placed about a couple of inches under its mouth, caused a
little movement of the foot-jaws or maxillte, but the crab showed
no other signs of discomfort, and remained in the same posture.
Chloroform, when similarly placed, produced a like effect on the
foot-jaws, and by the gradual sinking down of one of the second
pair of claws which was raised up in the air, it aj)peared to ex-
perience in some degree its physiological effect.
The habit of this crab when surprised away from its burrow,
is not to turn round and run away, but to retreat in an orderly
manner with its front to the foe. Having reached some root or
trunk of a tree which protects in the rear its less perfectly-
armoured abdomen, it makes a resolute stand, waves one of the
second pair of long claws in the air and courageously awaits the
attack. I observed the attitude of defence more carefully after I
had bi^ought the crab on board. The two large claws are held
up close together to defend the mouth and eyes, but with the
pincers pointing downward — the j^osture reminding me of the
guard for the head and face in sword exercise. One of the
long second pair of claws is planted firmly on the ground to give
the crab additional support, whilst the other claw is raised in
BY H. P. cirprr, m.b. 6G5
tlie air and moved up and down in a sparring fashion. The
whole attitude of the Birgus when on the defensive is one of
dogged and determined resistance. The big pincers which point
downward are ready to seize anything which touches the un-
protected under surface of the abdomen, but as on account of the
position of the claws it can only forsee attacks from above ; it
cannot ward off a thrust directed against the abdomen, although
it may afterwards inflict severe injuries on the aggressor.
XoTES ox Birds from the Solomox Islaxds.
By E. p. Ramsay, T.L.S., Szq.
Amaurornis moluccaxa.
Capt. J. Macdonald has sent to the Museum a veritable specimen
of Amaurornis moluccana, which is said to be identical with Gould's
G(dl inula riificrissa, but if Gould's plates are correct, these birds
are certainly distinct. Gould figures a yellowish and reddish
shield at the base of the bill, nothing of the kind appears in the
birds from New Britain, collected by the Rev. George Brown, or
in this specimen from St. Anna, one of the Solomon Group.
Nasiterxa rixsciiii, Itamsai/.
The adult male, has the cheek feathers tipped with blue, and a
deep orange-red spot on the abdomen ; and those I consider to
be the adult females have the cheek feathers tipped with rose,
but there is no yellow, orange or red on the abdomen; '' there is
no tinge of yellow on the forehead,'''' as stated by Mr. Tristram; and
by no stretch of the imagination can the orange-red of the belly
in the male be called yellow ; if Canon Tristram has a specimen
with a " tinge of yellow on the forehead and abdomen " and '' a
little pink patch on either side of the lower mandible," then I
should say his specimen is not my Nasiterna finschii, but a distinct
species : it might be the adult male of N. mortonif or perhaps
6C6 NOTES ox BIEDS FEOM TUE SOLOMOX ISLANDS,
Schlegel's Kasitema pi/gmea salamonciisis. My description of tlie
species was taken from an adult male bird, wliich had been mucli
damaged in tlie belly in shooting, and there are no red feathers
on that region ; I at first, thought it to be a female, and so stated
in my description, the red or rose feathers near the base of the
mandible were not '' overlooked " by me. I stated correctly
these feathers are blue in the male, and rose in the female. (See
P.L.S., N.S.W., vol. vii., pt. 1, Jany. 1882.) The yellow spot
on the inner webs of the tail feathers, is confined to the outer
three feathers, and is not found on the remainder, as one would
suppose from Mr. Tristram's remark. Ibis, p. 133, 1882, the
under tail-coverts in all my specimens are light yellow tipped
with green, except on the central two feathers, the yellow spot on
the outer tail feathers is common to several species of the genus.
The pale yellow spot on the distal end of the tibia is conspicuous
in all the adult males (dry skins).
Nasitekxa mortonii, P.L.S., X.S.W., YI., p. 721, VII., pt. 1,
Jan., 1882.
Two specimens. I am not sure that this will prove to be a
good species, no note as to locality, except " San Chridoval,^''
both are tied as females, there is rosey tint round the cheeks, no
red on abdomen ; the bird described by Canon Tristram as having
a '' tinge of yellow on the forehead" and a yellow patch on the
belly, may be the adult male of this species.
NlXOX T.F.XIATA.
A young bird with nestling plumage, the abdomen and flanks
show indications of bars, and there are bars and spots on the
wings, and broken bars on the tail feathers on their inner webs.
Eyes large, dark pupil with narrow light-grey iris.
Ilah. Wano, St. Christoval, Solomon's.
GrEOFEOTTUS ITETEEOCLITUS.
Males with yellow heads ; two males and two females from St.
Christoval ; and two males and three females from '* Wanu " St.
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 667
Christoval. A large series proves the G. heteroclitus and G.
cyaniceps to be male and female of the same species.
ChALCOPKAPS ilORTONir.
Adult male ; the forehead white as far as the eyes, rest of the
head and ear-coverts dull plum colour, the hind neck and inter-
scapular region and shoulders vinaceous purple tinged with ros}''
violet; remainder of the plumage as in the type. This species
is closely allied to C. depliani of New Guinea.
Edoltisoma (sALA^Nioxrs, Trisfr.)
Adult male, uniform bluish slate colour, above and below with
a blackish band from the nostril (across the loreal region) to the
ef/e, quills black, the secondaries and scapulars edged with slate
blue like the back, tail black, the outer two feathers more or less
tipped with the same tint, on the under surface of the wing ; the
basal portion of the feathers ashy blue ; bill and legs black ; bilj
from forehead 1 in. ; wing 4G ; tail 4 in. ; tarsus O'o.
Adult female. — Like the male. Above the loreal region duller
the chin, throat, and the whole of the under surface, under wing
and under tail-coverts rich cinnamon-rufous, ear-coverts like the
upper surface, the outer two tail feathers like the belly but having
the mesial portion of the inner webs towards the base black, the
next third feather on either side black, slightly tipped and
margined with cinnamon-rufous, the remainder of the tail as in
the male. One specimen marked as a female (juv-) has the breast,
abdomen and one or two of the under wing-coverts and tail
mottled with rufous ; it appears that the young females resemble
the males, and not the young males the females.
Mab. St. Christoval.
This appears to be the same as Canon Tristram's Edoliisoma
salamonis.
068 xoTES o:s birds from: the solomoj^ islands,
DicRURUs LONGiROSTRis, Bamsai/, P.L.S., X.S.W., YII., June,
1882.
This species was first discovered by Mr. J. Stephen.
Sturnoides (Lamiorotornis) mixor, Ramsay.
It is quite evident that this is the species which Canon Tristram
alludes to under Lamprotornis or Calornisfulvijyennis, his description
of the wings and tail does not apply to the L./ulvipennis of Homb.
and Jacquinot, in the voj^age Pole Sud., pi. xiv., fig. 2, there the
four first large remiges only, are distinctly stated to be of an earthy-
brown colour, and the tail is described to be bluish-black, while
in the present bird all the quills of the wings and tail are dull
earthy-brown ; besides our bird is much smaller. Cockerell
obtained several specimens of the true Lamprotornis fulvipennis of
Homb. et Jacq., on San Christoval in 1878, as I before mentioned
in my account of his collection, P.L.S., of N.S.W., vol. iv., p. 77,
1879.
Hah. San Christoval.
MizoMELA pammetj:xa, Sclafer.
One skin and one spirit specimen, these undoubtedlj^ prove
that there are two very distinct black species of Mgzomela in the
group, but whether this species be identical with M. niger I have
no means of ascertaining.
Hah. AVano, San Christoval.
Carpophaga rubricera, Tristr., Ibis p. 144, 18S2.
This is the C. rufigula of Salvadori, the true C. ruhricera is not
found in the Solomon's, but comes from New Ireland and the
Duke of York Islands
Wano, San Christoval.
PiEzoRHYNciius squamulatus, Tristr.
I believe this bird to be the same as P, vidua (Tristram); if not it
must be my P. melanooephalus, which I am inclined to think is only
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 669
an adult male of P. vidua ; I liave a large series before me and
they appear to be only different sexes and ages of one and the
same species which must take the oldest name P. vidua, (Tristram).
Wano, San Christoval.
COLLOCALTA FL'CirAGA.
Several spirit specimens from San Christoval, young and adult.
I have seen the same species from the Dake of York Group, and
also in a collection made by Cockerell sen., at the Aru Islands,
there are probably specimens in Mr. Goodman's collection as I
am informed that this gentleman bought Cockerell' s collection.
The young and the adults both have the abdomen white also the
the under tail coverts and a portion of the webs of the tail feathers.
"Wano, San Christoval,
Iaxtiiexas (i'Iiillipax.t:) ? ?
Mr. John Stephen has drawn my attention to several specimens
of a '•' metallic-coloured" pigeon, which he sends, and believes to
be distinct from I. jylullipancB, stating that the birds have been
carefully sexed, and that the male and female are alike in
plumage. The specimens sent differ from the type of /. philip-
pance chiefly in having the throat and ear coverts only white,
and of a clear dead white without any opaline lustre, the metallic
lustre on the rump and upper tail coverts has a steel blue tint,
and the rosy lustre is different on the whole ; the metallic margins
of the upper tail coverts and wing coverts above are much
narrower. This specimen, or, as perhaps it may turn out to be,
female of /. pallidiceps, may be thus described : —
Throat and ear coverts and all below line drawn from the
angle of the mouth below the orbit, white without opaline lustre ;
the remainder of the plumage of a light, bluish, ashy grey,
washed all over with a bright green metallic lustre, having a
bluish tinge in certain lights, especially on the rump and upper
tail coverts ; the front of the head, crown, nape, neck, and all
670 NOTES ox "BIRDS PKOM THE S0L0M0:N' ISLANDS,
the under surface of the body tinged with a rosy metallic lustre,
not very distinct on the abdomen and flanks, the wings and tail
blackish ashy brown, a little lighter below, under tail coverts
narrowly margined with a metallic green lustre, under wing
coverts and axillaries like the under surface of the quills, the
upper wing coverts and scapular narrowly margined with green ;
bill purple, red in dried specimen, and yellow at the tip, legs
and feet of the same tint. In the adult male (?) there is a bronze
reflection on the chest, and the rich rosy violet tints so strikingly
S9en in /. pMUipance are scarcel}' visible in these .specimens, but
when seen in the sunlight are of a deeper rose colour; the
tints also have a decided subterminal blue shade not seen in
the other species, the metallic margins to the scapulars and
wing coverts are much narrower, the measurements on the
whole are much the same except in the bill, which is smaller,
the feathers on the legs extend a little lower past the knee joint,
and the concealed portions of the feathers on the body are darker,
than in /. philli'pance . On comparing the two birds the difference
in the tints of the metallic lustre is very easily seen. The sexes
are alike in plumage.
The following are the measurements of four specimens, two
males and two females sent by Mr. J. Stephens, a pair of each
from the islands of Uji and San Christoval : —
Measurements of lantlienas — t gi specimen 1, 2, and 4 ; San
Christoval, 3 :
(^•)
(^.)
(3.)
(4-)
In.
In.
111.
In.
Total length about
15
11-5
157
15-3
Wing
87
8-
9-8
8-5
Tail
0-
^'^
G-2
5*5
Tarsus ...
1-
V
105
1
Bill from forehead
1-2
11
1-25
115
Bill from end of nasal groove
0-5
0-48
0-5
0-5
Bill from gape...
1-2
11
1-25
1-2
Sex
s
?
6
?
BY E. r. RAMSAY, F.L.S.
671
No. 2 is evidently a young bird.
Measurements of male and female of the I, 'pliiUl^ancc from
r^-i
Total length about
.. 15 in.
Hi
Wing
.. 9-65
91
Tail
.. 5G
5-5
Tarsus
.. 1
1-05
Bill from forehead
.. 1-15
1-3
Bill from the tip...
05
O'lS
Bill from gape
.. 1-15
1-35
Sex
... $
?
Legs vellow.
A\^e have young and adults of both these birds ; in the first lot
all were like Z^;/^ii7/^jjr/;«^, and were sexed by J. Stephens and
Morton and said to be males and females ; in the second lot all
are alike, and have only the throat and ear-coverts white, they
were sexed by J. Stephens, and said to be males and females ;
some are young birds with a dull cap, but the white throat and
ear-coverts distinct. If these birds then, have been correctly
sexed, and there is no reason to believe otherwise, then they must
be of two distinct species although found on the same Islands.
Wano, Ugi.
ASTUR TERSICOLOE and A. ALElCrULAErS.
Stephen has sent a good series from which it appears that the
birds with the deep rufous undersurface and black cross bands
are younger than those with a paler or fawn coloured breast and
hastate black tips to the feathers ; there is one all slaty-black
bird marked as a female, and two A. aJhif/idaris, with white under-
surface also marked as females. I am afraid they must all belong
to the one species and go under Grray's name of A. aJhirfularis.
TJgi.
(572 XOTES ox BIEDS FROM THE SOLOMOX ISLANDS,
NlXOX TJ^XIATA ? JllV.
One specimen of a small Nuiox from " Wano," San Christoval,
is of a dull reddish- brown all over, inclining to rufous on tlie
chest and face ; the wing-coverts above have indistinct fulvous
fears, the under wing-coverts fluffy and of a light buff, all the
<]^uills have six to seven white bars or spots on the basal half of
the inner webs, and on the outer margin of the outer webs a row
of dull white or fulvous spots, on the tail there are five or six
white bars, similarly situated to those on the wing- quills ; all the
under surface of the body from the breast downwards isindistinctly
banded with fulvous and dull reddish-brown ; the throat is white,
the rectse long, strong, reaching beyond the bill, there are no
bands or spots on the hind neck, mantle, back, rump, or upper
tail-coverts, these parts are covered chiefly with fluffy plumage ;
on the head a few feathers are dotted here and there with fulvous ;
there is a blackish spot at the base of the primaries on the under
surface formed by the blackish tips of the outer series of the
under wing-coverts. Length 8 in. ; wing, 5"8 ; tail, 3'1 ; tarsus,
1"05 ; bill from forehead 1 inch, from nostril 0"G, brown- white at
the tip.
Wano, San Christoval.
Hali-etus leucogaster.
A young bird in an interesting stage of plumage, all the feathers
of the hind neck and mantle, upper wing-coverts and scapulars,
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts margined at the tips with
white or fulvous white, some of the scapulars with fluffy pointed
tips : the throat buff, all the feathers on the chest, breast, and
remainder of the under surface rich tawny brown, streaked
mesially and tipped with buffy- white ; under tail coverts tawny-
brown with fluffy tips.
Ugi Island.
BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S.
073
MvzorELA pl'lc'iii:riuma.
Tlierc are three young birds, red to tlie flanks and tlie under
tail-coverts also tinged with the same colour in one specimen,
but the red on the body is not glossy like that on the adults ; the
outer webs of the primaries and secondaries are margined with
olive, under surface of the abdomen and flanks, and under tail-
coverts washed with olive.
U^^i
Ugi.
MaCROPYGIA RUFOCASTAyEA, Bamsdi/.
H.VLCYOX ALRICELLA.
Three specimens of this species. The blue line behind the eye
is much narrower in some than in others, all these specimens have
some of the upper wing-coverts narrowly margined with white, a
blue spot on the tarsal joint.
Sex
Length (circa) from the tips of bill
Wing
Tail
Tarsus ...
Bill from forehead, tips worn down
Bill from nostril, tips worn down
G-reatest width below nostril . . .
Ugi Island, April, 1882.
Lieutenant T. H. Heming of H.M.S. Lark, has been good
enough to send me the eggs of this species, which he informs me
he took from a hole in a tree on the Island of St. Anna,
Solomons, in SejDtember last ; they were two in number, white
and rather oval, one measures 1'35 x 1"1.
... ?
?
?
... lliu.
11-5
10-8
... 5
4-85
4-9
... 3-2
3-3
3-25
... 075
07
07
... 2-4
2-35
2-2
... 1-9
1-0
174
... 07
0-67
0-65
671 NOTES AND EXHIBITS,
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Ml*. C. Jenkins, L.S., of Yass, exhibited a collection of
Palaeozoic (Devonian ?) fossils, chiefly Erachiopods, collected
by him between Cobar and Wilcaunia. The formation appears
to belong to the same horizon as the fossiliferous beds at Monnt
Lambie, &c.
Mr. T. A. Tenison-Woods gave a curious mythological account
of a New Ireland idol, exhibited by him at the last Meeting.
The story appears to have some connection with the legend of
Degei, God of Fiji, as reported by Seeman, Mission to I'iji,
1860-61.
The Hon. P. Gr. King, M.L.C., exhibited specimens of Pier is
teutonia, observed by him in great numbers near Tamworth a few
days ago. They appeared to form part of a vast migration,
moving without intermission towards the North. The same
species has been unusually common in many parts of the Colony
during the present summer.
Mr. E. P. E-amsay exhibited three species of OJigoriis ; one
O. Macquariensis from Wagga Wagga, a second distinct spec-ies
from Wilson's Creek, Hichmond Kiver, and a third, also different,
from the Mary Kiver, Queensland ; also a new species of
Amphisile from Wide Bay ; three species of Mus, various shells
from Queensland ; samples of Dugong Oil, &c. ; and photographs
of Australian and Xew Guinea Aborigines. A collection of birds
from the Solomon Islands, with numerous explanatory notes,
was also laid before the Society.
Mr. Brazier exhibited a copy of "^lawe's Linnean System of
Chonchology, 1823 ;" "The A^oyagers' Companion," by the same
author, and his "Introduction to the study of Conchology," 1832.
Mr. Haswell stated that he had much pleasure in announcing
to the Society, that, thanks to the intelligent inquiries made by
Mr. Morton of the Museum, while recently in Queensland, he
had hopes that they were on the way towards learning something
IfOTES AND EXHIBITS. G75
of the embryology of the Geratodus. Mr. Morton liacl ascertained
that the Ceratodics spawns in the Burnett River during the months
of June, July, or August, the spawn being deposited in a slight
excavation formed in the bed of the river at a depth of eight or
ten feet, the male and female remaining in close attendance on
it until hatched. Arrangements had been made by which it was
hoped that a supply of the spawn might be obtained for observa-
tion next season.
-♦-♦-
ANNUAL GEXEEAL MEETIXa,
WEDNESDAY, 31st JANUARY, 1883.
The President Dr. James C. Cox, F.L.S., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Annual Greneral fleeting were read
and confirmed.
The President then read the following address : —
Gentlemen, —
At the annual General Meeting held in the Society's Rooms
on the 2oth of January last, you conferred upon me for the
second time, the honour of electing me your President, and now,
in accordance with our rules, and as a preliminary step to
vacating that distinguished position, it again becomes my duty
to address you on the history of our past doings, and our present
prospects.
Although feeling at the time much gratified by a re-election
so expressive of approval of my presidential conduct, I must
confess that I undertook with much hesitation the performance
of the responsibilities attached to this high official trust, for the
arduous nature of my professional duties, combined with the
close attention due to the requirements of the many charitable
institutions with which I am connected would leave me but little
676 president's address.
time to devote to writing as fully as I could have desired, upon
subjects of natural histor}-. Under such, circumstances it is a
consolation for me to know that the Society has not suffered by
the inability on my part to contribute more largely, for I have
the satisfaction to state that during my tenure of office there has
been no lack of interesting papers furnished by the scientific
labours of its members, and read at our monthly meetings,
which exhibit a steadily progressivejsupply of fresh and reliable
materials illustrative of Australian objects. It cannot, therefore,
but be anticipated from the'results already obtained, that year
after year the uniform progress of a literature appropriated to the
diffusion and advancement of science will be consistently main-
tained, incited as it is by the many additional charms presented
by a country where so many treasures still lie unexplored.
Three parts of our proceedings for 1882 have already appeared
in print, and have been distributed not only among our own
members, but also freely to many of the kindred institutions at
home and abroad. These, I am happy to say, have been
favourably reviewed in all, and they are many, of the scientific
periodicals of the day, which 1 and several others have had the
opportunity of perusing, and I entertain no doubt that the 4th
Part, which will complete our 7th Yolume, will meet with
similar approval.
Twenty-six members have been elected during 1882, and I
deeply regret to add that the Society has lost by death four
highly esteemed members, namel}^ Dr. Alleyne, M.D., President of
the Medical Board, Mr. William Forster, M.L.A., the Hon. S.
D. Gordon, M.L.C., and Sir William Macarthur. These gentle-
men have been for very many years past so well and so
honourably known — I may say throughout the length and
breadth of the land — that it is sufficient for me simply to record
their deaths to ensure a sorrowful feeling at the loss of such friends.
It will thus be seen that the number of additional members on
the Society's muster-roll since my last address has steadily
president's address. 677
augmented. But this increase, as a rule, is attributable to the
election of gentlemen who take an active interest in the study
of Natural History, and, I regret to say, not due in a proportionate
degree to the much-desired assistance by subscription of the
large portion of the community, whose time is necessarily and
assiduously occupied in commercial, mechanical and other
pursuits, but to whom, without any encroachment upon their
much-needed leisure hours, these patient researches of the
studious frequently prove of substantial benefit ; and it should
be remembered that our association has from its commencement
in the main endeavoured to keep the varied and extensive science
of Natural History subservient to public utility and the useful
arts ; and there are not wanting instances in the pages of our
journal to prove the success already achieved in that direction.
In the annual address for 1881 I drew your attention to the
unusually large and valuable donations and loans of books,
eminently adapted to our pursuits, which the Society had
received, and pointed out that this exceptional acquisition was
due to the munificence of the Hon. W. Macleay. On the present
occasion it again falls within my province to report the continu-
ance by the same liberal donor of these favours to the amount of
nearly £300. To the Vice-President and several others of our
members, and to those foreign Societies with which we are in
correspondence, we were likewise indebted for gifts of books,
works of reference, journals and transactions, together presenting
a marked and valuable addition to the shelves of our library.
These volumes, combined with the previous copious and expensive
collection of works, formed a compact library suitable and
adequate to our present wants, and the members rejoiced in
having at their command so valuable an auxiliary to study. I
need not tell you, for you are already well aware of the sorrowful
fact, that all our hopes have been disappointed, and that not a
single volume of this prized collection now remains.
SI
678 president's address.
On the morning of the 22nd September last at a quarter to 5
o'clock I was roused from my sleep by the ringing of the large
bell of the Garden Palace, and on looking out from the verandah
to ascertain the cause of such an unusual disturbance, I at once
perceived, to my amazement and horror, a small tongue of fire
issuing from the side of the great dome, which you know was
situated nearly in the centre of this spacious building, and under
which the whole of our ill-fated volumes were arranged. This
small tongue of flame, fanned by the wind, then blowing a gale
from the westward, and fed by an abundant supply of dry and
well-seasoned timber, of which the building was mainly con-
structed, rapidly enlarged into a huge, raging, and fiery furnace.
So furious indeed was this mass of fire that I observed sheets of
the corrugated galvanised iron being torn off the roofing and
hurled aloft to a considerable height. Several of these, caught
by the gale, were carried across the wide expanses of Elizabeth
and Eushcutter Bays, while portions of others, passing over
Darling Point, were even found at Glenyarrah, the grounds of
the late Hon. S. D. Gordon. In less than three-quarters of an
hour from the time I first saw the fire, the whole of the vast
range (upwards of five acres) of the beautiful Exhibition
Building and all its valuable contents were reduced to a heap of
burning ashes, and thus perished within these few minutes every
work on Natural History that we possessed, several hundred
pounds worth of volumes of transactions, and every record of our
meetings. Our pecuniary loss, irrespective of that portion which
it will be difiicult ever to replace, cannot be estimated at less
than £3,000.
Suffering under such a deplorable mishap it is soothing for us
to feel that the sympathy incited by our misfortunes among our
fellow labourers in science was universal and sincere, as testified
by the many letters of condolence and offers of assistance which
have already been received. It is a grateful task for me, as
your President, to return thus j)ublicly our hearty thanks to
president's address. 679
each and all for the kind and considerate feeling expressed for
the great loss we have sustained. The President and Council of
the Eoyal Society of New South Wales at once most liberally
and thoughtfully placed at our disposal ample accommodation for
the holding of our meetings, and for carrying on otherwise the
business of the Society, until suitable arrangements could be
made by us ; and the neighbouring Societies of Victoria, South
Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand, have also greatly added
to our obligations by their ready sympathy and earnest proposals
of assistance.
However much we may lament (and justly so) our own
misfortunes, we cannot omit on so sad an occasion to express our
deep and heartfelt sorrow for the far greater calamity which the
the country at large has suffered by this dire conflagration. As
these losses have been ably detailed in the journals of our city,
it is quite sufficient for me on this occasion, and as a matter of
record, to give an epitome of the principal items for the most
part taken from the columns of the Sydney Morning Herald of
the 23rd September, the day after the fire.
The Technological Museum, the numerous and excellent ex-
hibits of which had been collected and arranged by Mr. Alfred
Boberts, F.E.C.S.E., Professor Liversidge of the Sydney
University, and Mr. Robert Hunt, Deputy Master of the Mint,
the committee appointed for that purpose by the Trustees of the
Australian Museum, was on the eve of being thrown open for
the inspection of the public, but is now quite destroyed. The
destruction of so valuable a display of select and well arranged
technological specimens, the work of many years of persevering
industry and devotion to the subject by these gentlemen, must
necessarily prove disastrous to the community at large, and
especially so to the student, when considered in an educational
point of view. Let us hope that these gentlemen will not be
disheartened by this failure, and that they will be liberally
680 pkesident's address.
supported by the Legislature to enable tbein to reproduce these
useful and splendid exhibits.
The Department of Mines contained all the fossils, minerals,
and rocks collected by the Mining Department at the instance
of Mr. 0. S. Wilkinson, G-overnment Geologist, and also the
collection of the late distinguished Geologist, the Eevd. W. B.
Clarke, which, with his maps and library cost the Government
£7,000. It is said that this geological collection was the most
complete in Australia, and its value has been roughly estimated
at £50,000. With the exception of some specimens, kept in an
iron safe, of various precious stones and of gold, the whole of
this extensive collection, together with all original papers and
documents was burnt. It is true that a great portion of the
fossils and minerals now lost can in time be supplied by similar
exhibits, but many maps, books, and manuscripts, which were
simply priceless, can never be replaced.
On the day of this ' calamitous event, the Council issued
a circular to each of the various societies with whom
we correspond, expressing our hope that any irregularity which
may occur in our correspondence may be kindly attributed to the
true cause, that of the loss of all our papers and effects, and
not to any remissness on the part of the Council or its Officers.
I feel quite sure that the time has arrived when the literature
of Natural History, considered in its most extensive sense, of this
and the neighbouring colonies should be published in one general
uniform and illustrated series. If such a work were compiled
and issued in yearly parts, I think that the sale would amply
recoup the cost, that it would be a great source of pleasure to
the general public who are yearly taking more interest in Natural
History, and that it would enable those who wish to make a study of
this subject, to know what has already been done in this
branch of science so far as our Australian Flora and Fauna are
concerned. The works in which our Botany and Natural History
were originally described are so scarce, so costly and so difficult
681
of access that until such a publication can be brought out we
cannot do better than mass together as many complete sets of them
as possible ; indeed, this is one of the objects for which our Society
has been endeavouring to form for its members a library con-
taining such works.
Among the many exhibits made before our Society during
the past year was one of unusual interest, and of great
«
importance. The exhibit I refer to was one by Dr. Thomas
Dixson of the Bacillus described by Ebert as peculiar to typhoid
fever. These exhibits were shown under the microscope with
other preparations of germs (very like typhoid germs) from a
cesspit, and others of diarrhoea evacuations, in which there was
an absence of any such germs.
This almost quite new field of research into the bacterioid
organisms interests the true botanist almost equally with the
physician. Probably one of the most interesting and important
scientific discoveries of the present age is the identification of the
germs of various fevers, and even of tuberculosis, or as we more
generally designate it — consumption. The theory that fevers
when infectious are due to the presence of minute organisms,
preceded their discovery many years. We all remember that
Kobert Boyle expressed his suspicion that such would be found
to be the case. Lister proved the relation of organisms to Septiccemia
and Pyaemia, and later we find Koch establishing by methods of
almost mathematical precision the germs of Acute Traumatic
Infection, Klebs and Thomasi that of Marsh Malaria, Bollinger
that of Anthrax eancroides in cattle. But the triumph of the day is
Koch's discovery and demonstration of the tubercular germ.
Nothing is at times easier than in any given disease to find a
germ, but it is hard to prove the germ to be the cause of the disease.
Thus in tubercle there have been discovered before Koch's time
several kinds of minute organisms ; for instance, there was a
micrococcus like form, a relatively stout bacterium, and some
other forms particularly energetic in their movements, which
682 PRESIDENT S ADDRESS,
however were certainly not the cause of tubercle. After much
patient toil he found a germ not easy to see without being dyed,
and moreover one which would not take the ordinary stains. It
is a very slender rod, about half the length of a blood corpuscle,
that is, the one seven thousandth to one ten thousandth of an
inch, and about one twenty-five thousandth of an inch in breadth ;
it is very slow to propagate, and apparently perfectly motionless.
Koch stands out prominently for his careful experiments, so we
can with advantage follow him. He took some pure tuberculous
matter, placed it in prepared blood in flasks which had the tuber-
culous matter mixed with it ; none showed any trace of decompo-
sition when it was examined microscopically, but after several days
he noticed slight scales form on the otherwise unaltered blood.
He took some of this scaly material and placed it in other flasks
of blood ; after repeating this process several times so as to be
quite sure that he had only one kind of organism present he
injected and ingrafted the scaly material into some animals, all
of which became consumptive, and when they were examined,
tubercles were found in their body, and the tubercles contained
these little rods which we have' seen composed the scales in the
prepared blood, and which were present in the original animals
which supplied the tubercular matter. Hundreds of experiments
were executed, and we cannot but accept his conclusions. Man}'
other fevers have been within the last year or two demonstrated
with more or less accuracy to have definite organisms ; for
instance malaria, typhus, typhoid, and leprosy, have all of them
Bacillus or rod-like forms. Then of the spherical forms we have
the germs of Diptheria, hospital gangrene, puerperal fever, blood
poisoning, &c. So also Erysipelas, Scarlatina, Variola, Vaccina,
Mumps ; even Syphilis has its germ, which belongs to the spherical
forms (Coeco-hacterio).
These organisms, simple as they are, all differ in some way,
either as regards size, method of propagation, activity of
movement, or readiness of being stained. Indeed, as we know
president's address. 683
more about them, and discover new microscopic methods, we shall
be able, doubtless, to distinguish them more effectually ; as at
present there is great physical resemblance between some forms
which cause very different fevers. All the above organisms are
classed as Thallogens, the order to which they belong being the
Schi%omycetes. Small as they are, these bodies propagate by
spores considerably smaller than themselves ; the mischief which
they cause will be better understood when I remind you that
their smallness allows them to get into the blood corpuscles and
there propagate, and in doing so produce great impoverishment
of this fluid. The question naturally arises, will a given kind
of germ always produce the same result ? Can smallpox germs
be so altered as not to cause smallpox ? Gravitz has shown that
simple germs which are naturally not at all harmful can be
made by careful cultivation intensely dangerous, and vice versa it
has been shown that those of splenic fever can be made so mild
as not to be nearly so dangerous as usual, and so to be safely used
as inoculants. Yet those which cause one infectious disease
have never been transformed into those which can cause another ;
in other words, the smallpox germ cannot produce scarlet fever.
Interesting as all this is to the scientist, how much more is it to
the physician, who hails in these discoveries the first step to the
elimination, or at any rate, alleviation of the hitherto greatest
curses upon mankind.
The recent complete and overwhelming destruction of all our
property involves us in a momentous struggle that will require
our utmost energies and persistent action for years to come. Let us
then act strenuously and unitedly for the grand cause until we
regain step by step the prosperous condition we held as it were
but yesterday.
[The President described at some length the operation of
recent legislation upon Oyster Culture, and suggested various
improvements which might without difficulty be introduced into
the Act. This portion of the address is necessarily of local and
684 OFFICE BEAREES.
political interest rather than of general Scientific importance, and
as it has been already published in the Sydney Journals, it is not
thought necessary to reproduce it here.]
A vote of thanks, proposed by the Itev. J. E. Tenison-Woods
■was unanimously accorded to Dr. Cox for his very valuable
address.
The Treasurer's statement showed : £ s. d.
Balance from 1881 39 9 1
Receipts during the year 1882 ... ... 147 6 3
186 15 4
Payment during 1882 162 18 5
Balance in Commercial Bank ... ... 23 16 11
The following gentlemen were then elected Office-Bearers and
Council for 1883 :—
President :
C. S. Wilkinson, F.G-.S., Grovernment Greologist.
Vice-President :
Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S.
Hon. Secretaries :
The Hon. William Macleat, F.L.S.
Peoeessor W. J. Stephens, M.A.
Honorary Treasurer :
The Hon. James Norton, M.L.C.
Council :
De. James C. Cox, F.L.S. , Hon. P. a. King, M.L.C.
W. A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. De. Thos. Dixson, M.H.C.S.
Percival Pedley, Esq. H. R. Wiiittell, Esq.
John Brazier, C.M.Z.S. J. J. Fletcher, B.A., B.Sc.
IxNDEI TO VOL. YII.
138,
147,
147,
224,
Abroma f astuosa . . .
Abrus precatorius . . ,
Abutilon graveolens
niuticum . . .
Acacia aiilicoaarpa...
Baueri
binervata . . .
elongata
hispidida . . .
julif^ra
leptostachya
myrtifolia ...
pachystacliya
Solandri
Acantliocladium pedunculatum
Strangei
Acanthurus doreensis
flavescens
gahm . . .
guttatus
hepatus
lineatus
inatoides
olivaceus
strigosus
triostegns
Accipiter cirrhoceplialiis
Achroea grisella
Acronychia Baueri...
melicopoides
Acrostichum -aureum
repandura
scandens
Actitis hypoleucos . . .
Adiantuin sethiopicum
hispiduliun
^dirhinus insolitus
^gialites bicinctus. . .
monaclia . . .
iEsacus magnirostris
Agaricus abstrusus...
acutatus ...
arvensis ...
bicinctus . . .
campanulatus
carneo-flavidus
Forrestise
glaucescens
53,
307
140
307
307
307
224
307
224
223
307
307
223
307
307
102
102
354
354
354
353
353
353
354
354
354
353
413
161
143
218-
309
309
309
41
309
309
115
88
57
40
639
104
639
639
640
639
638
105
Page
Agaricus Kirtoni ... ... 564
niegalotheles . . . 563
melinoides . . . 639
obtusus ... ... 640
panseotus... ... 639
peltastes ... ... 564
plagiotus... ... 639
rhytipelta . . . 104
rutilans ... ... 639
turbinipes . . . 639
Alasmodon Stuartii ... 85
Albula conorhynchus . . . 593
Alcyone Kichardsii... ... 42
Allopora incompleta . . . 207
Alopecurus geniculatus ... 313
Alphitonia excelsa ... ... 139
Alsopliila Leichliardtiana ... 810
Eebeccae ... ... 310
Amaurornis moluccana . . . 665
Anibassis macracanthu.s . . . 235
Ammocliares tenuis . . . 633
Ammotretis zonatus ... 367
Ampliicteis f oliata ... ... 635
Amphiprion bifasciatus . . . 362
Ampycophora apotomelia ... 158
Anampses geographicus . . . 586
Anas superciliosa ... . . .41, 88
Ancylolomia Westwoodii ... 154
Andxopogon affinis... ... 311
bombycimis . . . 314
refractus 311, 314
sericeus 309,311,314
Anerastia distichella ... 160
Angiopteris evecta... ... 309
Anisomeles salvifolia ... 308
Anisopogon avenaceus ... 311
Anous cinereus ... ... 89
stolidus ... ... 89
Antliias clieirospilos . . . 225
manadensis . . . 225
Anthistiria avenacea ... 313
ciHata ... 309,311
Antinoe ascidiicola... ... 291
grisea ... ... 288
pi'seclara ... ... 290
Wahlii ... ... 289
Anyperodon leucogrammicus 230
Aphomia latro ... ... 161
11.
Page
Page
Aphomia pacliytera
... 161
Balrachus grunniens
.. 360
tripartitella
... 161
Baza Gurneyi
.. 32
Aphrodita australis
... 270
Belideus gracilis
.. 619
Terrse-E-eginae
... 271
Belone annulata
.. 592
Aplirogenia dolichoceras
... 273
cancila
.. 592
Aplexa antipoda
... 67
liiu'oides
.. 593
mo9sta
... 67
Birgus latro
.. 661
tabnla.ta
... 67
Bolbophyllum Prenticei
.. 308
variabilis . . .
... 67
Bombax malabaricuin ]
.37, 307
Aplonis f uscus
... 88
Bondia attenuatana
.. 183
Apogon amboinensis
... 236
dissolutana...
.. 182
aureus
... 236
maleficana ...
.. 183
Cookii
... 236
nigella
.. 182
Guntlieri ...
... 110
Boronia ledif olia
.. 143
leptacanthus
... 235
Botaurus australis . . ,
.. 55
nematopterus
... 236
Brachypliyllum crassuni
.. 660
sangiensis...
... 235
mammilare
.. 661
tseniopterus
... 236
Braithwaitea arborescens
.. 101
zosterophorus
... 235
Bromus arenarius . . .
.. 314
Apogonichthys Guntheri
... 110
Bruguiera Elieedii...
.. 147
Ardea pacifica
... 324
Bucknera urticifolia
.. 308
sacra
... 42
Bulimus loyaltyensis
.. 91
Ardetta minuta
... 88
Butoroides flavicoUis
.. 55
Argyria argyraspis...
... 154
javanica
.. 40
Arica annulus
... 119
macrorhynclia
.. 56
Aristeus cavifrons ...
... 70
stagnatilis
.. 40
Arotrophora ochraceella
... 175
Cacatua Ducorpsii . . .
.. 33
liemerana
... 176
Goffinii
33
Artamus mentalis . . .
... 113
Cacoecia psapharana
.. 174
minor
... 407
Cadellia monostylis
.. 219
Aspidium conflueiis
... 309
Csesalpina nuga ... ]
L42, 307
inolle
... 309
Csesio ccerulaiu-eus . . .
.. 240
ramosum
... 309
erytlu'ogaster
.. 240
unituni . . .
... 309
pisang
.. 240
Asplenium simplicifrons
... 310
Caladenia carnea . . .
.. 308
sylvaticnm
... 310
Callsenas nicobarica
.. 38
Astrebla triticoides. . .
... 313
Calleria raellonella. . .
.. 160
Astur albigularis . . .
29, 671
Callionyma sarcodes
L61, 172
piilchellus . . .
... 31
Callionymus achates
... 620
versicolor
29, 671
Calornis cantoroides
.. 26
Atalanta giauca
... 144
me tallica ...
... 25
Atalaya heniiglauca
... 146
Callyodon brachysoma
.. 589
Atelosticha phsedrella
... 491
Calymperes taitiensis
... 99
Atherina Forskalii . . .
... 362
Canavallia obtusifolia
.. 141
Aquila morphnoides
... 413
Capparis Mitchellii. . .
.. 215
Backhousia citriodora
... 341
Cajjrimulgus nobilis
.. 42
Balistes aculeatus . . .
... 595
Cardamine hirsuta . . .
... 215
armatus . . .
... 595
Caranx carangus . , ,
.. 356
flavimarginatus
... 595
ciliaris
... 356
f uscus
... 595
Hasseltii . . .
... 356
rectangulus
... 595
hippos
... 355
undulatus...
... 595
raandiljularis
... 356
verrucosus
... 595
melamijygus
... 355
viridescens
... 595
moresbyensis
.., 358
111.
Page
Ciiranx obtusiceps . . .
.. 357
speciosus . . .
.. 356
Carapa moluccensis
.. 138
Carpophaga Brenchleyi
.. 35
pristinaria
35
rtibicera
. . 668
rufigula
.. 36
Casarca tadornoides
.. 58
Cassia conciuna
.. 142
Castaneospermiim anstrale
.. 140
Cateremna leucarma
.. 156
microdoxa
.. 156
subarciiella
.. 156
Cedrela toona
.. 145
Celastrns aiistralis , . .
.. 145
Cunninghamii
.. 146
Cemiostoma chalcocycla
.. 201
Centropus milo
21
Ceratophylliim demersum
... 147
Ceratodus Forsteri...
2
Ceriops Candolleana
... 147
Ceroprepes akuella...
... 155
Ceyx gentiana
20
Chserops macrodon...
... 585
omniopterus
... 585
Chsetodon auriga ...
... 241
baronessa
. . . 248
Bennettii
... 241
dorsalis ...
. . . 243
ephippium
... 241
f alciila . . .
... 242
Kleinii ...
... 242
lineolatus
... 243
miliaris ...
... 243
Eafflesii...
... 242
speculum
... 242
strigangulus
... 241
trifasciatus
... 242
uniinaculatus
... 241
vagabundus
... 242
Chsetoessus chacunda
... 593
Erebi . . .
... 71
Chalcites lucidus . . .
... 88
plagosus . . .
... 21
Clialcophaps clirysochlora
... 88
Mortoni
37, 667
Stephani
... 37
Chamserapbis paradoxa
... 311
Cbanos sabnoneiis . . .
... 594
Charadrms xanthocbeilus
.. 88
Charmosyna margarithse
34
Cbeilanthes nudiuscula
... 309
tenuifolia
... 309
Cheilimis clilorui'us
... 586
Cheilinus fasciatus. . .
Page
... 586
oxycephalus
radiatus ...
... 586
... 586
trilobatus
... 586
undulatus
... 586
Cheilio inermis
... 588
Chelmo rostratus . . .
... 243
Chilo leptogrammellus
... 152
parramatellus
... 152
Chilodactylus MulbalU
Chilodipterus octovittatus
... 366
... 236
quinquelineatus 236
Chiloscyllium ocellatum ... 597
Chirocentrus dorab ... ... 594
Chlamydodera maculata
... 409
Chloris truncata
... 311
Chorineuius lysan . . .
... 358
toloo . . .
... 358
Cbrysopogon parviflorus
Cinclus interpres . . .
Cinnyris frenata ...
melanocephalus
Cirrhites Forsteri ...
... 311
... 88
:.. 28
... 28
. . . 248
Citrus australasica...
... 144
Cladorhyncbus pectoralis
Clausena brevistyla
... 57
... 144
Clavaria Kalchbrenneri
... 105
luiida
... 105
Cleidopus gloria-maris
Climacteris leucophsea
... 368
... 51
Clymene integrinatis
Collocalia fucifaga...
... 634
20, 669
Collocasia antiquoruin
... 308
Colubrina asiatica . . .
138, 307
Comesperma sphaerocarpuin . . . 216
Commelyna cyanea... ... 309
ensif olia . , . 309
Conyza segyptiaca . . .
Corbicula nepeanensis
Cordyline terminalis
... 308
... 85
... 309
Coris annulata
... 588
cingulum
... 589
cyanea
pulcherrima ...
semicincta
... 588
... 589
... 301
Cracticus rufescens
... 562
Crambus cuneiferellus
... 154
hapaliscus
Crossorhinus barbatus
154, 168
... 597
Crotalaria Mitchellii
... 142
striata . . ,
... 307
trifoliastrum
... 222
Crocydopora stenopterella
... 159
Crunophila ramostriella 152, 163
IV.
Page
Pase
Cryptandra amara . . .
... 220
Dryinoclisera badiceps
... 112
Cuciilus flabelliforinis
... 88
Drymis dipetala
... 215
tymbonomus
... 21
Dules ciliatas
... 237
Cupania anacardioides
146, 307
E electa aurorella . . .
... 445
Cyperus exaltatus . . .
... 309
Eclectus polyclilorus
... 33
Cypreea angustata . . .
.. 117
Ectropothecium sandwichen
se 103
annulus
... 119
Edoliisoma Tristraini
.. 22
australis . . .
... 120
salamonis
.. 667
bicolor
... 119
Elseodendron aiistrale
.. 146
citrina
... 322
Eleotris raacrolepidotus
.. 361
Comptoiii ...
... 118
planiceps ...
.. 69
declivis
.. 118
Elops saurus
.. 594
oryza
.. 120
Enchocrates glaucopis
.. 443
piperita
■.. 119
Endotrichella Campbelliana
.. 100
lunbilicata
.. 117
pulchra
.. 101
Dacelo Leachii
45
Engraulis Carpentarise
.. 320
Danthoiiia seiniannularis
.. 311
encrasicholoides
.. 593
Dascyllus aruaniis . . .
.. 3G3
Entada scandens . . .
.. 139
reticulatus
.. 363
Entodon Aneitense
.. 102
triraaculatus
.. 363
pallidum ...
.. 102
Davallia elegans . . .
.. 309
Eochroa aclea
.. 456
speluncse ...
.. 309
acutella . . .
.. 455
Daviesia arborea . . .
.. 221
callianassa
.. 450
corymbata
.. 221
dejunctella
.. 452
Dawsonia superba . . .
.. 104
inclusella ...
.. 451
Deeringia altissima
... 308
laetiferana...
.. 449
Dendi'obium fusiforme
... 308
matutinella
.. 453
siDeciostim
... 308
I^rotopbacs
.. 457
undulatuin
... 308
pulverulenta
.. 454
Dendroclielidon mystacea
20
Eolophus roseicapiUa
. 53
Denhaui'ia pittosporoides
.. 219
Ephestia elutella . . .
.. 160
Dentella repens
.. 307
ficulella . . .
.. 160
D err is iiliginosa
142, 307
interpunctella
.. 160
Deyeuxia Forsteri . . .
.. 311
sericaria ...
.. 160
quadriseta
.. 311
Epibulus insidiator
.. 586
Diagramma celebicura
.. 238
Ephthianura aurifrons
.. 48
centurio
.. 238
tricolor
.. 48
crassispinimi
.. 238
Eragrostis Brownii
.. 311
Goldmannii
.. 237
tenella ...
.. 311
Papuense
.. 237
Erecthias stilbella . . .
.. 194
Dianella Isevis
.. 309
Eriochloa punctata. . .
.. 309
Dicaeum asneum
28
Eriostemon Banksii
.. 144
Dicrurus longirostris I
300, 668
Erodium cicutarium
.. 218
Dichelachne crinita
.. 311
Erotomanes mirabilella
.. 152
Dichelia humerana. . .
.. 174
Erytlirogonys cinctus
.. 412
Diplaclme fusca
.. 314
Eschatotypa derogatella
.. 194
Diptychophora preematurellf
I 153
Etiella Behrii
.. 157
Distichophyllum capillatum
.. 100
chrysophorella
.. 157
Diuris maculata
.. 308
sincerella
.. 157
Dodonsea lanceolata
.. 146
Eucalyptus botryoides
.. 627
Doodia caudata
.. 309
capitella
.. 626
Dracena angustifolia
.. 309
corymbosa 307, J
J33, 630
Drepane punctata . . .
.. 244
ere bra ...
.. 336
Drosera indica
146, 307
exserta
.. 341
V.
Page
Page
Eiicaly^^tiis gracilis
... 337
Eulechria i^oecilella
... 531
haemastoma
332, 628
puellaris...
... 522
maciilata
... 338
scopariella
... 546
melanophloia
... 335
siccella . . .
... 544
obliqna
... 630
transversella
... 527
paniculata
... 631
triferella...
... 523
pilularis
... 624
variegata
... 528
piperita
... 629
xylopterella
... 543
platyi)hyila
... 332
zophoessa
... 515
popiilifolia
... 340
Euphiltra eroticella
... 458
raveretiana
... 334
Eupomatus elegans
... 633
resinifera
... 625
Euphorbia eremophila
... 308
robusta
. . . 623
Macgillivrayi
... 308
saligna
... 627
Eupselia beatella ...
... 185
tereticornis307, 331, 624
carpocapsella
... 184
terminalis
... 333
Eurostopodus nigripennis
... 19
tesselaris
... 333
Eurycles amboinensis
... 309
Eucampyla etheiella
159, 171
Euryplaca demotica
... 489
Eucarphia cnephEeella
... 156
ocellifera
... 488
vulgatella
... 156
Eurystomtis crassirostris
... 20
Euchsetis liabrocosma
... 484
pacificus
...46,88
metallota
... 486
Eustrephus angustifolius
... 309
Etidromiiis aiistralis
... 410
Euzophera cosmiella
... 156
Eudynamis cyanocepliala
... 21
Evodia accedens
... 218
Etilechria acha^tineUa
. . . 523
Falco hypoleucus . . .
... 414
adoxella . . .
... 540
Festuca bromoides . . .
... 311
amaui-a . . .
... 538
Flagellaria indica ...
... 309
hracliypepla
... 524
Flemingia lineata . . .
142, 307
brontomorpha
535
Flindersia maculosa
... 145
calotropha
... 536
Fossarina Petterdi...
... 66
chlorella...
... 526
Galaxius Findlayi . . .
... 107
cimmeriella
... 543
Galeocerdo Eayneri
... 210
convicteUa
... 518
Gallinula tenebrosa
... 56
cremnodes
... 514
Gastrolobium grandiflorum
... 141
dolosella...
... 539
Geigera salicif olia . . .
143, 307
epicausta
... 525
Genyoroge bidens . . .
... 230
episema ...
... 517
Geopelia cuneata . . .
... 54
exanimis
... 519
tranquilla...
... 54
grammatica
... 545
Geoffroyius agrestis
... 42
griseola ...
... 512
heteroclitus
33, 666
habrophanes
... 532
Gephyi-ea tubicola . . .
... 606
hemiplianes
... 529
Gerres abbreviatus...
... 239
leptobela
... 521
acinaces
... 240
leiicopelta
... 530
gigas
... 239
lividella ...
... 533
macracantlius
... 240
melesella
... 516
Gerygone insularis . . .
... 88
nephelopa
... 513
Ginglymostoma concolor
... 597
pallidella
... 519
Glareola grallaria ...
... 410
panteleila
... 520
Gleichenia dichotoma
... 309
paurograrama
... 542
flabellata
... 309
perdita . . .
... 547
Glyceria fluitans
... 312
philostaura
... 537
Fordeana ...
... 314
pliilotherma
... 534
rainigera ...
... 314
photinella
... 541
Glycine tomentosa . . .
... 223
VI.
Page
Page
Olycosmis pentaphylla
.. 144
Heliocausta hemiteles
475
Glyphidodon anabatoides
.. 365
incarnatilla
468
Bankieri
.. 365
inceptella
469
bicolor
.. 365
limbata
471
coelestinus
.. 364
paralyrgis
479
filamentosus
.. 365
parthenopa
481
plagiometopon
.. 365
pelosticta
473
trifasciatns
.. 364
phylarcba
476
Olyphipteryx acinacella
.. 193
protoxantha
480
amblycerella
.. 189
nifogrisea
483
cyanochalca
.. 185
severa...
470
cyanopliracta
.. 186
trij)haenatella . . .
477
holodesma
.. 190
Hemarthxia compressa
312
tetrasema
.. 191
Hemigyinims f asciatiis
587
triselena
.. 188
melanopterus . . .
587
Gobiesox cardinalis
.. 148
Hemiramphus Cantori
593
Goodenia grandiflora
.. 308
Commersoni ..
593
Gracilaria alysidata
.. 198
dispar
593
argyrodesma
.. 194
Quoyi
593
chionoplecta
.. 195
Heniochus variiis ...
243
didymella
.. 198
Heosphora psamathella
158
ida
.. 196
virginella
158
toxomacha
.. 197
Hermione brachyceras
272
Gracula Kreff tii
.. 25
dolichoceras
273
Graucalus elegans . , .
.. 22
Macleari
273
hypoleucus
.. 408
Herodias pacifica ...
412
monolonus
.. 22
Heterocrossa abreptella
179
Balamonensis
.. 22
gonosemana . . .
179
sublineatus
.. 22
neurophorella ...
179
Grevillea chrysodendron
.. 308
Heterodendron diversifolium
220
gibbosa . . .
.. 308
ole 86 folium . . .
146
Guilandina bonducella ]
L40, 223
Hibiscus manehot . . . 147, 307
Gypoictinia melanosternon
.. 413
Hipponoe variegata
94
Hsemodorum coccineum
.. 309
Hirundo tahitica ...
22
Halcyon albicilla ...
20, 673
Holocentrum caudimaculatum
351
chloris
.. 21
diadema
352
leucopygia
... 20
Goldiei
352
pyrrhopygia
.. 45
rubrum
352
salamonis ...
.. 21
sammara
352
sanctiis
.. 20
spinif erum
351
Tristrami ...
.. 21
violaceum
351
vagans
.. 88
Hoinalogrystes luctuosus
369
HaKordia drupifera
.. 218
Homoeosoma f ornacella
159
Haliaetus leucogaster 29,
88, 672
vagella
159
Haliastur girrenera
.. 29
Holacanthus bicolor
244
sphenurns
.. 88
nox ...
244
Halmaturus dorsalis
.. 648
sexstriatus
244
ruficollis
.. 641
xanthometopon
244
Haloragis ceratophylla
.. 147
Hoplitica absumptella
505
Harpullia alata
.. 220
carnea ...
498
Heliastes analis
.. 366
eholodella
507
Heliocausta elseodes
.. 474
coenosa ...
503
euselma
.. 482
costimacula
502
hemiscia
.. 472
leucerythra
501
Vll.
Page
Page
Hoplitica myodes . . .
... 496
Lepidonotus simplicipes
.. 285
neochlora
... 495
stellaris
.. 283
pudica
... 500
striatus
.. 281
repandula
... 499
torresiensis
.. 287
ruf a
... 504
Lepidotarsa alphitella
.. 447
sericata . . .
... 497
clirysopoca
.. 447
sobriella ...
... 495
Lepiota rhytipelta ...
.. 104
Hovea longif olia
... 142
Leptochloa subdigitata
.. 314
Hoya australis
... 308
Leptospermum flavescens
.. 308
Hydrobia antipodum
... 68
Lepturus repens
.. 309
corolla . . .
... 68
Lespedeza cuneata...
.. 223
Cumingiana
... 68
Letlirinus amboinensis
.. 246
pupoides . . .
... 68
aurolineatus
.. 247
Hygrooybe Lewellinse
... 105
liarak . . .
.. 246
HygTophorus gilvus
... 105
lent j anus
.. 247
Lewellinse
... 105
ornatus . . .
.. 247
Hymenophyllum j avanicum ... 309
rostratus
.. 246
Hypericum gramineum
... 307
variegatus
.. 247
japonicum
... 216
Leucocarpon pittosporoides
.. 219
Hypertropha desumptana
... 184
Limosa Baueri
.. 41
Hyperxena scierana
... 177
uropygialis...
.. 88
Hypnodendron Chalmersii
... 103
Lindssea ensif olia . . .
.. 309
Milnei
... 103
flabellulata
.. 309
palmeum
... 103
lanuginosa
.. 309
rigidum
... 103
Lithocolletis aglaozona
.. 199
Hypolepis tenuifolia
... 309
Lopliorombus cristatus
..13,14
Hypophana eurapliella
... 159
Loranthus dictyophlebus
.. 307
infusella
... 159
longiflorua
... 307
melanostyla
159, 170
Lorius cardinalis
... 34
petalocosma
159, 169
chlorocercus ...
... 33
Hypotsenidia australis
...39,88
Ludwidgia parviflora
... 307
lanthsenas philippanse
38, 669
Luponia angustata ...
... 117
Indigofera enneaphylla
222
bicolor
... 119
lonidium suffruticosum
... 307
citrina
... 322
Iphione fimbriata ...
... 277
Comptoni ...
... 118
ovata
... 276
declivis
... 118
Isacline australis ...
... 311
piperita
... 119
Isclisemmn triticeuin
... 309
umbilicata...
... 117
Isopterygium submicrothecum 102
Lycopodium phlegmaria
... 310
Jacksonia Stackhousei
... 221
Lygodium japonicum
... 309
Jasrainum semulum
... 308
scandens ...
... 309
Julis lunaris
... 588
Lysicarpus ternifolius
... 342
Justicia procumbens
... 308
Lysiosquilla Miersii...
... 321
Lasiocera canilinea
... 158
Macaranga tanarius...
... 308
Latia neritoides
... 67
Macropus major
... 651
Leiostoma brachypodium
... 99
Macropygia rufocastanea
37, 673
Tongense
... 99
Macrozamia perowskiana
... 585
Lepidonotus seolepis
... 286
Malacanthus latovittatus
... 360
Bowerbankii
... 284
Malacorhynchus membranaceus 58
dictyolepis
... 287
Malurus cruentatus...
... 408
Jacksoni
... 282
leuconotus...
... 49
lissolepis
... 285
leucopterus
... 49
melanogrammus 284
Maivastrum tricuspidatum
... 216
oculatus
... 281
Marattia fraxinea . . .
... 309
Vlll.
Megalops macropterua
Megapodius Brenchleyi
Melaleuca genistifolia
leucoiendron
Melania oncoides
Melanopsia trifasciata
Melichru3 rotaiua ...
Melicophila picata ...
Melotbria CunDinghamii
Menura Albert!
Yictorise
Merops ornatus
Merula ruficeps
vinitincta
vitiensis
Mesoprion bohar
chrysoteenia
fulviflamma
gembra ...
Goldiei ...
monostigma
parvidens
quiiiquelineatus
rubens . . .
semicinctus
vitta
Metrosideros clirysanthus
Meyenia Ramsayi ...
Microl£ena stipoidea...
Milvus affinis
isurus
Mirbelia reticulata . . .
Mitraca&me polymorhha
Monacanthua cbinenais
fuliginosua
nigricans
scopaa
Mucuna gigantea
Mugil axillaris
cephalotus ...
nasutua
sundanensis ...
Troschelii
waigienais
Mursena siderea
Mus salamonis
Mycena acutatus
Myelois aenobarella ...
Myiagra cervinicauda
cor.cinna ...
ferrocyanea
pallida
plumbea ...
Myoporum platycarpum
Page
Page
... 594
Myriophyllum verrucosum
... 167
... 39
Myri])ri8tis adustus ...
... 353
... 307
Myrtua gonoclada . ,
... 342
... 307
Mytilus ingena
389, 390
... 84
Myzantha flavigula ...
... 52
... 67
Myzomela paminelsena
27, 668
... 308
pulclierrima
27, 673
... 414
Tristrami...
... 26
... 307
Naseus lituratua
... 354
... 50
margin atus ...
... 355
... 51
tuberosus
... 355
... 20
unicornis
355
... 113
Nasiterna Finacbii ...
35, 665
... 88
Mortoni . . .
... 666
... 113
Neosilurus Hyrtlii ...
... 71
... 231
Nephelium connalum
... 146
... 232
Neurachne Mitcbelliana
... 314
... 232
Ninox boobook
... 88
... 231
punctulata . . .
... 32
... 233
taeniata ... 33
676, 672
... 232
Notornia alba
... 88
... 234
Novacula vanicolensia
... 588
. . . 232
Nycticorax caledonicus
55.88
... 232
manillensis
... 39
... 231
Nymphoatola galactina
... 492
... 232
Nyroca australis
... 59
. . . 342
Oberonia palmicola ...
... 308
... 210
Octoblepbarum sanctum
... 99
... 311
Ocydromus sylvestris
... 88
... 413
Ocyphaps lophotes ...
... 410
... 53
Oedicladium purpuratum
. . 100
. . . 220
Oligorus Groliatb
... 318
. . . 308
Omplialia glaucescens
... 105
... 59G
Onycliogalea frsenata
... 649
... 596
Onychopriou fuliginosa
... 89
... 596
Oplismenua compositus
... 311
... 596
Osphranter robustus
... 643
... 139
ruf us . . .
... 645
... 362
Oatracion arcus
... 596
... 362
cubicus ...
... 596
... 621
Ostrea Angasii
... 124
... 362
circumsuta ...
... 132
... 362
cristagalli
... 131
. . . 362
cucullata
... 133
... 994
discoidea
... 132
... 43
glomerata
... 128
. . . 104
imbricata
... 131
... 155
mordax
... 130
.. 24
mytiloides ...
... 133
... 48
reniformis ...
... 133
24
subtrigona ...
... 126
.. 24
vireacens
... 131
... 88
Ovulum depressum ...
... 223
... 319
Owrenia acidula
... 145
IX.
Owenia cerasi folia . . ,
Oralis corniculata . . .
Pachycephala Cristopliori
gutturalis
melanura
olivacea
orioloides
Pachymetopon squamosum
Palparia aulacois
aurata
eonephella...
euryphanella
falcifera
besperidella
liirax . .
lambertella
micraetrella
retiorella . . .
semijunctella
tbalamia ...
uncinella . . .
Paludina sublineata...
Pandanus aquaticus...
pedunculata
Pandion leucocepbalus
Panicum crus-galli . .
decompoailum
divaricatissimum
eff usum
ilavidum . . .
obseptum ...
tracbyrhacbis
PardacbiruB pavoniuus
Paspalura disticbum
ecrobiculatum
Pelargonium australe
Pem pelia opimella . . .
Pennantia Cunningbamii
Pentapus aurolineatus
caninu'*
Periopbtbalmus Koelreuteri
Petalostigma quadrioculare
Phaps bistrionica
Phajton flavirostris ...
pba?nicuru3...
Philemon sordidus . . .
Sclateri . . .
Philotbeca aiistralia...
Phlogoeuas Jobannas...
8alamonis
Pbragmitis communis 309,
Physa Newcombi ...
Piezorbyncbus Brodiei
melanocepbalus
Page
145
145
25
88
47
47
25
246
438
427
432
435
440
429
441
428
433
430
436
432
437
84
308
308
28
311
313
313
313
311
311
313
13
312
311
218-
169
219
210
240
361
308
409
42
89
52
26
114
38
299
311
85
24
24
Piezorbyncbus Ricbardsii
rage
... 24
squamulalus
42, 068
Tidua
.. 23
Pisidium lenticula ...
... 68
Pisonia aculeata
.. 308
Pitbecolobium moniliferum
. 140
pruinosum
140, 307
Plagusia unicolor
13
Planorbis corinna ...
... 67
Platalea flavipes
54, 324
Platax pinnatua
.. 359
teira
... 359
vespertilio
.. 859
Platycepbalus nematopbtbaln
U13 360
Quoyii
.. 360
Platycercus pallidiceps
.. 53
Platyglossus cbloropterus
.. 587
gattulatus
.. 587
bortulanus
.. 587
Plectrantbus parviflorus
.. 308
Plectropoma leopardinum
.. 230
Pleuronectes moretoniensis
.. 370
Pleuropua Strangerii
.. 106
Plocbostola dimidiella
.. 154
Plotosus maerocepbalus
.. 592
Poa cfiDspitosa
.. 311
Pollia macropbylla . . .
.. 309
Polymeria ambigna ...
.. 808
Polynemus plebejii?...
.. 353
Polynoe asterolepis . .
.. 292
ocbthrebolepis
.. 293
Polypodium quercifolium
. 309
rigidulum
. . 309
Polyporus lucidus . . .
. . 564
Strangerii
.. 106
Pomaeenlrus amboinensis
. . 363
analis...
. . 364
cyanomus
. . 364
prosopotronia
. . 3G3
trimaculatus
. . 363
Pomaderris elliptica
.. 139
Pomarea caetaneiventris
.. 21
ugiensis
.. 25
Pomatostomus rubeculus
.. 46
ruficeps
. . 4(.>
Porantbera micropbylla
.. 308
Poricbtbys Queenslandiee
.. 370
Porotricbum dendroides
.. 101
Porpbyrio melanotus...
... 88
Porzana palustris . . .
.. 50
Potamogeton tenuicaulis
.. 308
Pothos Loiireiri
.. 309
Premnas biaculeatus
.. 363
Priacautbus hamruhr
.. 235
I.
Prionodura Newtoniana
Prionopteryx apicistrigella . . .
Pristipoma hasta ...
Procellaria albogularis
Proselena camacinana
Proteodes carnifex ...
Pseudotates cavif rons
Pseudorhombus multiradiatus
Russellii
Pseudoscanis Cantori
chrysopoma . . .
frontalis
Goldiei
gyinnognathns
labiosus
inicrorhinus . . .
moresbyensis ...
niicliipunctatus
papuensis
strongylocephalus 589
zonatus
Psoralea tenax
Pteris aquilina
ensif ormis ...
esculenta
marginata ...
quadriaurita
tremula
Pterocaulon spliacelatus
Pterois volitans
Pteropodocys phasianella
Ptilopus Eug-ense ...
johannis ...
Lewisii
rhodostictus
Eichardsii ...
superba ...
Pultenea ternata ...
Pyrrholsemus brunneus
Eandia densiflora ...
Kanunciilus lappaceus
Kectir^irostra rubricollis
Rhacopilum convolutaceum...
spectabile
Eliapliidophora quinata
Rhaphidorrhynchum borbonicum 101
contiguum
Ehinobatus granulatus
Rhipidura cervina ...
rubrofrontata
tenebrosa . . ,
Khizogonium setosum
Rhizophora inucronata
Rhynchoisa Cunninghamii ...
P.nge
Page
562
Rhytidoceros plicatui
.. 21
155
Sabellaria n. sp.
.. 634
237
Salarias atratus
.. 361
113
Salebria caliginosella
.. 157
172
diagramella
.. 157
493
eiicometis... 157, 168
225
oculiferella
.. 157
13
ruiitinctella
.. 157
13
strigiferella
.. 157
589
Sauloprocta Cockerellii
23
589
tricolor
.. 23
590
Sanrus varius
.. 592
590
Scarichthys coeruleopunctatus 589
590
Scatophagus argus...
.. 244
591
multifasciatus
.. 244
589
Scl^zgea dichotoma. . .
.. 309
591
Schoenobius imparellus
.. 152
589
Scirpophaga exanguis 151, 161
590
ochroleuca
L51, 162
589
Scleroderma pileolatum
.. 565
591
Scolopax australis . . .
57
222
Scolopsis cilia tus . . .
.. 239
309
bilineatus
.. 239
309
margaritifer
.. 238
309
monogramina
. 239
309
specularis
.. 369
309
temporalis
.. 239
309
trilineatus
:. 239
308
Scomber loo
.. 359
248
Scorpana gibbosa . . .
.. 248
47
polylepis
.. 248
38
Selaginella concinna
.. 310
39
flabellata
.. 310
38
Selaria glauea
.. 309
43
Seringia platyphylla
.. 217
39
Serranus bcenack . . .
.. 225
38
corallicola
.. 228
222
fasciatus ...
.. 228
49
fuscoguttatiis
.. 228
307
Goldiei . .
... 226
215
gi^ttatus ...
.. 226
411
hexagonatns
.. 229
100
Hcedtii ...
.. 226
100
magnificus
.. 229
308
miniatus ...
.. 226
101
salmonoides
.. 228
101
siimmana...
.. 228
598
urodelus ...
.. 226
88
Sillago sihama
.. 360
23
Simaethis combinatana
.. 184
23
Sloanea Wooilsii ...
.. 217
100
Solanum nemophilum
.. 308
147
Solea fluviatilis
.. Ill
223
lineata
.. 406
XI.
Page
Page
Sorghum plumosuTii
. 311
Teuthis tumifrons,..
249
Spatula rhyncliotis ...
57
vermiculata
249
Sphenura brachyptera
50
Thalenessa microeeras
294
Sphyrsena Forsteri...
. 361
Thamnium aneitense
101
obtusata
. 361
Therepon argenteus
236
Spiridens flagellosus
. 100
Cuvieri ...
237
Spondias Solandri ...
. 146
fasciatus...
69
Spongilla botryoides
. 209
servus . . .
237
sceptroides
. 209
truttaceus
69
Stackhousea viminea 1
46, 307
Thespesia populnea
137, 307
Stegommata sulfuratella
. 200
Thinasotia acontophora
153, 167
Stellaria glauca
. 216
argyroeles
153, 163
Sterculia acerifolia...
. 217
aurantiaca
. 153
Bidwillii ...
. 216
bifractella
153
lurida
. 216
bivittella
i53, 163
rupestris...
. 217
grammella
153, 167
Sterna Burgeri
41
hoplitella
153
gracilis
41
implitella
153
nereis
59
invalidella
153
Stomopneustes atrapurpurea
93
lativittalis
153
Strepera crissalis ...
88
longipalpella
^ ^
153
Struthidea cinerea ...
. 406
miivella...
153
Stiirnoides fulvipennis
. 20
opulentella
, ,
153
minor . . .
26, 668
panselenella
153, 165
Sula fiber...
.. 42
perlatalis
. 153
fusca...
. 43
pleniferella
. 153
personata
. 42
recurvella
153, 163
Symmorphus affinis
. 23
relatalis...
153, 165
Synanceia verrucosa
. 360
torrentella
153
Synaptura f asciata ...
.13,14
Thormora argus
. 278
fitzroyensis
.. 319
Jukesii ...
. 277
nigra ...
.. 13
Thuidinm Campbellianum
104
Selheimi
. 71
Thyridium subfasciculatum . .
99
Syngnatliiis cinctus
. Ill
Totanus brevipes . . .
41
Syrrbopodon albo-vaginatum
99
Toxotus jacidator . . .
245
lenellum
. 99
Tracliinotus Baillonii
. 359
Tabernaniontana pubescens.
. 308
Tribonyx ventralis,..
56
Tffiniura atra
.. 598
Tribulus cistoides . . .
. 143
lymna
. 598
Triceratia arseoceras
274
Templetonia Muellerii
. 222
Trichoglossus Massena
34
Tephras ugiensis ...
. 28
Trichomanes pyxidifera
309
Tephrosia Bidwillii
.. 223
Tricoryne anceos . , .
. 309
purpurea
. 142
Trissonca mesactella
158
Terminalia melanocarpa
. 147
Tristania exiliflora...
341
Tetrodon mappa ...
.. 597
Triton Quoyii
91
nigropunctatus
. 597
Trivia australis
120
reticularis
. 597
oryza
120
stellatus ...
. 597
Trygon granulata ...
598
Teutliis albopunctata
. 249
Turacaena crassirostris
'3
6,116
argentea ...
. 250
Turrcea pubescens ...
13
8,307
corallina ...
. 249
Unio Hockstetteri ...
68
doliata
. 249
lutulentus
68
puella
. 249
Menziesii
68
rostrata ...
. 250 1
novsQ.hoUandiae
, J
85
Xli:
P»K»
Puge
Upeaeoides tmi^ula
.. 245
Wormia alata
13G
vittfttus
.. 345
Xerophila leucopsis
407
TJj>eneu8 barberinus
.. 245
Xerotes longifolia ...
300
cherserydroe
.. 246
Zanclua cornutus ...
359
Jansenii ...
.. 246
Zanthoxylon brachyacanthiTm
144
lubeus
.. 246
Zonopetala clerota ...
461
malabaricus
.. 245
decisana
463
trifasciatua
.. 245
divisella
460
Urena lobata ... 1
L38, 307
glauconephela
462
Vallisneria Bpiralis...
.. 308
melanoma
465
Ventilago viminalia
.. 139
quadripustella ...
466
Vigna b-nceolata ...
.. 223
Zophodia ensiferella
156
lutea ... ]
L42, 307
neotomella
156
Viminaria denudata
.. 221
Zoaterops rendovee ...
42
Vitia ruflcapilla
.. 112
strenuus...
88
Vitis hypoglaiicft ...
.. 220
tephropleuruB
88
sterculifolia . . .
... 220
Zygophyllum apiculatum
217
trifolia
... 143
'*"¥-
PL S. Vol VII
Plate Yd
STL^i^ACe.lttK
New Tubicolous Annelida
u
U:
Vi
V
Y:
V
V
•J\'
is)^
IHE
PROCEEDINGS
or THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY
( (
OP
h
NEW SOUTH WALES,
VOJL. VII.,
FAUT Tiri: Flits T.
[With Seven Plates.]
-♦-#-
^
SYDNEY :
PIUNTEB AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY
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AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY,
1882.
[Price, 7/6.]
-^
— exG^^(^W
CONTENTS OF VOL. VII., PART 1.
Page
On the structure of the Paired Fins of Ceratodus, with remarks on the
general theory of the Vertebrate Limb. Bv William A.
Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. Plate 1. ... ... * ... ... 2
Notes on the Pleuronectida; of Port Jackson, with dej^criptious of two
hitherto unobserved species. By William Macleay, F.L.S. &c. 11
Notes on the Zoology of the Solomon Islands. By E. P. Eamsay,
F.L.S. , &c. Part IV. .. ... ... ... ... 16
On a new species of 3Ius from the Island of Ugi, Solomon Group. By
E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c. Plate 2. ... ... ... 43
Contributions to Australian Oology. Bv E. P. Kamsay, F.L.S., &c.
Part I., Phtes 3, 4, 5. ... ' \.. ... ... ... 45
Notes on a Cruise to the Solomon Islands. By Alex. Mouton. ... 59
Note on Fossarina Petterdl, Brazier. By Professor F. W. Hutton,
New Zealand ... ... ... ... ... ... QC)
List of tlie Freshwater Shells of New Zealand. By Professor F. ,W.
HuTTON, New Zealand. ... ... ... ... ... 67
The Fishes of the Palmer River. By William Macleay, F.L.S. , &c. 60
The Plants of New South Wales. By the Rev. De. Woolls, D.D.,
F.L.S., &e. No. VIII. ... ... ... ,..' ... 71
Botanical Notes on Queensland. Bf the Rev. J. E. Tegison- Woods. -
F.a.S., F.L.S., ... .. ' ... ... ... ... 76
Remarks on some Fluviatile Shells of New Soutli Wales. By J.
Beaziek, C.M.Z.S., &c. ... ... ... ... ... S3
Notes on the Zoology of Lord Howe's Island. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S. " 86
On a new species of Stomopneustes and a new A^ariety of Slpponoc,
variegata. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'F.G.S., F.L.S.,
Plate 6 and 7- ... ... ... ... ... ... 03
On various deposits of Fo-^^siT Plants in Queensland. By the Rev, J,
E. TENIS0^^- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S , &c. ... ... ... 05
Record of new localities of Polynesian Mosses, with descriptions of
soyic hitherto undefined species. By William Mitten, F.L.S. 08
Dcfinit.jns of some new Australian Fungi. By the Rev. C.
Kalchbrennee. ... ... ... ... " ... ... 104
On a species of Galaxias found in the Australian Alps. By William
Macleay, F.L.S... ... ... ... !,. ... 106
Notes on Apogon Guntheri of Castelnau. and descriptions of two new
Fishes from New South Wales. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., «&;c.... 110
Description of tlie Eggs of five species of Fijian Birds. By E. P.
Ramsay*, F.L S., &c ... ... ... ... ... 112
Note upon the Bark of a reputed Ecbolic Plant from New Caledonia.
By De. Thomas Dickson. ... ... ... ... 114
Note on the Anatomy of two rare genera of Pigfcons. By^QWiLLiAM
A. ETaswell, M.A., B.Sc... ... .. ' ,., ... 115
A list of CgprciiidcB found on the Victorian Coast, collected by Mr. J.
F.Bailey. By J. Braziee, C.M.Z.S., &c. ... ... ... 117
Note on Bulimus Gumii, By J. Braziee, CM ZS. ... ... 121
On the edible Oysters found on the Australian and neighbouring coasts.
By J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 122
Notes and Exhibits ... ... ... ... ... 65,91,134
ctG^
THE
^:Ei)INGS
or THE
', (
LINNEAN SOCIETY
c •
OF
NEW SOUTH WALES,
VOL.. VII.,
FAE2' TEE SECOND,
."^^ ^
:^m^n FA HI' tee second, uw^^/
^3^ Containing the Papers read at the Meetings held in April, -^f_ihp
May and June.
c;
[ With Six Plates.]
■♦"♦-
(5,
SYDNEY :
PJllNTEB AND FlUJLLSJIED EOF THE SOCIETY BY
F. ^W. W^HITE, ^^9 MAP^KET STE^EET,
AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY,
1882.
[Price, 10/.]
( )
CONTENTS OF VOL. VII., PART II.
Pagk
Botanical Notes on QueensLiad. — No. II., The Tropics. By the Rev
J. E. Tenison-Wood.s, F.a.S., F.L.S. .. .. .. VM>
On a new sprcies of Gohiesox from Tasmania. By E. P. Kamsay,
r.L.S., C.M.ZS., kc. ... ... ... ... ... 14-8
Descriptions of Australian i\[icro-Lepicloptera. Bj E. Mevrtck, B.A.
No. 7. ... .. ... ... ... .. ... lis
Note on a reputed Poisonous Fly of New Caledonia. By William
Macleay, FL.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 202
On a new sj)ecies of .4/ 'ojjora. By the Rea'. J. E. Tenison-Woous,
F.G-.S., itc ... ... ,.. ... ... ... 207
On Australian Fresh-water Sponges. By William A. ITaswkll,
M.A., B.Sc. ... ... ... ... ... ... 208
Note on the Brain of the Tiger Sliark ( Galeocerdo Raiineri). By
William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. ... ... ... 210
Half centurj' of Plants new to South (Queensland. By the Rfa'. B.
ScoRTECiiiNi, LL.B , F.L.S. ... ... .. ... 213
Contribution to a knowledge of the Fishes of New Guinea By
William Macleay, F.L.S , &c. ... ... ... ... 221
A Monograph of the Australian Aphrodiiea. By William A.
Haswell, M. A., BSc, (Plates 6 to 11.) ... ... ... 250
Description of two new Birds from the Solomon Islands. By E. P.
Ramsay, F.L.S. , &c. ... ... ... ... ... 299
Description of a new species of Com froua Lord Howe's Islas'd and
New Sou' h Wales. By E. P. Ramsay, F L.S., &c. ... ... 301
Notes and Exhibits ... ... .. ... ... 205,212,302
THE
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
iAl
IIH
V:
LINNEAN SOCIETY
( (
OF
NEW SOUTH WALES,
VOL. VIL,
FART TEE THIRD.
Containing the Pa.pers read at the Meetings held in July, (^pj
August and September.
^5
-♦--♦-
•ll \
Hi
-•. )
< ;
SYDNEY : ,^ \
PRINTED AND PUBLISSED FOR TSE SOCIETY BY \ \
F. W. WHITE, 59 MAF\KET STE^EET,
AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY, -^^
1882.
[Price, 5/.]
CONTENTS OF VOL. VII., PART III.
Page
Botanical Notes on Queensland — No. III. By the Eev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 305
Forage Plants indigenous to New South Wales. By W. Woolls,
Ph. D.,F.L.S. ... ... ... ... ... ... 310
Description of three new Fishes of Queensland. By Charles. W.
De Vis, B.A. ... ... ... ... ' ... ... 318
Description of a s^Decies of Squill from Moreton Bay. By Charles
W. De Vis, B.A. ... ... ... ... ... 321
Habitat of Cyprcea citrina of Gray. By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c. 322
New variety of Oviilmn depression found at Lifou. By E. C.
Rossiter, Gorr. Mem. ... ... ... ... ... 323
On the Breeding Place of Platalea Jiavipes imd Ardea pacijica. By
K. H. Bennett, Esq. ... ... ... ... ... 324
Botanical Notes on Queensland — No. IV. By the Rev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... 331
On a Coal Plant from Queensland. By the Rev. J. E. Te ^ison-
WooDS, F.L.S., ic. ... ... ... ... ... 342
Observations on an Insect injurious to the Vine. By William
Macleay, F.L.S., c^c. ... ... ... ... ... 344
On Myo'poriim platijcarpum, a Resin producing Tree of the Interior
of New South Wales. By K. H. Bennett, Esq. ... ... 349
Contribution to a knowledge of the Fishes of New Guinea — No. II.
By William Macleat, F.L.S., (!cc. ... ... ... 351
Descriptions of two Fishes from Port Jackson. By William
Macleat, F.L.S., iS:c. ... ... ... ... ... 306
Description of some new Q.ueensland Fishes. By Charles W. De
Vis, B.A. ... ... ... •* ... ... ... 367
Physical Structure and Geology of Australia. By the Rev. J. -E.
Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., kc. ... ... ... ... 371
Occasional Notes on the Inflorescence and Habits of Plants indigen-
ous in the immediate neighbourhood of Sydney. By E. Haviland 392
Note on some points in tlie Anatomy of the Pigeons referred to by
Dr. Hans Gadow in a recent pr.per c-n the Anatomy of Pterocles.
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.) ... ... 397
Notes and Exhibits ... ... ... ••■ ... 328,347,402
t^^ cJ^/i.'j
*.,y^ > s^ ^•v -
IHE
PKOCEEmNGS
OF TIJE
LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF
NEW SOUTH WALES,
VOL. VII.,
FART THE FOURTH
^ \ Containing the Papers read at the Meetings held in October, ^^
November and December.
[WiTn One Tlate.]
SYDNEY :
PRINTED AND PTJBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY
F. W. WHITE, 59 MAI^KET STR.EET
AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY,
1883.
[Price, 10/.]
CONTENTS OF VOL. VII., PART IV.
Pagb
Description of a new species of Solea from Port Stephens. By E.
. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., i^e. ... .. .. ... ... -106
Contributions to Australian Ooloj4y, Part II. By E. P. Ramsay,
F.L.S., &c. ... ' ... ... ... 4-00
Descrij)tion of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Meykick, B.A. 415
Notes on the Geology of the Western Coalfields, Part I. By Prof.
Stephens, M.A... ., ... 54S
On the Edible Oysters luund on the Australian Coast. By J. C.
Cox, M.D., F.L.S. .. . ... ... 555
t)escription of two new Birds of Queensland. By Charles W. De
Vis, B.A. .. ... ... .. ... ... 501
Fungi aliquot Australije Orientalis. Reverendo Carolo Kai-ch-
brenner, definiti. . .. ... 5(53
Botanical Notes on Queensland. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
WooDS, F.G.S., F.L.S. , cVc. '.. ... ... 5<55
Contribution to a knowledge of the Fishes of New Guinea, No. III.
By William Macleay, F.L.S., etc. ... ... 5.S5
Nottis on the Geology of the Western Coalfi«4ds, Part II. By Prof.
Stephens, M.A . . . ... ... 5!)S
Preliminary note on an Australian !species of Pkoronis {Gephyteu
* Tnhicola.') By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc. ... OU<i
Note on a curious instance of Symbiosis. By William A. Haswell,
M.A., B.Sc. ... \.. ' .. .. ... ... (JUS
Note on the segmental organs' nf Ajihrodifa. By WiLLi.\3ir A.
Haswell, M.A. , B.Sc. .. , tilo
Occasional Notes on Plaiits indigenous to the immediate neighbom--
hood of Sydney, No. 2. By E. Haviland. ... ... ... ()13
Dcscj'iption of a,new BeUdeus from Northern (^lui'onsland. By
Charles Be Yis, B.A. ... .. ... ..', <*)I'.»
l)es».riptionof two new Queensland Fishes. By Charles De Vis, B.A. <;:i<»
Species of Encalvpts first known in Europe. By the Rev. Dr.
W00LLS.tD;D., F.L.S. ... ... ... ... ... c.iil
On some new Australian tubicolous Aniielida:. By William A.
Haswell, M.A. , B.Sc. Plate 12 ... ... ^ ... ... (;;a:}
New^ species of .df//«r<c«.s' from West |Austra]ia. By the Rev. Carl
Kalchbrenner... ...* ... ... ... ... »;;j»s
(_)n some points in the anatomy of the urogeniial organs in females
of certain sjjecies of Kangaroos. Part I. By J. J. Fletcher,
B.A. , B.Sc. .. ... .. \ ... ... ('.•I(»
On a species of Brachif phyllum from Mesozioic Coal Beds, IjiSAvich,
(Queensland. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., itc. ()5'.)
Note on the Coccoanut-eating habit of the Birqus in the Solomon
Group. By H. B. Guppy, M.B., H.M.S. -'Lark.' ... ... (JlJl
Notes on Birds from the Solomon Islands. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S. (j(>5
Notes and Exhibits ... ... .. .. ... 506,011,(374
Annual A dress by the President ... . ... ... (575
Title I*a.ge, Contents, Index, k^. to Vol. VII.
yjH liAJN G
i
Open Library